http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1948 Sun, 28 Apr 2013 00:30:19 GMT 2013-04-28T00:30:19Z http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2976 Abstract: The present work is mainly concerned with a description of the morphological and syntactic analyses of the predicative aspectual phenomena in Modern Standard Arabic using Axiomatic Functionalism as its theoretical framework. The thesis consists of an introduction, three major parts, and a conclusion. The introduction deals with a brief overview of the Axiomatic Functionalist theory. Part one, which comprises four chapters, offers a brief account of the theoretical background of this work as well as presenting the predicative (verbal and non-verbal) aspectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter I discusses the term 'aspect', and the relation between lexical and grammatical aspect. Chapter II discusses the Arabic language, particularly the category of 'aspect'. Chapter III discusses the interaction between punctuality and aspect. Chapter IV is exclusively devoted to methodology; it explains an explanation of the essential and relevant theoretical notions in grammar, uniting the description to the theory. It also provides a step-by-step application of successive criteria for discriminating between morphological complexes and syntactic complexes. The second part (Chaps. V & VI), deals with morphological analysis. Chapter V analyses the category of verb in Arabic. For this purpose the following paradigms are set up: Verb-root, Aspect, Voice, Person, Gender, and Number. Each of these contains monemes which which are constituents of the verbal entity. These monemes commute with each other yielding a difference in the message conveyed. The chapter concludes that entities of the verb category in Arabic may contain the constituent monemes verb-root, perfective, imperfective, active, passive, first person, second person, third person, masculine, feminine, singular, dual, and plural. Chapter VI deals with the realisational as pect of the constituent monemes of the complex pleremes in chapter V. It also deals with the distribution of the allomorphs of the constituent monemes in question. Part three (Chaps. VII - IX), deals with the syntactic description of the aspectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter VII sets up the distributional unit (model) which accounts for the relations within the VPB syntagm. This chapter tests the adequacy of the model by establishing all the VPB syntagms which map onto it. These syntagms vary according to the type of the verbal nucleus in each of them, (transitive or intransitive and of what kind). It further deals with types of non-verbal nucleus I and the realisations of the predicative based syntagms (verbal and non-verbal). Chapter VIII deals in detail with the syntactic relations within the predicative syntagms. It also deals with the syntactic structures of various as pectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter IX discusses the syntactic relation within the functional syntagm in MSA which may form an immediate constituent in a predicative based syntagm. A final brief 'Conclusion' points out the need for further research and development in Axiomatic Functionalism in the field of "semantic syntagm-analysis". Wed, 01 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2976 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z Sitrak, Sami J. The present work is mainly concerned with a description of the morphological and syntactic analyses of the predicative aspectual phenomena in Modern Standard Arabic using Axiomatic Functionalism as its theoretical framework. The thesis consists of an introduction, three major parts, and a conclusion. The introduction deals with a brief overview of the Axiomatic Functionalist theory. Part one, which comprises four chapters, offers a brief account of the theoretical background of this work as well as presenting the predicative (verbal and non-verbal) aspectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter I discusses the term 'aspect', and the relation between lexical and grammatical aspect. Chapter II discusses the Arabic language, particularly the category of 'aspect'. Chapter III discusses the interaction between punctuality and aspect. Chapter IV is exclusively devoted to methodology; it explains an explanation of the essential and relevant theoretical notions in grammar, uniting the description to the theory. It also provides a step-by-step application of successive criteria for discriminating between morphological complexes and syntactic complexes. The second part (Chaps. V & VI), deals with morphological analysis. Chapter V analyses the category of verb in Arabic. For this purpose the following paradigms are set up: Verb-root, Aspect, Voice, Person, Gender, and Number. Each of these contains monemes which which are constituents of the verbal entity. These monemes commute with each other yielding a difference in the message conveyed. The chapter concludes that entities of the verb category in Arabic may contain the constituent monemes verb-root, perfective, imperfective, active, passive, first person, second person, third person, masculine, feminine, singular, dual, and plural. Chapter VI deals with the realisational as pect of the constituent monemes of the complex pleremes in chapter V. It also deals with the distribution of the allomorphs of the constituent monemes in question. Part three (Chaps. VII - IX), deals with