Late presentation with HIV in Africa : phenotypes, risk, and risk stratification in the REALITY trial
Abstract
Background. Severely immunocompromised human immunodefciency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have high mortality shortly afer starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated predictors of early mortality and "late presenter" phenotypes. Methods. Te Reduction of EArly MortaLITY (REALITY) trial enrolled ART-naive adults and children =5 years of age with CD4 counts <100 cells/μL initiating ART in Uganda, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Kenya. Baseline predictors of mortality through 48 weeks were identifed using Cox regression with backwards elimination (exit P >.1). Results. Among 1711 included participants, 203 (12%) died. Mortality was independently higher with older age; lower CD4 count, albumin, hemoglobin, and grip strength; presence of World Health Organization stage 3/4 weight loss, fever, or vomiting; and problems with mobility or self-care at baseline (all P <.04). Receiving enhanced antimicrobial prophylaxis independently reduced mortality (P =.02). Of fve late-presenter phenotypes, Group 1 (n = 355) had highest mortality (25%; median CD4 count, 28 cells/μL), with high symptom burden, weight loss, poor mobility, and low albumin and hemoglobin. Group 2 (n = 394; 11% mortality; 43 cells/μL) also had weight loss, with high white cell, platelet, and neutrophil counts suggesting underlying inflammation/infection. Group 3 (n = 218; 10% mortality) had low CD4 counts (27 cells/μL), but low symptom burden and maintained fat mass. Te remaining groups had 4%-6% mortality. Conclusions. Clinical and laboratory features identifed groups with highest mortality following ART initiation. A screening tool could identify patients with low CD4 counts for prioritizing same-day ART initiation, enhanced prophylaxis, and intensive follow-up.
Citation
Siika , A , McCabe , L , Bwakura-Dangarembizi , M , Kityo , C , Mallewa , J , Berkley , J , Maitland , K , Griffiths , A , Baleeta , K , Mudzingwa , S , Abach , J , Nathoo , K , Thomason , M J , Prendergast , A J , Walker , A S , Gibb , D M , Mugyenyi , P , Kityo , C , Musiime , V , Wavamunno , P , Nambi , E , Ocitti , P , Ndigendawani , M , Kemigisa , M , Acen , J , Olebo , D , Mpamize , G , Amone , A , Okweny , D , Mbonye , A , Nambaziira , F , Rweyora , A , Kangah , M , Kabaswahili , V , Abach , J , Abongomera , G , Omongin , J , Aciro , I , Philliam , A , Arach , B , Ocung , E , Amone , G , Miles , P , Adong , C , Tumsuiime , C , Kidega , P , Otto , B , Apio , F , Baleeta , K & REALITY Trial Team 2018 , ' Late presentation with HIV in Africa : phenotypes, risk, and risk stratification in the REALITY trial ' , Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol. 66 , no. Issue suppl_2 , pp. S140-S146 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix1142
Publication
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
1058-4838Type
Journal article
Description
REALITY was funded by the Joint Global Health Trials Scheme (JGHTS) of the UK Department for International Development, the Wellcome Trust, and Medical Research Council (MRC) (grant number G1100693). Additional funding support was provided by the PENTA Foundation and core support to the MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London (grant numbers MC_UU_12023/23 and MC_UU_12023/26). Cipla Ltd, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare/GlaxoSmithKline, and Merck Sharp & Dohme donated drugs for REALITY, and ready-to-use supplementary food was purchased from Valid International. A. J. P. is funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 108065/Z/15/Z). J. A. B. is funded by the JGHTS (grant number MR/M007367/1). The Malawi-Liverpool–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine (grant number 101113/Z/13/Z) and the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi (grant number 203077/Z/16/Z) are supported by strategic awards from the Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom. Permission to publish was granted by the Director of KEMRI. This supplement was supported by funds from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Collections
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