Imperialist women in Edwardian Britain : the Victoria League, 1899-1914
Abstract
This thesis, based on private papers, society records, autobiographies and
memoirs, newspapers and periodicals, examines one mainly female imperialist
organisation - the Victoria League - and the women who ran it. It considers two related
questions - what made Edwardian women imperialist, and how, within the limits of
Edwardian society, could they express their imperialism? The thesis shows that several of
the League's founders and executive had visited South Africa during or shortly before
the Boer War, and that this experience, particularly for those who came into close contact
with Milner, was pivotal in stimulating them to active imperialism. The Victoria League,
founded April 1901, aimed to promote imperial unity and a British South Africa in a
variety of suitably 'womanly' ways: Boer War charities, imperial education, exporting
literature and art to the white dominions (particularly the Transvaal), welcoming colonial
visitors to Britain, arranging for the welcome of British settlers in the colonies, and
promoting social reform as an imperial issue. It worked overseas through a number of
independent Victoria Leagues in Australasia, the Imperial Order, Daughters of the Empire
in Canada, and the Guild of Loyal Women in South Africa; and at home with a number
of similar (though largely male) imperial propaganda societies. The thesis also considers
the Victoria League's attitude to race, particularly through its debate over entertaining
Indian students. It ends with a discussion of the options available to imperialist women;
and of the obstacles they faced in questions of authority (how far and in what ways a woman
could pronounce on imperial subjects) and of ideology (as expressed through the anti-suffrage
campaign). It concludes that the Victoria League, by transferring areas of
activity long acknowledged as 'feminine' to the imperial stage, redefined areas of female
competence and enlarged woman's 'separate sphere' to include the active propagation of
imperialism.
Type
Thesis, PhD Doctor of Philosophy
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