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Layered lithium manganese oxide cathodes
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dc.contributor.advisor | Bruce, Peter G. | en |
dc.contributor.author | Paterson, Allan J. | en |
dc.coverage.spatial | vii, 213 p : col. ill. 30 cm. | en |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-04-08T08:57:11Z | |
dc.date.available | 2021-04-08T08:57:11Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2003 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10023/21849 | |
dc.description.abstract | The synthesis, characterisation and electrochemical performance of layered lithium manganese oxide materials have been investigated in terms of their application as an intercalation cathode in rechargeable lithium batteries. Non-stoichiometric LiₓMnᵧO₂, stoichiometric LiMnO₂ (α-NaFeO₂ type) with doped forms, LiₓMn₁₋ᵧMeᵧO₂ and LiMn₁₋ᵧMeᵧO₂ (where Me = Al, Mg, Li, Ni, Co), were prepared by solid-state and solution synthesis routes coupled with ion exchange from sodium precursors. These materials were investigated by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, as well as chemical and compositional analysis, SEM, TEM, surface area and galvanostatic cycling measurements. The structure and performance of non-stoichiometric materials is highly dependant on the synthesis conditions and ion exchange process which determine the defect chemistry. LiₓMnᵧO₂ exhibits high capacities, 190mAhg⁻¹ at a rate of 25mAg⁻¹ (C/8) with good retention of this capacity (fade rate of ~0.1% per cycle). However, performance is hindered by a first cycle charge capacity which is less than the subsequent discharge. This is a problem for lithium ion cells which require a slight excess of Li on the first charge to form the SEI layer on the carbon anode. The performance of LiMnO₂ is less dependant on synthesis conditions, exhibiting high discharge capacities, ~200mAhg⁻¹at 25mAg⁻¹with minimal fade rate and essentially theoretical charge capacity on the first cycle. Doping of layered materials was found to result in a reduction in the initial dip and rise in capacity over the first few cycles, improved rate capability and first cycle efficiency for non-stoichiometric materials as well as higher overall capacity >200mAhg⁻¹. Structural transformation from a layered to spinel-like configuration on cycling has been investigated. Performance of the spinel-like material formed in situ is markedly superior to directly prepared spinels, being attributed to the formation of a nanostructure able to accommodate the lattice strain caused by the Jahn-Teller distortion. Ball milling and variation in carbon and Kynar concentration were investigated as well as the possibility of electrodes containing both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric components, to permit an excess of charge capacity on the first cycle in order to accommodate the irreversible losses due to SEI surface layer formation when cycling against a carbon based anode. | en |
dc.language.iso | en | en |
dc.publisher | University of St Andrews | en |
dc.subject.lcc | QD576.L5P2 | |
dc.subject.lcsh | Lithium compounds | en |
dc.subject.lcsh | Lithium cells | en |
dc.subject.lcsh | Storage batteries | en |
dc.title | Layered lithium manganese oxide cathodes | en |
dc.type | Thesis | en |
dc.type.qualificationlevel | Doctoral | en |
dc.type.qualificationname | PhD Doctor of Philosopy | en |
dc.publisher.institution | The University of St Andrews | en |
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