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Rethinking the nature of cruelty : the role of identity leadership in the Stanford Prison Experiment

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Haslam_American_Psychologist_Cruelty_2019_AAM.pdf (327.3Kb)
Date
01/10/2019
Author
Haslam, Alexander S.
Reicher, Stephen D.
Van Bavel, Jay J.
Keywords
Leadership
Followership
Social identitfication
Identity entrepreneurship
Standford Prison Experiment
BF Psychology
DAS
BDC
R2C
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Abstract
The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) is one of the most famous studies in the history of psychology. For nearly a half century it has been understood to show that assigning people to a toxic role will, on its own, unlock the human capacity to treat others with cruelty. In contrast, principles of identity leadership argue that roles are unlikely to elicit cruelty unless leaders encourage potential perpetrators to identify with what is presented as a noble ingroup cause and to believe their actions are necessary for the advancement of that cause. Although identity leadership has been implicated in behavior ranging from electoral success to obedience to authority, researchers have hitherto had limited capacity to establish whether role conformity or identity leadership provides a better account of the cruelty observed in the SPE. Through examination of material in the SPE archive, we present comprehensive evidence that, rather than guards conforming to role of their own accord, experimenters directly encouraged them to adopt roles and act tough in a manner consistent with tenets of identity leadership. Implications for the analysis of conformity and cruelty as well as for interpretation of the SPE are discussed.
Citation
Haslam , A S , Reicher , S D & Van Bavel , J J 2019 , ' Rethinking the nature of cruelty : the role of identity leadership in the Stanford Prison Experiment ' , American Psychologist , vol. 74 , no. 7 , pp. 809-822 . https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000443
Publication
American Psychologist
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000443
ISSN
0003-066X
Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright © 2019 APA, all rights reserved. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the author created accepted manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000443
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  • University of St Andrews Research
URL
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000443.supp
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7crx
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/18565

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