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dc.contributor.advisorSmith, Andrew David
dc.contributor.authorJoannesse, Caroline
dc.coverage.spatial223en_US
dc.date.accessioned2012-09-20T20:43:32Z
dc.date.available2012-09-20T20:43:32Z
dc.date.issued2011-11-30
dc.identifieruk.bl.ethos.556362 
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10023/3109
dc.description.abstractThis thesis describes an extensive investigation of the O- to C-carboxyl transfer of oxazolyl carbonates using isothioureas as Lewis base catalysts. The structural requirements of simple bicyclic amidines and isothioureas to promote this transformation have been investigated, showing that the catalytic efficiency and product distribution of these reactions are markedly affected by the catalyst structure. The optimal isothiourea catalyst was efficiently applied to the rearrangement of a wide range of oxazolyl, benzofuranyl and indolyl carbonates. The structural motif of tetrahydropyrimidine-based isothioureas has then been evaluated in order to develop an asymmetric variant of the O- to C-carboxyl transfer of oxazolyl carbonates. A number of chiral isothioureas bearing stereodirecting groups in C(2) and/or C(3) have been synthesised and used in this rearrangement, showing that a C(2)-stereodirecting unit is essential for high enantioselectivity, with an additional C(3)-substituent increasing the reactivity. The optimal chiral C(2)-substituted isothioureas identified are general and efficient asymmetric catalysts for O- to C-carboxyl transfer of oxazolyl carbonates, generating a quaternary stereocentre with high enantioselectivity (up to 94% ee). The origin of the enantioselectivity of this process has been probed mechanistically and rationalised computationally. Having gained an insight into the structural motifs of isothioureas required to impart good catalytic activity and asymmetric induction in the O- to C-carboxyl transfer of oxazolyl carbonates, the mechanism of this reaction was probed using kinetic and mechanistic experiments. ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopic analysis allowed the evolution of product, by-product and intermediate throughout the reaction to be monitored while a number of crossover and stability experiments gave additional information about the catalytic cycle. Extension to a related system has been demonstrated with the O- to C-carboxyl transfer of furanyl carbonates, producing a mixture of α- and γ-butenolides depending on the nature of the Lewis base employed. DMAP gives a mixture of both regioisomers with a preference for the α-regioisomer, while NHCs lead predominantly to the γ-regioisomer. Chiral isothioureas have been used to promote this rearrangement, giving the major α-regioisomer with good enantioselectivity (up to 83% ee). To quantify the different reactivities observed with these isothioureas, their nucleophilicities and Lewis basicities using the stopped-flow technique have been determined. Finally, model studies toward the synthesis of the natural product calcaridine A, using the methodology developed herein, have been investigated.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherUniversity of St Andrews
dc.subjectOrganocatalysisen_US
dc.subjectIsothioureaen_US
dc.subjectAsymmetric catalysisen_US
dc.subjectSteglich rearrangementen_US
dc.subject.lccQD262.J7
dc.subject.lcshOrganic compounds--Synthesisen_US
dc.subject.lcshAsymmetric synthesisen_US
dc.subject.lcshCatalysisen_US
dc.subject.lcshUrea--Derivativesen_US
dc.titleIsothiourea-promoted O- to C-carboxyl transfer reactionsen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
dc.contributor.sponsorEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)en_US
dc.type.qualificationlevelDoctoralen_US
dc.type.qualificationnamePhD Doctor of Philosophyen_US
dc.publisher.institutionThe University of St Andrewsen_US
dc.rights.embargodatePrint and electronic copy restricted until 5 September 2016en_US
dc.rights.embargoreasonElectronic thesis unavailable: permission not provided to allow public accessen_US


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