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dc.contributor.authorHarrison, David J
dc.contributor.authorDoe, John E
dc.date.accessioned2022-07-11T23:37:55Z
dc.date.available2022-07-11T23:37:55Z
dc.date.issued2021-08
dc.identifier.citationHarrison , D J & Doe , J E 2021 , ' The modification of cancer risk by chemicals ' , Toxicology Research , vol. 10 , no. 4 , pp. 800-809 . https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab064en
dc.identifier.issn2045-452X
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 275786673
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: cbdc37b1-2d3e-46a4-8079-9a32071a2a34
dc.identifier.otherPubMed: 34484671
dc.identifier.otherPubMedCentral: PMC8403608
dc.identifier.otherWOS: 000695708900014
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 85115038137
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10023/25653
dc.description.abstractAdvances in understanding of the process of carcinogenesis have undermined the concept of chemicals being classifiable as either carcinogens or non-carcinogens. Elements of carcinogenesis are happening all the time and a proportion of cancers cannot be prevented, the 'bad luck hypothesis'. Although the proportion that can be prevented is disputed, it is important to continue efforts to reduce it. Factors that increase cancer risk have been grouped into intrinsic factors that cannot be modified, and endogenous and exogenous factors that can be modified. Chemicals are exogenous factors that can be modified by risk management measures. Chemicals can alter three key rates that influence cancer risk: cell division, mutation rate per cell division, transformation rate of mutated cells to cancer. These rates can form the basis of a dynamic cancer risk model, a generic, adverse outcome pathway for carcinogenesis where chemicals are considered for their ability to modify cancer risk rather than simply whether they are classed as carcinogens or non-carcinogens. This allows the development of different strategies for assessing cancer risk that use a range of data sources and are not dependent on using long-term bioassays and epidemiology to identify carcinogens. The framework will also allow difficult questions such as the effect of less than lifetime exposures and the effect of exposures to more than one chemical to be addressed.
dc.format.extent10
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofToxicology Researchen
dc.rightsCopyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the author created accepted manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab064.en
dc.subjectCarcinogenicityen
dc.subjectRisk assessmenten
dc.subjectModification of cancer risken
dc.subjectMode of actionen
dc.subjectDynamic cancer risk modelen
dc.subjectGE Environmental Sciencesen
dc.subjectRC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer)en
dc.subjectSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingen
dc.subjectACen
dc.subject.lccGEen
dc.subject.lccRC0254en
dc.titleThe modification of cancer risk by chemicalsen
dc.typeJournal itemen
dc.description.versionPostprinten
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. School of Medicineen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. Sir James Mackenzie Institute for Early Diagnosisen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. Cellular Medicine Divisionen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab064
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.date.embargoedUntil2022-07-12


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