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Short range hunters : exploring the function and constraints of water shooting in dwarf gouramis

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Jones_2021_JEB_Short_range_hunters_CC.pdf (5.258Mb)
Date
12/2021
Author
Jones, Nick A.R.
Klump, Barbara
Abaurrea, Teresa
Harrower, Sophie
Marr, Clare
Scott, Louise
Rendell, Luke
Webster, Mike
Keywords
Ballistic predation
Gourami
Shooting
Trichogaster lalius
Foraging adaptation
GC Oceanography
QH301 Biology
DAS
AC
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Abstract
Ballistic predation is a rare foraging adaptation: in fishes, most attention has focused on a single genus, the archerfish, known to manipulate water to shoot down prey above the water surface. However, several gourami species also exhibit apparently similar ‘shooting’ behaviour, spitting water up to 5 cm above the surface. In a series of experiments, we explored the shooting behaviour and aspects of its significance as a foraging ability in the dwarf gourami (Trichogaster lalius). We investigated sex differences in shooting abilities to determine whether gourami shooting is related to the sex-specific bubble nest manufacture where males mix air and water at the surface to form bubbles. We found that, actually, both sexes were equally able to shoot and could learn to shoot a novel target. In a second experiment, we presented untrained gouramis with opportunities to shoot at live prey and found they successfully shot down both fruit flies and crickets. Finally, we explored the effect of target height on shooting performance to establish potential constraints of shooting as a foraging ability. The frequency of attempted shots and success of hitting targets decreased with height, whereas latency to shoot increased. We also observed that repeatable individual differences account for variation in these measures of shooting performance. Together, our results provide evidence that gourami shooting has a foraging function analogous to that of archerfish. Gourami shooting may serve as an example of convergent evolution and provide opportunities for comparative studies into the, as yet unexplored, ecology and evolution of shooting in fishes.
Citation
Jones , N A R , Klump , B , Abaurrea , T , Harrower , S , Marr , C , Scott , L , Rendell , L & Webster , M 2021 , ' Short range hunters : exploring the function and constraints of water shooting in dwarf gouramis ' , Journal of Experimental Biology , vol. 224 , no. 24 , 243477 . https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243477
Publication
Journal of Experimental Biology
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243477
ISSN
0022-0949
Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright © 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd . This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.
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  • University of St Andrews Research
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24572

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