On the number of subsemigroups of direct products involving the free monogenic semigroup

Abstract

The direct product ℕ x ℕ of two free monogenic semigroups contains uncountably many pairwise nonisomorphic subdirect products. Furthermore, the following hold for ℕ x S, where S is a finite semigroup. It contains only countably manypairwise non-isomorphic subsemigroups if and only if S is a union of groups. And it contains only countably many pairwise nonisomorphic subdirect products if and only if every element of S has a relative left or right identity element.