the syntactic description of the aspectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter VII sets up the distributional unit (model) which accounts for the relations within the VPB syntagm. This chapter tests the adequacy of the model by establishing all the VPB syntagms which map onto it. These syntagms vary according to the type of the verbal nucleus in each of them, (transitive or intransitive and of what kind). It further deals with types of non-verbal nucleus I and the realisations of the predicative based syntagms (verbal and non-verbal). Chapter VIII deals in detail with the syntactic relations within the predicative syntagms. It also deals with the syntactic structures of various as pectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter IX discusses the syntactic relation within the functional syntagm in MSA which may form an immediate constituent in a predicative based syntagm. A final brief 'Conclusion' points out the need for further research and development in Axiomatic Functionalism in the field of "semantic syntagm-analysis". http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2959 Fri, 01 Jan 1971 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2959 1971-01-01T00:00:00Z Othman, Muhammad Zain bin Haji http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2949 Abstract: The study is concerned with the problem of how to improve the teaching of Arabic as a foreign or a second language. It lays down some of the essential foundation-work necessary for bringing about systematic and constructive improvements in the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language (TAFL) by investigating the contributions of modern linguistic sciences (such as applied linguistics, educational linguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics) to the development of foreign language (FL) teaching and learning. A survey of the literature indicates that a 'revolution' is currently taking place in FL teaching and that a new approach, known as the Communicative Approach (CA), has begun to emerge and influence the teaching of FLs in general, over the last decade or so. Since the CA is currently being adopted to the teaching of most major FLs and since this revolution has not yet had much impact on TAPL, the study explores the possibility of the application of the CA to the teaching of Arabic as a living language. The thesis is divided into 7 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the importance of viewing the nature of language and FL teaching from a multidimensional point of view. Chapter 2 outlines the general nature and importance of the subject matter (i.e. the Arabic language) in a wide context. In order to understand what has directly or indirectly influenced the teaching practices of TAFL, Chapter 3 provides an overview of the development of views of FL teaching approaches and methods in recent times, from formalism (teacher-centred learning) to functionalism (student -centred learning). Chapter 4 concentrates on providing an interpretation of the current 'state of the art' of TPPL in Britain. A theoretical outline of the CA is presented in Chapter 5. This chapter provides a working hypothesis of a proposed integrative model for communicative competence that can be used as a practical reference tool in the relevant areas of communicative language development In TAPL. Chapter 6 focuses on one of these areas; communicative syllabus design, in which the stages in Arabic language programme development and types of communicative syllabuses are discussed. The last chapter concludes with a suggetion of specific further research needs in TAFL: communicative teaching methodology, communicative materials development, communicative testing techniques and communicative tea cher training. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2949 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Jadwat, Ayoob Y. The study is concerned with the problem of how to improve the teaching of Arabic as a foreign or a second language. It lays down some of the essential foundation-work necessary for bringing about systematic and constructive improvements in the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language (TAFL) by investigating the contributions of modern linguistic sciences (such as applied linguistics, educational linguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics) to the development of foreign language (FL) teaching and learning. A survey of the literature indicates that a 'revolution' is currently taking place in FL teaching and that a new approach, known as the Communicative Approach (CA), has begun to emerge and influence the teaching of FLs in general, over the last decade or so. Since the CA is currently being adopted to the teaching of most major FLs and since this revolution has not yet had much impact on TAPL, the study explores the possibility of the application of the CA to the teaching of Arabic as a living language. The thesis is divided into 7 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the importance of viewing the nature of language and FL teaching from a multidimensional point of view. Chapter 2 outlines the general nature and importance of the subject matter (i.e. the Arabic language) in a wide context. In order to understand what has directly or indirectly influenced the teaching practices of TAFL, Chapter 3 provides an overview of the development of views of FL teaching approaches and methods in recent times, from formalism (teacher-centred learning) to functionalism (student -centred learning). Chapter 4 concentrates on providing an interpretation of the current 'state of the art' of TPPL in Britain. A theoretical outline of the CA is presented in Chapter 5. This chapter provides a working hypothesis of a proposed integrative model for communicative competence that can be used as a practical reference tool in the relevant areas of communicative language development In TAPL. Chapter 6 focuses on one of these areas; communicative syllabus design, in which the stages in Arabic language programme development and types of communicative syllabuses are discussed. The last chapter concludes with a suggetion of specific further research needs in TAFL: communicative teaching methodology, communicative materials development, communicative testing techniques and communicative tea cher training. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2944 Abstract: This dissertation aims to formulate a view of Arabian tribalism in the pre- Islamic period and its development in Islamic times. The first part assesses the historical usability of the literary source material of the Jahiliya. The focus is on oral historical traditions - the ayyam al- carab. These are found to have remained textually fluid until the time of their recording. This fluidity may have affected style and form but did not substantially affect certain historical elements. The more inter-tribal and less local the account was, the more reliable it is likely to be historically. A sample comparison between tribal hostility and tribal distribution showed that the accounts seem to be highly consistent. The second part of the thesis is concerned firstly with establishing a Jahili profile for two tribal groups; secondly with tracing the affairs of their descendants into the Umayyad period. The tribal groups of Taghlib and Ghatafan were picked for examination. Both were strong cohesive groups in the pre-Islamic period. In Islamic times, Taghlibis lose importance since they opted to remain Christian, thus, Taghlibis are virtually impossible to trace. Ghatafanis did join Islam on a far greater scale and are often mentioned in the Islamic period. After the second civil war Ghatafanis are only ever mentioned as individuals. Close kin continued to cooperate but cooperation above this level was only conducted within the Qaysi faction. The third part discusses changes in the tribal system. A review of the functions of modern tribal genealogies illuminates the process by which genealogies can change in order to reflect changing realities. Early Arabic genealogies are clearly seen to be also naturally dynamic and the subject of deliberate change. New links reflected new realities, particularly the political alliances forged under the Umayyads. A belief in a single progenitor led to a move towards creating genealogical links to one ancestor, while the conditions of the conquests let to a regionalization of tribalism. The professionalization of the Marwanid army enabled cross-regional tribal co-operation which resulted in dividing in two the Umayyad army and Arab genealogies. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2944 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z El-Sakkout, Ihab Hamdi This dissertation aims to formulate a view of Arabian tribalism in the pre- Islamic period and its development in Islamic times. The first part assesses the historical usability of the literary source material of the Jahiliya. The focus is on oral historical traditions - the ayyam al- carab. These are found to have remained textually fluid until the time of their recording. This fluidity may have affected style and form but did not substantially affect certain historical elements. The more inter-tribal and less local the account was, the more reliable it is likely to be historically. A sample comparison between tribal hostility and tribal distribution showed that the accounts seem to be highly consistent. The second part of the thesis is concerned firstly with establishing a Jahili profile for two tribal groups; secondly with tracing the affairs of their descendants into the Umayyad period. The tribal groups of Taghlib and Ghatafan were picked for examination. Both were strong cohesive groups in the pre-Islamic period. In Islamic times, Taghlibis lose importance since they opted to remain Christian, thus, Taghlibis are virtually impossible to trace. Ghatafanis did join Islam on a far greater scale and are often mentioned in the Islamic period. After the second civil war Ghatafanis are only ever mentioned as individuals. Close kin continued to cooperate but cooperation above this level was only conducted within the Qaysi faction. The third part discusses changes in the tribal system. A review of the functions of modern tribal genealogies illuminates the process by which genealogies can change in order to reflect changing realities. Early Arabic genealogies are clearly seen to be also naturally dynamic and the subject of deliberate change. New links reflected new realities, particularly the political alliances forged under the Umayyads. A belief in a single progenitor led to a move towards creating genealogical links to one ancestor, while the conditions of the conquests let to a regionalization of tribalism. The professionalization of the Marwanid army enabled cross-regional tribal co-operation which resulted in dividing in two the Umayyad army and Arab genealogies. