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All nonadherence is equal but is some more equal than others? Tuberculosis in the digital era

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Date
02/11/2020
Author
Stagg, Helen R.
Flook, Mary
Martinecz, Antal
Kielmann, Karina
Abel Zur Wiesch, Pia
Karat, Aaron S.
Lipman, Marc C.I.
Sloan, Derek James
Walker, Elizabeth F.
Fielding, Katherine L.
Keywords
QR Microbiology
RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology
T-NDAS
MCP
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Abstract
Adherence to treatment for tuberculosis (TB) has been a concern for many decades, resulting in the World Health Organization's recommendation of the direct observation of treatment in the 1990s. Recent advances in digital adherence technologies (DATs) have renewed discussion on how to best address nonadherence, as well as offering important information on dose-by-dose adherence patterns and their variability between countries and settings. Previous studies have largely focussed on percentage thresholds to delineate sufficient adherence, but this is misleading and limited, given the complex and dynamic nature of adherence over the treatment course. Instead, we apply a standardised taxonomy – as adopted by the international adherence community – to dose-by-dose medication-taking data, which divides missed doses into 1) late/noninitiation (starting treatment later than expected/not starting), 2) discontinuation (ending treatment early), and 3) suboptimal implementation (intermittent missed doses). Using this taxonomy, we can consider the implications of different forms of nonadherence for intervention and regimen design. For example, can treatment regimens be adapted to increase the “forgiveness” of common patterns of suboptimal implementation to protect against treatment failure and the development of drug resistance? Is it reasonable to treat all missed doses of treatment as equally problematic and equally common when deploying DATs? Can DAT data be used to indicate the patients that need enhanced levels of support during their treatment course? Critically, we pinpoint key areas where knowledge regarding treatment adherence is sparse and impeding scientific progress.
Citation
Stagg , H R , Flook , M , Martinecz , A , Kielmann , K , Abel Zur Wiesch , P , Karat , A S , Lipman , M C I , Sloan , D J , Walker , E F & Fielding , K L 2020 , ' All nonadherence is equal but is some more equal than others? Tuberculosis in the digital era ' , ERJ Open Research , vol. 6 , no. 4 , 00315-2020 . https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00315-2020
Publication
ERJ Open Research
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00315-2020
ISSN
2312-0541
Type
Journal item
Rights
Copyright © ERS 2020. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.
Description
Funding: H.R. Stagg and M. Flook are supported by the Medical Research Council (grant number MR/R008345/1). H.R. Stagg, A.S. Karat and M.C.I. Lipman are supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Programme, UK (grant number 16/88/06).
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  • University of St Andrews Research
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/20930

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