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dc.contributor.authorMadsen, P T
dc.contributor.authorWahlberg, M
dc.contributor.authorTougaard, J
dc.contributor.authorLucke, K
dc.contributor.authorTyack, Peter Lloyd
dc.date.accessioned2013-07-15T15:31:01Z
dc.date.available2013-07-15T15:31:01Z
dc.date.issued2006
dc.identifier.citationMadsen , P T , Wahlberg , M , Tougaard , J , Lucke , K & Tyack , P L 2006 , ' Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals : implications of current knowledge and data needs ' , Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol. 309 , pp. 279-295 . https://doi.org/10.3354/meps309279en
dc.identifier.issn0171-8630
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 20034600
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 9c6ceeef-9862-476e-9721-8eb62b4332c1
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 000237020200023
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 33645828013
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10023/3847
dc.description.abstractThe demand for renewable energy has led to construction of offshore wind farms with high-power turbines, and many more wind farms are being planned for the shallow waters of the world's marine habitats. The growth of offshore wind farms has raised concerns about their impact on the marine environment. Marine mammals use sound for foraging, orientation and communication and are therefore possibly susceptible to negative effects of man-made noise generated from constructing and operating large offshore wind turbines. This paper reviews the existing literature and assesses zones of impact from different noise-generating activities in conjunction with wind farms on 4 representative shallow-water species of marine mammals. Construction involves many types of activities that can generate high sound pressure levels, and pile-driving seems to be the noisiest of all. Both the literature and modeling show that pile-driving and other activities that generate intense impulses during construction are likely to disrupt the behavior of marine mammals at ranges of many kilometers, and that these activities have the potential to induce hearing impairment at close range. The reported noise levels from operating wind turbines are low, and are unlikely to impair hearing in marine mammals. The impact zones for marine mammals from operating wind turbines depend on the low-frequency hearing-abilities of the species in question, on sound-propagation conditions, and on the presence of other noise sources such as shipping. The noise impact on marine mammals is more severe during the construction of wind farms than during their operation.
dc.format.extent17
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofMarine Ecology Progress Seriesen
dc.rightsCopyright © 2006 Inter-Research. This article is deposited in accordance with the publisher's policy.en
dc.subjectMarine mammalen
dc.subjectWind turbineen
dc.subjectPile-drivingen
dc.subjectUnderwater noiseen
dc.subjectImpact zonesen
dc.subjectMaskingen
dc.subjectQH301 Biologyen
dc.subjectSDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energyen
dc.subjectSDG 14 - Life Below Wateren
dc.subject.lccQH301en
dc.titleWind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals : implications of current knowledge and data needsen
dc.typeJournal itemen
dc.description.versionPublisher PDFen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. School of Biologyen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. Sound Tags Groupen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. Bioacoustics groupen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3354/meps309279
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden


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