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2937 Abstract: This study "The Emirate of Damascus During the Early Crusading Period 488-549/1095-1154 deals with this Emirate which was established in 488/1095, after the defeat and the murder of Taj al-Dawla Tutush near Rayy in 488/1095 by his nephew Sultan Berkiyaruq Ibn Sult-an Malik-Sh5h. The dominions of Ti al-Dawla, mainly in Syria and the Jazira divided between his elder sons King Fakhr al-Mullik Ridwan in Aleppo and King Shams al-Muliik Ducfaq in Damascus. The Kingdom of Damascus comprized south Syria and some parts of the Jazira such as al- Rahba and Mayyafäriqin. Zahir al-Din Tughtekln, who was Atabek of King Duclaq, became the de facto ruler of Damascus during the reign of King Duqaq 488-497/1095-1104. After the death of Duqaq, Tughtekin was to be the real Amir of Damascus, and his dynasty was to gain control of the Emirate until its fall at the hands of Niir al-Din Mahmild of Aleppo in 549/1154. In this thesis, the following matters are discussed: 1. The conditions which led to the foundation of this Emirate. 2. The role of Tughtekin in establishing his authority in the Emirate. 3. The foreign policy of the Emirate, and the factors which shaped this policy. 4. The effects (on the Emirate) of the coming of the Crusaders particularly those of Jerusalem. S. Internal rivalries in the Emirate, and their influence on the stability of the Emirate and its external relations. 6. The policy of alliances adopted by the Emirate and the factors which affected this. 7. The influence of the growing power of Zangi of Aleppo and Mosul (521-541/1127-1146) on Damascus and why he did not succeed in annexing Damascus to his united front in Syria and the Jazira aimed at challenging the power of the Crusaders. 8. The reasons which helped Mir al-Din Mahmüd Ibn Zangi of Aleppo to annex Damascus to his state in 549/1154. 9. The importance of the military power of Damascus and Its role in protecting the Emirate. Finally a concluding section sums up the achievement of the Emirate of Damascus in maintaining its Independence during the period and the role of the Emirate in the Counter-Crusade. Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2937 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z Al-Zanki, Jamal M. H. A. This study "The Emirate of Damascus During the Early Crusading Period 488-549/1095-1154 deals with this Emirate which was established in 488/1095, after the defeat and the murder of Taj al-Dawla Tutush near Rayy in 488/1095 by his nephew Sultan Berkiyaruq Ibn Sult-an Malik-Sh5h. The dominions of Ti al-Dawla, mainly in Syria and the Jazira divided between his elder sons King Fakhr al-Mullik Ridwan in Aleppo and King Shams al-Muliik Ducfaq in Damascus. The Kingdom of Damascus comprized south Syria and some parts of the Jazira such as al- Rahba and Mayyafäriqin. Zahir al-Din Tughtekln, who was Atabek of King Duclaq, became the de facto ruler of Damascus during the reign of King Duqaq 488-497/1095-1104. After the death of Duqaq, Tughtekin was to be the real Amir of Damascus, and his dynasty was to gain control of the Emirate until its fall at the hands of Niir al-Din Mahmild of Aleppo in 549/1154. In this thesis, the following matters are discussed: 1. The conditions which led to the foundation of this Emirate. 2. The role of Tughtekin in establishing his authority in the Emirate. 3. The foreign policy of the Emirate, and the factors which shaped this policy. 4. The effects (on the Emirate) of the coming of the Crusaders particularly those of Jerusalem. S. Internal rivalries in the Emirate, and their influence on the stability of the Emirate and its external relations. 6. The policy of alliances adopted by the Emirate and the factors which affected this. 7. The influence of the growing power of Zangi of Aleppo and Mosul (521-541/1127-1146) on Damascus and why he did not succeed in annexing Damascus to his united front in Syria and the Jazira aimed at challenging the power of the Crusaders. 8. The reasons which helped Mir al-Din Mahmüd Ibn Zangi of Aleppo to annex Damascus to his state in 549/1154. 9. The importance of the military power of Damascus and Its role in protecting the Emirate. Finally a concluding section sums up the achievement of the Emirate of Damascus in maintaining its Independence during the period and the role of the Emirate in the Counter-Crusade. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2936 Abstract: I have prepared a critical edition of the portion on a1-Nasikh wa-l mansukh from Usul al-Jassas (Usul al-figh), by Abu Bakr Ahmad b. 'Ali a1-Razi a1-jassas (d. 370 A. H. ). The manuscript, used in this edition, is preserved under 229 Usul: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriya. I have also prepared separate notes in order to elucidate and compare this work with the views of the renowned Muslim scholars such as Shafi '1, Tabari, Nahhas, Razi, Sarakhsi and many others. The manuscript itself is edited carefully so that to the best of my knowledge no incorrect materials have failed to be mentioned in the footnotes. I have also provided references to the Qur'anic verses and athar mentioned in this work of jassas. To discuss the subject of al-Nasikh wa-l mansukh, I have also prepared an introduction. This section consists of eight chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the description of the manuscript and text along with the importance of Usul al-Jassas. The second chapter is designed to provide details of the author's life and his works. The third chapter