Understanding the structural requirements for activators of the Kef bacterial potassium efflux system
Abstract
The potassium efflux system, Kef, protects bacteria against the detrimental effects of electrophilic compounds via acidification of the cytoplasm. Kef is inhibited by glutathione (GSH) but activated by glutathione-S-conjugates (GS-X) formed in the presence of electrophiles. GSH and GS-X bind to overlapping sites on Kef, which are located in a cytosolic regulatory domain. The central paradox of this activation mechanism is that GSH is abundant in cells (at concentrations of 10–20 mM), and thus, activating ligands must possess a high differential over GSH in their affinity for Kef. To investigate the structural requirements for binding of a ligand to Kef, a novel fluorescent reporter ligand, S-{[5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-1-yl]sulfonylaminopropyl} glutathione (DNGSH), was synthesized. By competition assays using DNGSH, complemented by direct binding assays and thermal shift measurements, we show that the well-characterized Kef activator, N-ethylsuccinimido-S-glutathione, has a 10–20-fold higher affinity for Kef than GSH. In contrast, another native ligand that is a poor activator, S-lactoylglutathione, exhibits a similar Kef affinity to GSH. Synthetic ligands were synthesized to contain either rigid or flexible structures and investigated as ligands for Kef. Compounds with rigid structures and high affinity activated Kef. In contrast, flexible ligands with similar binding affinities did not activate Kef. These data provide insight into the structural requirements for Kef gating, paving the way for the development of a screen for potential therapeutic lead compounds targeting the Kef system.
Citation
Healy , J , Ekkerman , S , Pliotas , C , Richard , M , Bartlett , W , Grayer , S C , Morris , G M , Miller , S , Booth , I R , Conway , S J & Rasmussen , T 2014 , ' Understanding the structural requirements for activators of the Kef bacterial potassium efflux system ' , Biochemistry , vol. 53 , no. 12 , pp. 1982-1992 . https://doi.org/10.1021/bi5001118
Publication
Biochemistry
Status
Peer reviewed
ISSN
0006-2960Type
Journal article
Rights
© 2014 American Chemical Society. This is an article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Description
This work was supported by The Wellcome Trust (WT092552MA), The Leverhulme Trust (EM-2012-60\2), BBSRC SysMO (BB/F003455/1), a European Union Marie Curie ITN Award (NICHE; 289384)Collections
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