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Production and stability of low amount fraction of formaldehyde in hydrogen gas standards

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Bacquart_2018_IJHE_Formaldehyde_AAM.pdf (1.219Mb)
Date
29/03/2018
Author
Bacquart, Thomas
Perkins, Mark
Ferracci, Valerio
Martin, Nicholas A.
Resner, Kate
Ward, Michael K.M.
Cassidy, Nathan
Hook, Joshua B.
Brewer, Paul J.
Irvine, John T. S.
Connor, Paul A.
Murugan, Arul
Keywords
Formaldehyde
Hydrogen
ISO14687
Gas analysis
Degradation products
“Gas standard”
QD Chemistry
NDAS
SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy
Metadata
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Abstract
Formaldehyde is an intermediate of the steam methane reforming process for hydrogen production. According to International Standard ISO 14687-2 the amount fraction level of formaldehyde present in hydrogen supplied to fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) must not exceed 10 nmol mol−1. The development of formaldehyde standards in hydrogen is crucial to validate the analytical results and ensure measurement reliability for the FCEV industry. NPL demonstrated that these standards can be gravimetrically prepared and validated at 10 μmol mol−1 with a shelf-life of 8 weeks (stability uncertainty <10%; k = 1), but that formaldehyde degrades into methanol and dimethoxymethane, as measured by FTIR, GC-MS and SIFT-MS. The degradation kinetics is more rapid than predicted by thermodynamics, this may be due to the internal gas cylinder surface acting as a catalyst. The identification of by-products (methanol and dimethoxymethane) requires further investigation to establish any potential undesirable impacts to the FCEV.
Citation
Bacquart , T , Perkins , M , Ferracci , V , Martin , N A , Resner , K , Ward , M K M , Cassidy , N , Hook , J B , Brewer , P J , Irvine , J T S , Connor , P A & Murugan , A 2018 , ' Production and stability of low amount fraction of formaldehyde in hydrogen gas standards ' , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , vol. 43 , no. 13 , pp. 6711-6722 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.026
Publication
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.026
ISSN
0360-3199
Type
Journal article
Rights
Crown Copyright © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. This work has been made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. This is the author created, accepted version manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.026
Description
This work was supported by Innovate UK [Project No: 101830].
Collections
  • University of St Andrews Research
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/17204

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