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Identity and state formation in multi-sectarian societies : between nationalism and sectarianism in Syria

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Identity_and_State_Formation_in_MENA_and_Syria_NandN_for_PURE.pdf (315.0Kb)
Date
01/2020
Author
Hinnebusch, Raymond
Keywords
Ba'th Party
Identity
Nationalism
Sectarianism
State formation
Syria
JZ International relations
JQ Political institutions Asia
T-NDAS
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Abstract
The relation between state formation and identity in MENA multi‐sectarian societies is examined, taking Syria as a case study. The paper looks at the impact of the mix of sectarianism and nationalism on the formation of state institutions and the impact of the latter on this mix. The flawed export of the Westphalian state system to MENA established the structural context—multiple identities, hybrid states—wherein the two identities compete, overlap, and coexist. Next, the factors that explain varying identity patterns in MENA are surveyed and their likely consequences for state formation; then, reversing the analysis, the impact of state formation and state institutions on the nationalism–sectarianism balance is examined. The Syrian case is briefly discussed in order to illustrate the argument, looking at three periods when the identity balance interacted differently with state formation: pre‐Ba'thist Syria when nationalism eclipsed sectarianism; Ba'thist Syria (1970‐2000) when patrimonial instrumentalization of sectarianism was compensated for by inclusive bureaucratic institutions, populist policies, and nationalist ideology; neo‐liberal Syria under Bashar al‐Asad (2000‐2010) when inclusion shrank, reanimating sectarianism; and civil war Syria (2010‐) when partial state failure fostered exclusionary militant sectarianism at the expense of nationalism.
Citation
Hinnebusch , R 2020 , ' Identity and state formation in multi-sectarian societies : between nationalism and sectarianism in Syria ' , Nations and Nationalism , vol. 26 , no. 1 , pp. 138-154 . https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12582
Publication
Nations and Nationalism
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12582
ISSN
1354-5078
Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright © The author(s) 2019. Nations and Nationalism © ASEN/John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2019. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the author created accepted manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12582
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  • University of St Andrews Research
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24584

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