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Trends in the risk of cognitive impairment in the United States, 1996-2014

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Date
09/2020
Author
Hale, Jo Mhairi
Schneider, Daniel C.
Gampe, Jutta
Mehta, Neil K.
Myrskylä, Mikko
Keywords
Dementia
Cognitive Impairment
Trends
Learning
Practice effects
RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
H Social Sciences (General)
Health(social science)
Demography
3rd-DAS
SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
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Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence suggests risk of cognitive impairment is declining in high-income countries. Much of this research uses longitudinal surveys in which learning over repeated tests may bias results. We analyze trends in cognitive impairment in the U.S., accounting for prior test experience and selective mortality. Methods: We use the Health and Retirement Study, a population-based, nationally-representative panel dataset and include individuals aged 50 years and older in 1996-2014 (n=32,784). We measure cognitive impairment and dementia using standard cut-points of the modified-Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. We estimate logistic regression models for any impairment and dementia over time, adjusting for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, and compare models with and without adjustment for practice effects and education. We examine heterogeneity in trends by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education. Results: Models that did not control for test experience suggest that risk of cognitive impairment and dementia decreased over the study period. Controlling for test experience reverses the trend. In our primary models, prevalence of any cognitive impairment increased for women from 18.7% to 21.2% (annual change 0.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1%,1.3%) and for men from 17.6% to 21.0% (annual change 1.0%, CI: 0.5%,1.4%). For dementia, women’s annual increase was 1.7% (CI: 0.8%,2.6%) and men’s 2.0% (CI: 1.0%,2.9%). If not for education, the increase would have been stronger. Increased risk was particularly rapid for Latinas, the least educated, and older ages. Conclusions: Risk of cognitive impairment increased from 1996 to 2014. Uncovering the determinants of increasing cognitive impairment risk should become a research priority.
Citation
Hale , J M , Schneider , D C , Gampe , J , Mehta , N K & Myrskylä , M 2020 , ' Trends in the risk of cognitive impairment in the United States, 1996-2014 ' , Epidemiology , vol. 31 , no. 5 , pp. 745-754 . https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001219
Publication
Epidemiology
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001219
ISSN
1044-3983
Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
Description
Dr. Neil K. Mehta received support from U.S. National Institute on Aging (R03AG060404 and 2T32AG027708-06A1)
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  • University of St Andrews Research
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/20404

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