deals with the basic sources of Islamic law and throws light on the background of the phenomenon of naskh. In this chapter the views of anti-traditionists are also recorded. The fourth chapter provides details about the principles of abrogation - whether special or general together with the significance of naskh. It also discusses the problem of the change of the gibla and informs us that naskh is a speciality of the Fugaha'. In chapters five to seven, I have discussed the three modes of naskh described by the Usulis. They are: naskh al-hukm du-na al-tilawa, naskh al-tilawa duna al-hukm and naskh al-hukm wa al- tilawa. The first mode involves the discussion of the problem of wasiyya (bequest) and cidda (waiting period). The second mode investigates the origin of the Islamic stoning penalty for adultery. The third mode is concerned with the Tafsir of Q. 87,6-7. In the final chapter, I have examined jassas' concept of the relationship of the Qur'an with the sunna and vice versa in the formation of the ahkam. Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2936 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z Akram, Mohammad I have prepared a critical edition of the portion on a1-Nasikh wa-l mansukh from Usul al-Jassas (Usul al-figh), by Abu Bakr Ahmad b. 'Ali a1-Razi a1-jassas (d. 370 A. H. ). The manuscript, used in this edition, is preserved under 229 Usul: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriya. I have also prepared separate notes in order to elucidate and compare this work with the views of the renowned Muslim scholars such as Shafi '1, Tabari, Nahhas, Razi, Sarakhsi and many others. The manuscript itself is edited carefully so that to the best of my knowledge no incorrect materials have failed to be mentioned in the footnotes. I have also provided references to the Qur'anic verses and athar mentioned in this work of jassas. To discuss the subject of al-Nasikh wa-l mansukh, I have also prepared an introduction. This section consists of eight chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the description of the manuscript and text along with the importance of Usul al-Jassas. The second chapter is designed to provide details of the author's life and his works. The third chapter deals with the basic sources of Islamic law and throws light on the background of the phenomenon of naskh. In this chapter the views of anti-traditionists are also recorded. The fourth chapter provides details about the principles of abrogation - whether special or general together with the significance of naskh. It also discusses the problem of the change of the gibla and informs us that naskh is a speciality of the Fugaha'. In chapters five to seven, I have discussed the three modes of naskh described by the Usulis. They are: naskh al-hukm du-na al-tilawa, naskh al-tilawa duna al-hukm and naskh al-hukm wa al- tilawa. The first mode involves the discussion of the problem of wasiyya (bequest) and cidda (waiting period). The second mode investigates the origin of the Islamic stoning penalty for adultery. The third mode is concerned with the Tafsir of Q. 87,6-7. In the final chapter, I have examined jassas' concept of the relationship of the Qur'an with the sunna and vice versa in the formation of the ahkam. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2926 Abstract: This thesis, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to apply semantics to the translation of pre-Islamic poetry. But this is a thorny path. This poetry is some of the most ambiguous, confusing, disorganized and perfunctorily investigated in the whole of Arabic literature. The Mucallaga of Imru'al-Qays, our subject of study, the crowning achievement of this poetry, is in an even worse case. The principal problem which confronts the researcher as well as the translator is the usual one of how best to bridge the cultural gulf of both time and place, to set this Mucallaga in its cultural context so as to understand its theme, and achieve the same communicative effect of the text in translation. Commentaries and lexicons are of. little help here, because their main interest is the denotation of single words of this Mucallaga rather than in its organic unity. The setting of this Mucallaga in its Semitic literary context would cast some light on its essential theme and hence open new horizons for further comprehensive research in this field. This is the task we embarked upon in Chapter 1. Confronted with fifteen main commentaries, and two English translations of this Mucallaga, we have resorted to the current semantic theories in the hope that in one of them we would find a happy solution to the problem of translating these commentaries, or at'least help in organizing them systematically. Much to our dismay, however, the bulky literature on this subject bequeathed to us a welter of controversial theories, perhaps because semantics is quite a new branch of linguistics. These contradictory theories have been presented to demonstrate the difficulty of adopting any one particular semantic theory. Nonetheless, certain structural semantic relationships have been found to be of highly significant application. This, and particularly the structural semantic-relationships as well as their employment throughout this thesis have been discussed in Chapter II. A theory of translation necessarily overlaps with a theory of semantics. Chapter II made it clear that the help we might have expected from semantics is but a pipe-dream. Instead of bemoaning, philological, linguistic and socio-linguistic approaches to the theory and practice of translation have been suggested. In Chapter III these approaches have been demonstrated and applied to the translations of (J. ) and (A. ) who, owing to the ambiguity of the text, have resorted to the commentaries - appendices of which have been attached. It has been concluded that the full translation of this Mucallaqa is almost impossible because of the myriad phonological, semantic and cultural problems. However, it has been argued that the development of a more comprehensive semantic theory upon which an eclectic theory of translation could depend, and a more profound and accurate investigation of the essential theme of this Mucallaga would get rid of a lot of the problems of research and translation. