A cognitive approach to the study of culture in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)
Abstract
The question of animal culture has been of interest for decades. Chimpanzees (Pan
troglodytes) have played a key role in the debate of whether or not it is appropriate to use the
term ‘culture’ to describe animal behaviour and they continue to be one of the prime species
for the study of the origins of human culture. Data suggesting that chimpanzees can be
considered a cultural species continue to accumulate, but this has only enhanced the debate
between proponents and opponents of animal culture. Opponents do not deny that
behavioural diversity exists between different populations of the same species, but they
maintain that such phenomena have little to do with human cultures and may be the result of
genetic and environmental influences. In their view, human cultures are centred on socially
shared sets of ideas, not behavioural traditions. In this thesis, my goal is to tackle this
problem and to investigate whether a cognitive dimension can be found in some behavioural
patterns of chimpanzees that have been put forward as examples of animal culture. To this
end, I examine the different factors that could account for the development of tool use in
animals (genetics, ecology, social). My first empirical contribution is a study of the tool use
behaviour of the chimpanzees’ closest relative, the bonobos, which are known to be limited
tool-users in the wild. I show that captive bonobos are as flexible tool-users as chimpanzees,
suggesting that genetic factors are unlikely to account for differences in tool use behaviour in
the Pan clade. Second, through the use of field experiments, I show that wild chimpanzees
from different Ugandan communities respond to the same apparatus and task in strikingly
different ways. I interpret this finding as an outcome of differences in cultural knowledge,
mainly because the affordances of their immediate environment do not determine their tool
use behaviour. Finally, through a broad ecological and tool use survey of different
chimpanzee communities in Uganda, I show that current ecological differences are poor
predictors of tool use. I conclude that, if ecology plays a role in the development of tool use,
then its influence is that of a selective force. Finally, when reviewing the outcome of this
research I will argue that there is a profound cognitive dimension to tool use in wild
chimpanzees, suggesting that behaviourally based definitions of animal culture may miss a
key feature of the phenomenon, at least in chimpanzees. Chimpanzees are not only a cultural
species, they also have a cultural mind.
Type
Thesis, PhD Doctor of Philosophy
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