Mechanistic study of Ru-NHC-catalyzed hydrodefluorination of fluoropyridines : the influence of the NHC on the regioselectivity of C–F activation and chemoselectivity of C–F versus C–H bond cleavage
Abstract
We describe a combined experimental and computational study into the scope, regioselectivity, and mechanism of the catalytic hydrodefluorination (HDF) of fluoropyridines, C5F5?xHxN (x = 0?2), at two Ru(NHC)(PPh3)2(CO)H2 catalysts (NHC = IPr, 1, and IMes, 2). The regioselectivity and extent of HDF is significantly dependent on the nature of the NHC: with 1 HDF of C5F5N is favored at the ortho-position and gives 2,3,4,5-C5F4HN as the major product. This reacts on to 3,4,5-C5F3H2N and 2,3,5-C5F3H2N, and the latter can also undergo further HDF to 3,5-C5F2H3N and 2,5-C5F2H3N. para-HDF of C5F5N is also seen and gives 2,3,5,6-C5F4HN as a minor product, which is then inert to further reaction. In contrast, with 2, para-HDF of C5F5N is preferred, and moreover, the 2,3,5,6-C5F4HN regioisomer undergoes C?H bond activation to form the catalytically inactive 16e Ru-fluoropyridyl complex Ru(IMes)(PPh3)(CO)(4-C5F4N)H, 3. Density functional theory calculations rationalize the different regioselectivity of HDF of C5F5N at 1 and 2 in terms of a change in the pathway that is operating with these two catalysts. With 1, a stepwise mechanism is favored in which a N ? Ru σ-interaction stabilizes the key C?F bond cleavage along the ortho-HDF pathway. With 2, a concerted pathway favoring para-HDF is more accessible. The calculations show the barriers increase for the subsequent HDF of the lower fluorinated substrates, and they also correctly identify the most reactive C?F bonds. A mechanism for the formation of 3 is also defined, but the competition between C?H bond activation and HDF of 2,3,5,6-C5F4HN at 2 (which favors C?H activation experimentally) is not reproduced. In general, the calculations appear to overestimate the HDF reactivity of 2,3,5,6-C5F4HN at both catalysts 1 and 2.
Citation
McKay , D , Riddlestone , I M , Macgregor , S A , Mahon , M F & Whittlesey , M K 2015 , ' Mechanistic study of Ru-NHC-catalyzed hydrodefluorination of fluoropyridines : the influence of the NHC on the regioselectivity of C–F activation and chemoselectivity of C–F versus C–H bond cleavage ' , ACS Catalysis , vol. 5 , no. 2 , pp. 776-787 . https://doi.org/10.1021/cs501644r
Publication
ACS Catalysis
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
2155-5435Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited.
Description
We acknowledge financial support from the EPSRC through grant numbers EP/J010677/1 (D.M.) and EP/J009962/1 (I.M.R.).Collections
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