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2926 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z Husayn, 'Ala al-Din Ahmad This thesis, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to apply semantics to the translation of pre-Islamic poetry. But this is a thorny path. This poetry is some of the most ambiguous, confusing, disorganized and perfunctorily investigated in the whole of Arabic literature. The Mucallaga of Imru'al-Qays, our subject of study, the crowning achievement of this poetry, is in an even worse case. The principal problem which confronts the researcher as well as the translator is the usual one of how best to bridge the cultural gulf of both time and place, to set this Mucallaga in its cultural context so as to understand its theme, and achieve the same communicative effect of the text in translation. Commentaries and lexicons are of. little help here, because their main interest is the denotation of single words of this Mucallaga rather than in its organic unity. The setting of this Mucallaga in its Semitic literary context would cast some light on its essential theme and hence open new horizons for further comprehensive research in this field. This is the task we embarked upon in Chapter 1. Confronted with fifteen main commentaries, and two English translations of this Mucallaga, we have resorted to the current semantic theories in the hope that in one of them we would find a happy solution to the problem of translating these commentaries, or at'least help in organizing them systematically. Much to our dismay, however, the bulky literature on this subject bequeathed to us a welter of controversial theories, perhaps because semantics is quite a new branch of linguistics. These contradictory theories have been presented to demonstrate the difficulty of adopting any one particular semantic theory. Nonetheless, certain structural semantic relationships have been found to be of highly significant application. This, and particularly the structural semantic-relationships as well as their employment throughout this thesis have been discussed in Chapter II. A theory of translation necessarily overlaps with a theory of semantics. Chapter II made it clear that the help we might have expected from semantics is but a pipe-dream. Instead of bemoaning, philological, linguistic and socio-linguistic approaches to the theory and practice of translation have been suggested. In Chapter III these approaches have been demonstrated and applied to the translations of (J. ) and (A. ) who, owing to the ambiguity of the text, have resorted to the commentaries - appendices of which have been attached. It has been concluded that the full translation of this Mucallaqa is almost impossible because of the myriad phonological, semantic and cultural problems. However, it has been argued that the development of a more comprehensive semantic theory upon which an eclectic theory of translation could depend, and a more profound and accurate investigation of the essential theme of this Mucallaga would get rid of a lot of the problems of research and translation. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2885 Abstract: This thesis presents a critical edition of a medieval Arabic text, which is widely known under the insufficiently attested title "al-Ta'rikh al-Muzaffari'.. It is ascribed to a celebrated historian and scholar of the first half of the 7th/13th century, Shihab al-Din abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. abi al-Dam al-Hamawi al-Shafi'i (583/1187-642/1244), 40 a native and Qadi (judge) of Hamah. The thesis consists of two parts, the introductory study and then the text. The introductory study facilitates the understanding of the problems the text raises and clarifies the more important issues surrounding it. The first chapter is intended to serve as a historical background. A brief account, therefore, of the Ayyubid empire, together with a brief history of Hamah, Ibn abi al-Dam's native town, is presented to shed light on the author's time. The second chapter of the introduction is devoted to examining the author's life. The sources concerning this part of the study are few. Some of the author's own works are still missing, others are at present inaccessible. From the obtainable works either printed or in MSS, a reconstruction of the author's life and times has been made. Sections I and 2 of the third and final chapter of the introductory study discuss the reliability of the ascription of the work to Ibn abTal-Dam and the controversial question of whether the title is original, and if it is not, what other title it could have had. The rest of this chapter has been devoted to Investigating and