Anthocyanins and their physiologically relevant metabolites alter the expression of IL-6 and VCAM-1 in CD40L and oxidized LDL challenged vascular endothelial cells
Date
02/06/2015Author
Funder
Grant ID
BB/I005943/1
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Abstract
Scope : In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that dietary anthocyanins modulate cardiovascular disease risk; however, given anthocyanins extensive metabolism, it is likely that their degradation products and conjugated metabolites are responsible for this reported bioactivity. Methods and results : Human vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with either oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L) and cotreated with cyanidin-3-glucoside and 11 of its recently identified metabolites, at 0.1, 1, and 10 μM concentrations. Protein and gene expression of IL-6 and VCAM-1 was quantified by ELISA and RT-qPCR. In oxLDL-stimulated cells the parent anthocyanin had no effect on IL-6 production, whereas numerous anthocyanin metabolites significantly reduced IL-6 protein levels; phase II conjugates of protocatechuic acid produced the greatest effects (>75% reduction, p ≤ 0.05). In CD40L-stimulated cells the anthocyanin and its phase II metabolites reduced IL-6 protein production, where protocatechuic acid-4-sulfate induced the greatest reduction (>96% reduction, p ≤ 0.03). Similarly, the anthocyanin and its metabolites reduced VCAM-1 protein production, with ferulic acid producing the greatest effect (>65% reduction, p ≤ 0.04). Conclusion : These novel data provide evidence to suggest that anthocyanin metabolites are bioactive at physiologically relevant concentrations and have the potential to modulate cardiovascular disease progression by altering the expression of inflammatory mediators.
Citation
Amin , H P , Czank , C , Raheem , S , Zhang , Q , Botting , N P , Cassidy , A & Kay , C D 2015 , ' Anthocyanins and their physiologically relevant metabolites alter the expression of IL-6 and VCAM-1 in CD40L and oxidized LDL challenged vascular endothelial cells ' , Molecular Nutrition and Food Research , vol. 59 , no. 6 , pp. 1095-1106 . https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201400803
Publication
Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
1613-4125Type
Journal article
Rights
© 2015 The Authors. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Description
This study was supported by funding from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the BBSRC Diet and Health Research Industry Club (BBSRC-DRINC), including BB/H532059/1, BB/H004963/1, BB/I006028/1, BB/I005943/1 and BB/J004545/1. A.C. is a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award Holder.Collections
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