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Photochemical modelling of atmospheric oxygen levels confirms two stable states

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Gregory_2021_EPSL_Photochemical_CC.pdf (1.362Mb)
Date
01/05/2021
Author
Gregory, Bethan S.
Claire, Mark
Rugheimer, Sarah
Keywords
1-D photochemical modelling
Atmospheric evolution
Oxygen
Ozone
Methane
Proterozoic
GE Environmental Sciences
DAS
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Abstract
Various proxies and numerical models have been used to constrain O2 levels over geological time, but considerable uncertainty remains. Previous investigations using 1-D photochemical models have predicted how O3 concentrations vary with assumed ground-level O2 concentrations, and indicate how the ozone layer might have developed over Earth history. These classic models have utilised the numerical simplification of fixed mixing ratio boundary conditions. Critically, this modelling assumption requires verification that predicted fluxes of biogenic and volcanic gases are realistic, but also that the resulting steady states are in fact stable equilibrium solutions against trivial changes in flux. Here, we use a 1-D photochemical model with fixed flux boundary conditions to simulate the effects on O3 and O2 concentrations as O2 (and CH4) fluxes are systematically varied. Our results suggest that stable equilibrium solutions exist for trace- and high-O2/O3 cases, separated by a region of instability. In particular, the model produces few stable solutions with ground O2 mixing ratios between 6×10-7 and 2×10-3 (3×10-6 and 1% of present atmospheric levels). A fully UV-shielding ozone layer only exists in the high-O2 states. Our atmospheric modelling supports prior work suggesting a rapid bimodal transition between reducing and oxidising conditions, and proposes Proterozoic oxygen levels higher than some recent proxies suggest. We show that the boundary conditions of photochemical models matter, and should be chosen and explained with care.
Citation
Gregory , B S , Claire , M & Rugheimer , S 2021 , ' Photochemical modelling of atmospheric oxygen levels confirms two stable states ' , Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol. 561 , 116818 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116818
Publication
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116818
ISSN
0012-821X
Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright ©2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Description
This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme (grant no. 678812 awarded to M.W.C).
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  • University of St Andrews Research
URL
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X21000777?via%3Dihub#se0220
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21721

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