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Military loyalty and the failure of democratization in Africa : how ethnic armies shape the capacity of presidents to defy term limits

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AfricanTermLimits_OpenAccess.pdf (281.1Kb)
Date
29/07/2017
Author
Harkness, Kristen A.
Keywords
Term limits
Civil-military relations
Ethnic politics
African politics
Senegal
Cameroon
JZ International relations
3rd-DAS
BDC
R2C
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Abstract
The military plays a crucial role in furthering or hindering democratization in Africa. Beyond direct intervention through coups, armies more subtly and perniciously condition the political trajectory of states through their loyalty. Leaders who can rely on unwavering military support for protection against internal unrest face fewer risks and greater chances of success in rolling back liberalization and entrenching authoritarian practices. Constructing ethnic armies, which tie the fate of soldiers to the regime, is a profoundly powerful way to affect such loyalty. Through a mixed methods analysis of presidential bids to challenge term limits, including a paired comparison of Senegal and Cameroon, I demonstrate that ethnic armies triple the chances of success and, in so doing, encourage defiance in the first place: 82% of presidents back by ethnic armies attempt to defy their constitutions and extend their hold on power, as opposed to 31% of other leaders. Conversely, ethnically diverse armies are far more likely to defend constitutional politics and constrain leaders to abide by term limits. The ethnic composition of the military thus critically shapes the prospects for African liberalization.
Citation
Harkness , K A 2017 , ' Military loyalty and the failure of democratization in Africa : how ethnic armies shape the capacity of presidents to defy term limits ' , Democratization , vol. 24 , no. 5 , pp. 801-818 . https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1241244
Publication
Democratization
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1241244
ISSN
1351-0347
Type
Journal article
Rights
© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. This is the author created, accepted version manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1241244
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  • University of St Andrews Research
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13161

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