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dc.contributor.authorHale, Benjamin Geoffrey
dc.contributor.authorRandall, Richard Edward
dc.contributor.authorOrtin, J
dc.contributor.authorJackson, David
dc.date.accessioned2012-07-18T14:01:01Z
dc.date.available2012-07-18T14:01:01Z
dc.date.issued2008-10
dc.identifier.citationHale , B G , Randall , R E , Ortin , J & Jackson , D 2008 , ' The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses ' , Journal of General Virology , vol. 89 , no. 10 , pp. 2359-2376 . https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/004606-0en
dc.identifier.issn0022-1317
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 415181
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 0b2f2d44-f8d8-4286-a2f9-57f52a4b6131
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 000259829000001
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 54449099369
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0002-9304-6678/work/60426970
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10023/3001
dc.description.abstractThe non-structural (NS1) protein of influenza A viruses is a non-essential virulence factor that has multiple accessory functions during viral infection. In recent years, the major role ascribed to NS1 has been its inhibition of host immune responses, especially the limitation of both interferon (IFN) production and the antiviral effects of IFN-induced proteins, such as dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L. However, it is clear that NS1 also acts directly to modulate other important aspects of the virus replication cycle, including viral RNA replication, viral protein synthesis, and general host-cell physiology. Here, we review the current literature on this remarkably multifunctional viral protein. In the first part of this article, we summarize the basic biochemistry of NS1, in particular its synthesis, structure, and intracellular localization. We then discuss the various roles NS1 has in regulating viral replication mechanisms, host innate/adaptive immune responses, and cellular signalling pathways. We focus on the NS1-RNA and NS1-protein interactions that are fundamental to these processes, and highlight apparent strain-specific ways in which different NS1 proteins may act. In this regard, the contributions of certain NS1 functions to the pathogenicity of human and animal influenza A viruses are also discussed. Finally, we outline practical applications that future studies on NS1 may lead to, including the rational design and manufacture of influenza vaccines, the development of novel antiviral drugs, and the use of oncolytic influenza A viruses as potential anti-cancer agents.
dc.format.extent18
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of General Virologyen
dc.rights(c) 2008 SGM. This is an open access article published in Journal of General Virologyen
dc.subjectDouble-stranded-rnaen
dc.subjectViral messenger-rnaen
dc.subjectTemperature-sensitive mutantsen
dc.subjectTranslation initiation-factoren
dc.subjectInfected-cellsen
dc.subjectIn-vivoen
dc.subjectNucleoctyoplasmic transporten
dc.subjectAntiviral responsesen
dc.subjectEpithelial-cellsen
dc.subjectMammalian-cellsen
dc.subjectQR355 Virologyen
dc.subjectSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingen
dc.subject.lccQR355en
dc.titleThe multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A virusesen
dc.typeJournal articleen
dc.contributor.sponsorMedical Research Councilen
dc.description.versionPublisher PDFen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. School of Biologyen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. Biomedical Sciences Research Complexen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/004606-0
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.identifier.urlhttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=54449099369&partnerID=8YFLogxKen
dc.identifier.grantnumberG0601126en


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