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Key targets for multi-target ligands designed to combat neurodegeneration

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Ramsay_2016_FN_Neurodegeneration_CC.pdf (2.253Mb)
Date
22/08/2016
Author
Ramsay, Rona R.
Majekova, Magdalena
Medina, Milagros
Valoti, Massimo
Funder
European Commission
Grant ID
oc-2010-2-8526
Keywords
Multi target designed ligands
Mitochondria
Oxidative stress
Monoamine oxidase
Cytochrome P450
Neurodegeneration
RC0321 Neuroscience. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
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Abstract
Growing evidence supports the view that neurodegenerative diseases have multiple and common mechanisms in their aetiologies. These multifactorial aspects have changed the broadly common assumption that selective drugs are superior to ‘dirty drugs’ for use in therapy. This drives the research in studies of novel compounds that might have multiple action mechanisms. In neurodegeneration, loss of neuronal signaling is a major cause of the symptoms, so preservation of neurotransmitters by inhibiting the breakdown enzymes is a first approach. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the drugs preferentially used in AD and that one of these, rivastigmine, is licensed also for PD. Several studies have shown that monoamine oxidase (MAO) B, located mainly in glial cells, increases with age and is elevated in Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson’s Disease’s (PD). Deprenyl, a MAO B inhibitor, significantly delays the initiation of levodopa treatment in PD patients. These indications underline that AChE and MAO are considered a necessary part of multi-target designed ligands (MTDL). However, both of these targets are simply symptomatic treatment so if new drugs are to prevent degeneration rather than compensate for loss of neurotransmitters, then oxidative stress and mitochondrial events must also be targeted. MAO inhibitors can protect neurons from apoptosis by mechanisms unrelated to enzyme inhibition. Understanding the involvement of MAO and other proteins in the induction and regulation of the apoptosis in mitochondria will aid progress towards strategies to prevent the loss of neurons. In general, the oxidative stress observed both in PD and AD indicate that antioxidant properties are a desirable part of MTDL molecules. After two or more properties are incorporated into one molecule, the passage from a lead compound to a therapeutic tool is strictly linked to its pharmacokinetic and toxicity. In this context the interaction of any new molecules with cytochrome P450 and other xenobiotic metabolic processes is a crucial point. The present review covers the biochemistry of enzymes targeted in the design of drugs against neurodegeneration and the cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of MTDLs.
Citation
Ramsay , R R , Majekova , M , Medina , M & Valoti , M 2016 , ' Key targets for multi-target ligands designed to combat neurodegeneration ' , Frontiers in Neuroscience , vol. 10 , 375 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00375
Publication
Frontiers in Neuroscience
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00375
ISSN
1662-453X
Type
Journal item
Rights
Copyright © 2016 Ramsay, Majekova, Medina and Valoti. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Description
This article is based upon work from COST Action CM1103 “Structure-based drug design for diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases: dissecting and modulating complex function in the monoaminergic systems of the brain”, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The authors thank the participants in COST Action for productive collaborations. M. Majekova acknowledges the support of VEGA 2/0033/14, and M. Medina the support of MINECO, Spain (BIO2013-42978-P)
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  • University of St Andrews Research
URL
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2016.00375/abstract
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9350

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