Synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs from cardanol derived from cashew nut shell liquid
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Date
07/03/2019Funder
Grant ID
EP/J018139/1
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Abstract
Cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid extracted from cashew nut shells was successfully converted into various useful pharmaceutical drugs, such as norfenefrine, rac-phenylephrine, etilefrine and fenoprofene. 3-Vinylphenol, the key intermediate for the synthesis of these drugs, was synthesised from cardanol by ethenolysis to 3-non-8-enylphenol followed by isomerising ethenolysis. The metathesis reaction worked very well using DCM, but the greener solvent, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, also gave very similar results. Hydroxyamination of 3-vinylphenol with an iron porphyrin catalyst afforded norfenefrine in over 70% yield. Methylation and ethylation of norfenefrine afforded rac-phenylephrine and etilefrine respectively. A sequence of C–O coupling, isomerising metathesis and selective methoxycarbonylation afforded fenoprofene in good yield. A comparison of the routes described in this paper with some standard literature syntheses of 3-vinylphenol and of the drug molecules shows significant environmental advantages in terms of precursors, yields, number of steps, conditions and the use of catalysts. The Atom Economy of our processes is generally similar or significantly superior to those of the literature processes mainly because the side products produced during synthesis of 3-vinylphenol (1-octeme, 1,4-cyclohexadiene and propene) are easily separable and of commercial value, especially as they are bio-derived. The E Factor for the production of 2-vinylphenol by our process is also very low compared with those of previously reported syntheses.
Citation
Shi , Y , Kamer , P C J & Cole-Hamilton , D J 2019 , ' Synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs from cardanol derived from cashew nut shell liquid ' , Green Chemistry , vol. 21 , no. 5 , pp. 1043-1053 . https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC03823F
Publication
Green Chemistry
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
1463-9262Type
Journal article
Rights
Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Open Access article. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Description
Authors thank the EPSRC for the critical mass grant ‘Clean Catalysis for Sustainable Development’ (EP/J018139/1), Sasol Technology, UK for a case studentship (Y. S.).Collections
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