The goggles experiment : can chimpanzees use self-experience to infer what a competitor can see?
Abstract
In two experiments, we investigated whether chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, can use self-experience to infer what another sees. Subjects first gained self-experience with the visual properties of an object (either opaque or see-through). In a subsequent test phase, a human experimenter interacted with the object and we tested whether chimpanzees understood that the experimenter experienced the object as opaque or as see-through. Crucially, in the test phase, the object seemed opaque to the subject in all cases (while the experimenter could see through the one that they had experienced as see-through before), such that she had to use her previous self-experience with the object to correctly infer whether the experimenter could or could not see when looking at the object. Chimpanzees did not attribute their previous self-experience with the object to the experimenter in a gaze-following task (experiment 1); however, they did so successfully in a competitive context (experiment 2). We conclude that chimpanzees successfully used their self-experience to infer what the competitor sees. We discuss our results in relation to the well-known 'goggles experiment' and address alternative explanations.
Citation
Karg , K , Schmelz , M , Call , J & Tomasello , M 2015 , ' The goggles experiment : can chimpanzees use self-experience to infer what a competitor can see? ' , Animal Behaviour , vol. 105 , pp. 211-221 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.028
Publication
Animal Behaviour
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
0003-3472Type
Journal article
Collections
Items in the St Andrews Research Repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.