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dc.contributor.authorMill, Ravi Dev
dc.contributor.authorO'Connor, Akira Robert
dc.date.accessioned2016-03-29T23:01:21Z
dc.date.available2016-03-29T23:01:21Z
dc.date.issued2014-11
dc.identifier.citationMill , R D & O'Connor , A R 2014 , ' Question format shifts bias away from the emphasised response in tests of recognition memory ' , Consciousness and Cognition , vol. 30 , pp. 91-104 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.006en
dc.identifier.issn1053-8100
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 148544746
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 9075fe67-cbfb-454e-8c64-78a02d275934
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 84907558014
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0002-7943-5183/work/34028968
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 000345195100008
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10023/8509
dc.description.abstractThe question asked to interrogate memory has potential to influence response bias at retrieval, yet has not been systematically investigated. According to framing effects in the field of eyewitness testimony, retrieval cueing effects in cognitive psychology and the acquiescence bias in questionnaire responding, the question should establish a confirmatory bias. Conversely, according to findings from the rewarded decision-making literature involving mixed incentives, the question should establish a disconfirmatory bias. Across three experiments (ns = 90 [online], 29 [laboratory] and 29 [laboratory]) we demonstrate a disconfirmatory bias - "old?" decreased old responding. This bias is underpinned by a goal-driven mechanism wherein participants seek to maximise emphasised response accuracy at the expense of frequency. Moreover, we demonstrate that disconfirmatory biases can be generated without explicit reference to the goal state. We conclude that subtle aspects of the test environment influence retrieval to a greater extent than has been previously considered.
dc.format.extent14
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofConsciousness and Cognitionen
dc.rights© 2014. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Consciousness and Cognition. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Consciousness and Cognition, 30, November 2014 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.006en
dc.subjectEpisodic memoryen
dc.subjectRecognitionen
dc.subjectDecision-makingen
dc.subjectEvaluationen
dc.subjectResponse biasen
dc.subjectGoal-directed cognitionen
dc.subjectB Philosophy. Psychology. Religionen
dc.subject.lccBen
dc.titleQuestion format shifts bias away from the emphasised response in tests of recognition memoryen
dc.typeJournal articleen
dc.description.versionPostprinten
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. School of Psychology and Neuroscienceen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.006
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.date.embargoedUntil2016-05-01


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