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The discovery of new deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities in the southern ocean and implications for biogeography

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Date
01/2012
Author
Rogers, Alex D.
Tyler, Paul A.
Connelly, Douglas P.
Copley, Jon T.
James, Rachael
Larter, Robert D.
Linse, Katrin
Mills, Rachel A.
Garabato, Alfredo Naveira
Pancost, Richard D.
Pearce, David A.
Polunin, Nicholas V. C.
German, Christopher R.
Shank, Timothy
Boersch-Supan, Philipp H.
Alker, Belinda J.
Aquilina, Alfred
Bennett, Sarah A.
Clarke, Andrew
Dinley, Robert J. J.
Graham, Alastair G. C.
Green, Darryl R. H.
Hawkes, Jeffrey A.
Hepburn, Laura
Hilario, Ana
Huvenne, Veerle A. I.
Marsh, Leigh
Ramirez-Llodra, Eva
Reid, William D. K.
Roterman, Christopher N.
Sweeting, Christopher J.
Thatje, Sven
Zwirglmaier, Katrin
Keywords
East scotia ridge
Mid-atlantic ridge
Morphological evidence
Molecular phylogeny
Bransfield Strait
Sequence data
West Pacific
Marine
Invertebrates
Evolution
QE Geology
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Abstract
Since the first discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galapagos Rift in 1977, numerous vent sites and endemic faunal assemblages have been found along mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins at low to mid latitudes. These discoveries have suggested the existence of separate biogeographic provinces in the Atlantic and the North West Pacific, the existence of a province including the South West Pacific and Indian Ocean, and a separation of the North East Pacific, North East Pacific Rise, and South East Pacific Rise. The Southern Ocean is known to be a region of high deep-sea species diversity and centre of origin for the global deep-sea fauna. It has also been proposed as a gateway connecting hydrothermal vents in different oceans but is little explored because of extreme conditions. Since 2009 we have explored two segments of the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) in the Southern Ocean using a remotely operated vehicle. In each segment we located deep-sea hydrothermal vents hosting high-temperature black smokers up to 382.8 degrees C and diffuse venting. The chemosynthetic ecosystems hosted by these vents are dominated by a new yeti crab (Kiwa n. sp.), stalked barnacles, limpets, peltospiroid gastropods, anemones, and a predatory sea star. Taxa abundant in vent ecosystems in other oceans, including polychaete worms (Siboglinidae), bathymodiolid mussels, and alvinocaridid shrimps, are absent from the ESR vents. These groups, except the Siboglinidae, possess planktotrophic larvae, rare in Antarctic marine invertebrates, suggesting that the environmental conditions of the Southern Ocean may act as a dispersal filter for vent taxa. Evidence from the distinctive fauna, the unique community structure, and multivariate analyses suggest that the Antarctic vent ecosystems represent a new vent biogeographic province. However, multivariate analyses of species present at the ESR and at other deep-sea hydrothermal vents globally indicate that vent biogeography is more complex than previously recognised.
Citation
Rogers , A D , Tyler , P A , Connelly , D P , Copley , J T , James , R , Larter , R D , Linse , K , Mills , R A , Garabato , A N , Pancost , R D , Pearce , D A , Polunin , N V C , German , C R , Shank , T , Boersch-Supan , P H , Alker , B J , Aquilina , A , Bennett , S A , Clarke , A , Dinley , R J J , Graham , A G C , Green , D R H , Hawkes , J A , Hepburn , L , Hilario , A , Huvenne , V A I , Marsh , L , Ramirez-Llodra , E , Reid , W D K , Roterman , C N , Sweeting , C J , Thatje , S & Zwirglmaier , K 2012 , ' The discovery of new deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities in the southern ocean and implications for biogeography ' , PLoS Biology , vol. 10 , no. 1 , 1001234 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001234
Publication
PLoS Biology
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001234
ISSN
1544-9173
Type
Journal article
Rights
2012 Rogers et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Description
The ChEsSo research programme was funded by a NERC Consortium Grant (NE/DO1249X/1) and supported by the Census of Marine Life and the Sloan Foundation, and the Total Foundation for Biodiversity (Abyss 2100)(SVTH) all of which are gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge NSF grant ANT-0739675 (CG and TS), NERC PhD studentships NE/D01429X/1(LH, LM, CNR), NE/H524922/1(JH) and NE/F010664/1 (WDKR), a Cusanuswerk doctoral fellowship, and a Lesley & Charles Hilton-Brown Scholarship, University of St. Andrews (PHBS).
Collections
  • University of St Andrews Research
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4716

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