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dc.contributor.advisorJackson, David
dc.contributor.authorAlmotabagani, Mohamed Akram
dc.coverage.spatial3 v.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2018-06-07T15:49:46Z
dc.date.available2018-06-07T15:49:46Z
dc.date.issued1989
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10023/13827
dc.description.abstractIonic materials in solution do not penetrate the skin following local (topical) application. Such a low permeability can, however, be altered by iontophoresis. Utilization of transmission and scanning electron microscopy and cryostat techniques has made it possible to demonstrate the penetration and site of deposition of ionic tracers in the skin of the rat. It has been found that the penetration of cationic dyes and metal cations is facilitated by positive iontophoresis while the penetration of anionic dyes is facilitated by negative iontophoresis. The extent of penetration is determined by the current density, the concentration of the tracer in the vehicle, the physico-chemical properties of the tracers and the type of vehicle used. The removal of surface lipid is regarded as insignificant in terms of enhancing the penetration of tracers by iontophoresis. It has been found that the penetration of ionic tracers into the skin is preferentially transfollicular. However, the penetration of electron-dense tracers into the stratum corneum of the epidermis and the follicular infundibula is preferentially intercellular, while that into the sebaceous glands is transcellular. It is considered that the whole of the stratum corneum of the epidermis is the major barrier to cutaneous penetration by electrolytes. In addition, a barrier function is suggested for sebum situated in the follicular infundibulaen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherUniversity of St Andrews
dc.subject.lccQH324.3A6en
dc.subject.lcshTracers (Biology)en
dc.titlePenetration of organic and inorganic ionic tracers into the skin following iontophoresis : a comparative study 'in vivo'en_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
dc.type.qualificationlevelDoctoralen_US
dc.type.qualificationnamePhD Doctor of Philosophyen_US
dc.publisher.institutionThe University of St Andrewsen_US


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