A new formulation of the external field effect in MOND and numerical simulations of ultra-diffuse dwarf galaxies - application to NGC 1052-DF2 and NGC 1052-DF4
Date
08/2019Author
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Abstract
The ultra-diffuse dwarf galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 (DF2) has 10 (11) measured globular clusters (GCs) with a line-of-sight velocity dispersion of σ=7.8+5.2−2.2 km s−1 (σ=10.6+3.9−2.3 km s−1). Our conventional statistical analysis of the original 10 GCs gives σ=8.0+4.3−3.0 km s−1. The overall distribution of velocities agrees well with a Gaussian of this width. Due to the non-linear Poisson equation in MOND, a dwarf galaxy has weaker self-gravity when in close proximity to a massive host. This external field effect is investigated using a new analytic formulation and fully self-consistent live N-body models in MOND. Our formulation agrees well with that of Famaey and McGaugh. These new simulations confirm our analytic results and suggest that DF2 may be in a deep-freeze state unique to MOND. The correctly calculated MOND velocity dispersion agrees with our inferred dispersion and that of van Dokkum et al. if DF2 is within 150 kpc of NGC 1052 and both are 20 Mpc away. The GCs of DF2 are however significantly brighter and larger than normal GCs, a problem which disappears if DF2 is significantly closer to us. A distance of 10–13 Mpc makes DF2 a normal dwarf galaxy even more consistent with MOND and the 13 Mpc distance reported by Trujillo et al.. We discuss the similar dwarf DF4, finding good agreement with MOND. We also discuss possible massive galaxies near DF2 and DF4 along with their distances and peculiar velocities, noting that NGC 1052 may lie at a distance near 10 Mpc.
Citation
Haghi , H , Kroupa , P , Banik , I , Wu , X , Zonoozi , A H , Javanmardi , B , Ghari , A , Mueller , O , Dabringhausen , J & Zhao , H 2019 , ' A new formulation of the external field effect in MOND and numerical simulations of ultra-diffuse dwarf galaxies - application to NGC 1052-DF2 and NGC 1052-DF4 ' , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , vol. 487 , no. 2 , pp. 2441-2454 . https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1465
Publication
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
0035-8711Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright © 2019 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. his work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. This is the final published version of the work, which was originally published at: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1465
Description
OM thanks the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support. XW gives thanks for support from the Natural Science Foundation of China grants numbers 11503025 and 11421303, Anhui Natural Science Foundation grant number 1708085MA20 and the ‘Hundred Talents Project of Anhui Province’.Collections
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