examining the MSS. in which the text has been preserved and transcribed ever since the original was composed. In the absence of the original, I have chosen the oldest and in my opinion, the most complete of the only five surviving copies so far identified and located. This copy, which is referred to in this thesis by the abbreviation Bo, was written in (695/1295) by a native of Hamah, 53 years after the death of the author. All the other four are almost definitely of a more recent date. The second part of this thesis is the text, edited on the basis of the oldest MS. which is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. The text has been transcribed retaining the conventions, orthographic and grammatical of the copyist wherever possible. Additions and modifications have been avoided unless in their absence the sense of the passage is obscured to the point of incomprehensibility. In these cases other copies, A. of Alexandria Municipal Library, E. of Edinburgh University Library, and Rand P2. of Bankipore Public Library were consulted and all differenced between these MSS. , however minor, are shown and detailed in the footnotes. The text, then is supplemented by indices of towns, places, tribes, sects and nations, which are followed by a bibliography and maps. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2885 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z Al-Jomard, Jazeel Abdul Jabbar This thesis presents a critical edition of a medieval Arabic text, which is widely known under the insufficiently attested title "al-Ta'rikh al-Muzaffari'.. It is ascribed to a celebrated historian and scholar of the first half of the 7th/13th century, Shihab al-Din abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. abi al-Dam al-Hamawi al-Shafi'i (583/1187-642/1244), 40 a native and Qadi (judge) of Hamah. The thesis consists of two parts, the introductory study and then the text. The introductory study facilitates the understanding of the problems the text raises and clarifies the more important issues surrounding it. The first chapter is intended to serve as a historical background. A brief account, therefore, of the Ayyubid empire, together with a brief history of Hamah, Ibn abi al-Dam's native town, is presented to shed light on the author's time. The second chapter of the introduction is devoted to examining the author's life. The sources concerning this part of the study are few. Some of the author's own works are still missing, others are at present inaccessible. From the obtainable works either printed or in MSS, a reconstruction of the author's life and times has been made. Sections I and 2 of the third and final chapter of the introductory study discuss the reliability of the ascription of the work to Ibn abTal-Dam and the controversial question of whether the title is original, and if it is not, what other title it could have had. The rest of this chapter has been devoted to Investigating and examining the MSS. in which the text has been preserved and transcribed ever since the original was composed. In the absence of the original, I have chosen the oldest and in my opinion, the most complete of the only five surviving copies so far identified and located. This copy, which is referred to in this thesis by the abbreviation Bo, was written in (695/1295) by a native of Hamah, 53 years after the death of the author. All the other four are almost definitely of a more recent date. The second part of this thesis is the text, edited on the basis of the oldest MS. which is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. The text has been transcribed retaining the conventions, orthographic and grammatical of the copyist wherever possible. Additions and modifications have been avoided unless in their absence the sense of the passage is obscured to the point of incomprehensibility. In these cases other copies, A. of Alexandria Municipal Library, E. of Edinburgh University Library, and Rand P2. of Bankipore Public Library were consulted and all differenced between these MSS. , however minor, are shown and detailed in the footnotes. The text, then is supplemented by indices of towns, places, tribes, sects and nations, which are followed by a bibliography and maps. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2831 Abstract: The thesis examines the use of traditional literacy promulgated by the Koranic schools among the Berti in the Northern Darfur Province of the Republic of the Sudan. This literacy is restricted both in the scope of its use as well as in its social distribution, which remains limited to religious specialists - fakis. Instead of leading to a change in the traditional mode of thought, Berti literacy contributes considerably to maintaining the homeostatic tendency supposedly characteristic of oral societies. Literacy plays an important role in the Berti religious life. The words of God contained in the Koran and other books widely used by the fakis are considered to be sacred, and an important aspect of Berti religion is their internalisation in the form of memorisation, drinking of erasure and the retaining of amulets (hijbat). The repetition of sacred words is used as a means of invoking God in communal rituals and the rites of passage. Literacy underlies book divination practised by the fakis and its literate origin is the ultimate sanction of sand divination which is primarily practised by the illiterate Berti. In their use of the sacred words in healing, divination, communal rituals, rites of passage and the preparation of amulets and erasure, Berti fakis impose their own meaning on the Koranic text which differs considerably from its theological meaning. The thesis includes translation and analysis of over 50 original texts pertaining to erasure writing, amulets, book divination and communal rituals. Photocopies of 25 original amulets are presented in the thesis and the majority of them are translated and commented upon. