Ground-based transmission spectroscopy with VLT FORS2 : evidence for faculae and clouds in the optical spectrum of the warm Saturn WASP-110b
Abstract
We present a ground-based optical transmission spectrum for the warm Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-110b from two transit observations made with the FOcal Reducer and Spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope. The spectrum covers the wavelength range from 4000-8333 Å, which is binned in 46 transit depths measured to an averaged precision of 220 parts per million (ppm) over an averaged 80 Å bin for a Vmag = 12.8 star. The measured transit depths are unaffected by a dilution from a close A-type field dwarf, which was fully resolved. The overall main characteristic of the transmission spectrum is an increasing radius with wavelength and a lack of the theoretically predicted pressure-broadened sodium and potassium absorption features for a cloud-free atmosphere. We analyze archival high-resolution optical spectroscopy and find evidence for low to moderate activity of the host star, which we take into account in the atmospheric retrieval analysis. Using the AURA retrieval code, we find that the observed transmission spectrum can be best explained by a combination of unocculted stellar faculae and a cloud deck. Transmission spectra of cloud-free and hazy atmospheres are rejected at a high confidence. With a possible cloud deck at its terminator, WASP-110b joins the increasing population of irradiated hot-Jupiter exoplanets with cloudy atmospheres observed in transmission.
Citation
Nikolov , N , Maciejewski , G , Constantinou , S , Madhusudhan , N , Fortney , J J , Smalley , B , Carter , A L , de Mooij , E J W , Drummond , B , Gibson , N P , Helling , C , Mayne , N , Mikal-Evans , T , Sing , D K & Wilson , J 2021 , ' Ground-based transmission spectroscopy with VLT FORS2 : evidence for faculae and clouds in the optical spectrum of the warm Saturn WASP-110b ' , Astronomical Journal , vol. 162 , no. 3 , 88 . https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac01da
Publication
Astronomical Journal
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
0004-6256Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright © 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the author created accepted manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac01da.
Description
G.M. acknowledges the financial support from the National Science Centre, Poland through grant No. 2016/23/B/ST9/00579. N.M. acknowledges funding from the UKRI Future Leaders Scheme (MR/T040866/1), Science and Technology Facilities Council Consolidated Grant (ST/R000395/1), and Leverhulme Trust research project grant (RPG-2020-82).Collections
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