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Enhanced case management can be delivered for patients with EVD in Africa : experience from a UK military ebola treatment centre in Sierra Leone

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Date
04/2018
Author
Dickson, S.J.
Clay, K.A.
Adam, M.
Ardley, C.
Bailey, M.S.
Burns, D.S.
Cox, A.T.
Craig, D.G.
Espina, M.
Fitchett, G.
Grindrod, J.
Hinsley, D.E.
Horne, S.
Hutley, E.
Johnston, A. M.
Kao, R.L.C.
Lamb, L.E.
Lewis, S.
Marion, D.
Moore, A.J.
Nicholson-Roberts, T.C.
Phillips, A.
Praught, J.
Rees, P. S.
Schoonbaert, I.
Trinick, T.
Wilson, D.R.
Simpson, A. J.
Wang, D.
O'Shea, M.K.
Fletcher, T.E.
Keywords
Ebola virus disease
Viral haemorrhagic fever
Critical care
Early warning score
RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
NDAS
Metadata
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Abstract
Background:  Limited data exist describing supportive care management, laboratory abnormalities and outcomes in patients with EVD (Ebola virus disease) in West Africa. We report data which constitute the first description of the provision of enhanced EVD case management protocols in a West African setting. Methods:   Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected by retrospective review of clinical and laboratory records of patients with confirmed EVD admitted between 5 November 2014 and 30 June 2015. Results:  A total of 44 EVD cases were admitted (median age 37 years (range 17-63), 32/44 healthcare workers), and excluding those evacuated, the case fatality rate was 49% (95% CI 33-65%). No pregnant women were admitted. At admission 9/44 had stage 1 disease (fever and constitutional symptoms only), 12/44 stage 2 disease (presence of diarrhoea and/or vomiting) and 23/44 had stage 3 disease (presence of diarrhoea and/or vomiting with organ failure), with case fatality rates of 11% (95% CI 1-58%), 27% (95% CI 6-61%), and 70% (95% CI 47-87%) respectively (p=0.009). Haemorrhage occurred in 17/41 (41%) patients. The majority (21/40) of patients had hypokalaemia with hyperkalaemia occurring in 12/40 patients. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) occurred in 20/40 patients, with 14/20 (70%, 95% CI 46-88%) dying, compared to 5/20 (25%, 95% CI 9-49%) dying who did not have AKI (p=0.01). Ebola virus (EBOV) PCR cycle threshold value at baseline was mean 20.3 (SD 4.3) in fatal cases and 24.8 (SD 5.5) in survivors (p=0.007). Mean National Early Warning Score (NEWS) at admission was 5.5 (SD 4.4) in fatal cases and 3.0 (SD 1.9) in survivors (p=0.02). Central venous catheters were placed in 37/41 patients and intravenous fluid administered to 40/41 patients (median duration of 5 days). Faecal management systems were inserted in 21/41 patients, urinary catheters placed in 27/41 and blood component therapy administered to 20/41 patients. Conclusions:  EVD is commonly associated life-threatening electrolyte imbalance and organ dysfunction. We believe that the enhanced levels of protocolized care, scale and range of medical interventions we report, offers a blueprint for the future management of EVD in resource-limited settings.
Citation
Dickson , S J , Clay , K A , Adam , M , Ardley , C , Bailey , M S , Burns , D S , Cox , A T , Craig , D G , Espina , M , Fitchett , G , Grindrod , J , Hinsley , D E , Horne , S , Hutley , E , Johnston , A M , Kao , R L C , Lamb , L E , Lewis , S , Marion , D , Moore , A J , Nicholson-Roberts , T C , Phillips , A , Praught , J , Rees , P S , Schoonbaert , I , Trinick , T , Wilson , D R , Simpson , A J , Wang , D , O'Shea , M K & Fletcher , T E 2018 , ' Enhanced case management can be delivered for patients with EVD in Africa : experience from a UK military ebola treatment centre in Sierra Leone ' , Journal of Infection , vol. 76 , no. 4 , pp. 383-392 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.006
Publication
Journal of Infection
Status
Peer reviewed
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.006
ISSN
0163-4453
Type
Journal article
Rights
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Infection Association. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Description
TF is funded by the Wellcome Trust (104480/Z/14/Z) and the UK Ministry of Defence.
Collections
  • University of St Andrews Research
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13078

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