The increasing mortality advantage of the married : the role played by education
Abstract
Background : In several European countries the excess mortality of nonmarried people relative to the married has increased. In this study we describe in detail the increasing mortality advantage of the married in Norway and investigate the extent to which changes in educational composition of marital-status groups can account for this increasing mortality gap. Methods : Using register data for the entire population of Norway, we estimated discrete-time hazard models for mortality at age 50–89 in years 1975–2008. We also estimated one-year death probabilities by age, period, marital status, education, and spouse’s education. These were used to calculate period-specific age-standardized death probabilities for marital-status categories and hypothetical versions of these, assuming constant death probabilities in each educational group in each marital-status category or constant educational distributions. Hypothetical and observed versions were then compared. Results : The mortality of nonmarried people relative to married people increased sharply over the years 1975–2008. During the first part of this period, mortality was constant or even increasing among the never-married, who at the end of the period could be considered as lagging 30 years behind the married. Educational patterns have changed markedly, but this explains only up to 5% of the increasing mortality disadvantage of the never-married. Educational changes have contributed more to the growing disadvantage of the widowed, while the picture is more mixed for the divorced. Contribution : We demonstrate that there has been a large widening in the marital-status differences in mortality in Norway since the 1970s and that little of this difference can be attributed to changes in educational distributions.
Citation
Kravdal , Ø , Grundy , E & Keenan , K 2018 , ' The increasing mortality advantage of the married : the role played by education ' , Demographic Research , vol. 38 , no. 20 , 20 , pp. 471-512 . https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.20
Publication
Demographic Research
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
1435-9871Type
Journal article
Rights
© 2018 Kravdal, Grundy & Keenan. This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Germany (CC BY 3.0 DE), which permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/legalcode.
Description
The research on which this article is based has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2008–2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 324055, Principal Investigator Emily Grundy. The research has also been supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 262700 (Centre for Fertility and Health).Collections
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