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dc.contributor.authorRussell, Ian
dc.contributor.authorAprahamian, Miran
dc.contributor.authorBarry, Jon
dc.contributor.authorDavidson, Ian
dc.contributor.authorFiske, Peder
dc.contributor.authorIbbotson, Anton
dc.contributor.authorKennedy, Richard
dc.contributor.authorMaclean, Julian
dc.contributor.authorMoore, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorOtero, Jaime
dc.contributor.authorPotter, Ted
dc.contributor.authorTodd, Christopher David
dc.date.accessioned2012-05-12T00:16:08Z
dc.date.available2012-05-12T00:16:08Z
dc.date.issued2012
dc.identifier20557865
dc.identifiere8085e38-7d2f-472c-afba-f80d288b6793
dc.identifier84867554318
dc.identifier000309877600004
dc.identifier.citationRussell , I , Aprahamian , M , Barry , J , Davidson , I , Fiske , P , Ibbotson , A , Kennedy , R , Maclean , J , Moore , A , Otero , J , Potter , T & Todd , C D 2012 , ' The influence of the freshwater environment and the biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon smolts on their subsequent marine survival ' , ICES Journal of Marine Science , vol. 69 , no. 9 , pp. 1563-1573 . https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr208en
dc.identifier.issn1054-3139
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0002-9690-2839/work/60427266
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10023/2603
dc.description.abstractAtlantic salmon have declined markedly in the past 20-30 years throughout their range. Much of the focus for this decline has been on increased mortality during the marine phase of the life cycle. However, marine mortality does not operate independently of factors acting in freshwater and the biological characteristics of smolts migrating to sea. Over recent decades, juvenile salmon in many rivers have grown faster and migrated to sea at a younger age, and thus typically smaller. This has shortened the generation time for many individuals, and may dampen the impact of increased marine mortality, assuming expected higher in-river survival prior to smolting is not outweighed by increased mortality of smaller smolts at sea. Over the same period, smolt run-timing across the geographic range has been occurring earlier, at a rate of almost three days per decade, on average. This has given rise to growing concerns about smolts potentially missing the optimum environmental migration “window”, the timing of which may also be changing. Contaminants and other factors operating in freshwater also impact on smolt quality with adverse consequences for their physiological readiness for life at sea. Given that managers have very limited ability to influence the broad scale factors limiting salmon survival at sea, it is vital that freshwater habitats are managed to both maximise smolt output and to minimise the impact of factors acting in freshwater which may compromise salmon once they migrate to sea.
dc.format.extent11
dc.format.extent424782
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofICES Journal of Marine Scienceen
dc.subjectAtlantic salmonen
dc.subjectBiological characteristicsen
dc.subjectClimate changeen
dc.subjectFreshwateren
dc.subjectMarine survivalen
dc.subjectSmoltsen
dc.subjectQH301 Biologyen
dc.subjectSDG 13 - Climate Actionen
dc.subjectSDG 14 - Life Below Wateren
dc.subject.lccQH301en
dc.titleThe influence of the freshwater environment and the biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon smolts on their subsequent marine survivalen
dc.typeJournal articleen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. School of Biologyen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Instituteen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotlanden
dc.identifier.doi10.1093/icesjms/fsr208
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden


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