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dc.contributor.authorHunter, T.R.
dc.contributor.authorBrogan, C.L.
dc.contributor.authorDe Buizer, J.M.
dc.contributor.authorTowner, A.P.M.
dc.contributor.authorDowell, C.D.
dc.contributor.authorMacleod, G.C.
dc.contributor.authorStecklum, B.
dc.contributor.authorCyganowski, C.J.
dc.contributor.authorEl-Abd, S.J.
dc.contributor.authorMcGuire, B.A.
dc.date.accessioned2022-05-03T23:51:15Z
dc.date.available2022-05-03T23:51:15Z
dc.date.issued2021-05-04
dc.identifier273914910
dc.identifier54fac652-b204-4d07-b0da-9be3563316d3
dc.identifier85106064222
dc.identifier000647140400001
dc.identifier.citationHunter , T R , Brogan , C L , De Buizer , J M , Towner , A P M , Dowell , C D , Macleod , G C , Stecklum , B , Cyganowski , C J , El-Abd , S J & McGuire , B A 2021 , ' The extraordinary outburst in the massive protostellar system NGC 6334 I-MM1 : strong increase in mid-infrared continuum emission ' , Astrophysical Journal Letters , vol. 912 , no. 1 , L17 . https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abf6d9en
dc.identifier.issn2041-8205
dc.identifier.otherArXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.05187v1
dc.identifier.otherRIS: urn:EC9C6DC057571CD66C2A4F1BB0F78393
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10023/25272
dc.descriptionFinancial support for this work was provided by NASA through award #07_0156 issued by USRA. Based in part on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO program 089.C-0852(A).en
dc.description.abstractIn recent years, dramatic outbursts have been identified toward massive protostars via infrared and millimeter dust continuum and molecular maser emission. The longest lived outburst (>6 yr) persists in NGC 6334 I-MM1, a deeply embedded object with no near-IR counterpart. Using FORCAST and HAWC+ on SOFIA, we have obtained the first mid-IR images of this field since the outburst began. Despite being undetected in pre-outburst ground-based 18 μm images, MM1 is now the brightest region at all three wavelengths (25, 37, and 53 μm), exceeding the UCHII region MM3 (NGC 6334 F). Combining the SOFIA data with ALMA imaging at four wavelengths, we construct a spectral energy distribution of the combination of MM1 and the nearby hot core MM2. The best-fit Robitaille radiative transfer model yields a luminosity of (4.9 ± 0.8) × 104 L⊙. Accounting for an estimated pre-outburst luminosity ratio MM1:MM2 = 2.1 ± 0.4, the luminosity of MM1 has increased by a factor of 16.3 ± 4.4. The pre-outburst luminosity implies a protostar of mass 6.7 M⊙, which can produce the ionizing photon rate required to power the pre-outburst HCHII region surrounding the likely outbursting protostar MM1B. The total energy and duration of the outburst exceed the S255IR-NIRS3 outburst by a factor of 3, suggesting a different scale of event involving expansion of the protostellar photosphere (to 20 R⊙), thereby supporting a higher accretion rate (0.0023 M⊙ yr−1) and reducing the ionizing photon rate. In the grid of hydrodynamic models of Meyer et al., the combination of outburst luminosity and magnitude (3) places the NGC 6334 I-MM1 event in the region of moderate total accretion (~0.1–0.3 M⊙) and hence long duration (~40–130 yr).
dc.format.extent8
dc.format.extent2382453
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofAstrophysical Journal Lettersen
dc.subjectProtostarsen
dc.subjectStar formationen
dc.subjectFar infrared astronomyen
dc.subjectSubmilimeter astronomyen
dc.subjectMilimeter astronomyen
dc.subjectInfrared astronomyen
dc.subjectInterstellar masersen
dc.subjectStellar jetsen
dc.subjectDust continuum emissionen
dc.subjectRadio continuum emissionen
dc.subjectRadio interferometryen
dc.subjectAccretionen
dc.subjectQB Astronomyen
dc.subjectQC Physicsen
dc.subject3rd-DASen
dc.subject.lccQBen
dc.subject.lccQCen
dc.titleThe extraordinary outburst in the massive protostellar system NGC 6334 I-MM1 : strong increase in mid-infrared continuum emissionen
dc.typeJournal articleen
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomyen
dc.identifier.doi10.3847/2041-8213/abf6d9
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.identifier.urlhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2104.05187en


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