Infinite transformation semigroups
Abstract
In this thesis some topics in the field of Infinite Transformation Semigroups are investigated.
In 1966 Howie considered the full transformation semigroup 𝓣 (x) on an infinite set x of cardinality m. For each 𝝰 in 𝓣 (x) he defined defect of 𝝰 = def 𝝰 and collapse of 𝝰= C(a) to be the sets X \ X 𝝰 and { 𝓍 ∊ x : (∃∊ x, y ≠ 𝓍) X𝝰 = Y𝝰 }, respectively. Later, in 1981 he introduced the set
S[sub]m̱ = {𝝰 ∊ 𝓣(x): |def 𝝰 | = | c(𝝰) | = | ran 𝝰 | = m, |y 𝝰 [super]-1 | <m,
(∀ y ∊ ran 𝝰) }
which is a subsemigroup of 𝓣 (x) provided the cardinal m is regular. Taking m to be a regular cardinal number, Howie proved that S[sub]m̱ is then a bisimple, idempotent-generated semigroup of depth 4. Next he considered the congruence defined in S[sub]m̱ by
△[sub]m̱ = {(𝝰, β) ∊ S[sub]m̱ x S[sub]m̱ : max (|D(𝝰, β) 𝝰| , | D((𝝰, β) β | ) < m̱ }
where D(𝝰, β) = { 𝓍 ∊ X : 𝓍 𝝰 ≠ 𝓍β } and showed that S[sub]m̱* = S[sub]m̱/ △[sub]m̱ is a bisimple, congruence-free and idempotent-generated semigroup of depth 4.
In this thesis comparable results are obtained for the semigroup P[sub]m̱ which is the top principal factor of the semigroup
𝓠[sub]m̱ = {𝝰 ∊ 𝓣(x): |def 𝝰 | = | c(𝝰) | = m̱}
Here it is no longer necessary to restrict to a regular cardinal m̱. The set S[sub]m̱ considered by Howie fails to be a subsemigroup of 𝓣 (𝓍) if m̱ is not regular. It is shown that in this case <S[sub]m̱ > = O[sub]m̱ . In the case where m̱ = 𝓍₀ (a regular cardinal) it is shown that △[sub]𝓍₀ is the only proper congruence on S[sub]m̱.
Within the symmetric inverse semigroup 𝓣(𝓍), the Baer-Levi semigroup B of type (m̱, m̱) on X is considered and a dual B* found. The products BB* and B*B are investigated and the semigroup Km̱ = <B*B> is described. The top principal factor of Km̱ is denoted by Lm̱ and it is shown that Lm̱ = B*B ⋃ {O}. On the set Lm̱ a congruence δ[sub]m̱, closely analogous to the congruence △[sub]m̱ defined above, is considered, and it is shown that Lm̱ / δ[sub]m̱ is a o-bisimple, inverse and nilpotent-generated semigroup.
Finally, two embedding theorems for inverse semigroups and semigroups in general are presented. The cardinalities of some of the semigroups introduced in this thesis are studied.
Type
Thesis, PhD Doctor of Philosophy
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