Test of e-submission process [15/3/22 - 10:31]

Abstract

Fakhr al-Din ibn Qurqumaz Ma'n (Arabic: فخر الدين بن قرقماز معن, romanized: Fakhr al-Dīn ibn Qurqumaz Maʿn; c. 1572 – March or April 1635), commonly known as Fakhr al-Din II (Arabic: فخر الدين الثاني, romanized: Fakhr al-Dīn al-Thānī),[c] was the paramount Druze emir of Mount Lebanon from the Ma'n dynasty, an Ottoman governor of Sidon-Beirut and Safed, and the strongman over much of the Levant from the 1620s to 1633. For uniting modern Lebanon's constituent parts and communities, especially the Druze and the Maronites, under a single authority for the first time in history, he is generally regarded as the country's founder. Although he ruled in the name of the Ottomans, he acted with considerable autonomy and developed close ties with European powers in defiance of the Ottoman imperial government.