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2831 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z Osman Eltom, Abdullahi The thesis examines the use of traditional literacy promulgated by the Koranic schools among the Berti in the Northern Darfur Province of the Republic of the Sudan. This literacy is restricted both in the scope of its use as well as in its social distribution, which remains limited to religious specialists - fakis. Instead of leading to a change in the traditional mode of thought, Berti literacy contributes considerably to maintaining the homeostatic tendency supposedly characteristic of oral societies. Literacy plays an important role in the Berti religious life. The words of God contained in the Koran and other books widely used by the fakis are considered to be sacred, and an important aspect of Berti religion is their internalisation in the form of memorisation, drinking of erasure and the retaining of amulets (hijbat). The repetition of sacred words is used as a means of invoking God in communal rituals and the rites of passage. Literacy underlies book divination practised by the fakis and its literate origin is the ultimate sanction of sand divination which is primarily practised by the illiterate Berti. In their use of the sacred words in healing, divination, communal rituals, rites of passage and the preparation of amulets and erasure, Berti fakis impose their own meaning on the Koranic text which differs considerably from its theological meaning. The thesis includes translation and analysis of over 50 original texts pertaining to erasure writing, amulets, book divination and communal rituals. Photocopies of 25 original amulets are presented in the thesis and the majority of them are translated and commented upon. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2770 Abstract: Two transmissions of the Qur'an can be found in printed copies today. One stems from Kufa and the other from Medina. They are more commonly called by the names of their respective second-century transmitters, Hafs and 'Wars. This thesis examines the relationship between these two transmissions, as exemplified in the first five suras. The Hafs transmission is found in printed Qur'an copies from all but West and North-West Africa, which employ the War transmission. The Hafs transmission is therefore the transmission found in the vast majority of printed copies of the Qur'an, and printed copies of the 'Wars transmission are rare in comparison. There is no doubt that copies according to other transmissions have existed as well, but none has apparently been printed. The Basrans al—Xalil and Sibawayhi, for instance, had texts that differed in places from both the Hafs and 'Wars transmissions. And the existence of manuscripts according to the Basran reading-system of abu 'Amr by way of al—Duri has been testified in the Sudan this century. The Qur'an according to this last transmission has in fact been printed at the head and side of the pages of editions of al—Zamaxari's commentary a1—Kaf, but these are not considered by Muslims as Qur'an copies proper. They are type-set and have occasional misprints, and at times do not tally with data on the reading-system of abu 'Amr given in works on Qur'an readings. Qur'an copies according to transmissions such as these or others might therefore still exist in manuscript, but would not readily be consultable. So it would be of use to document differences between those transmissions that actually are available in print. On a general level, this provides a step towards a critical apparatus of the Qur'an, and on a more specific one, it provides the data for this thesis. Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2770 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z Brockett, Adrian Alan Two transmissions of the Qur'an can be found in printed copies today. One stems from Kufa and the other from Medina. They are more commonly called by the names of their respective second-century transmitters, Hafs and 'Wars. This thesis examines the relationship between these two transmissions, as exemplified in the first five suras. The Hafs transmission is found in printed Qur'an copies from all but West and North-West Africa, which employ the War transmission. The Hafs transmission is therefore the transmission found in the vast majority of printed copies of the Qur'an, and printed copies of the 'Wars transmission are rare in comparison. There is no doubt that copies according to other transmissions have existed as well, but none has apparently been printed. The Basrans al—Xalil and Sibawayhi, for instance, had texts that differed in places from both the Hafs and 'Wars transmissions. And the existence of manuscripts according to the Basran reading-system of abu 'Amr by way of al—Duri has been testified in the Sudan this century. The Qur'an according to this last transmission has in fact been printed at the head and side of the pages of editions of al—Zamaxari's commentary a1—Kaf, but these are not considered by Muslims as Qur'an copies proper. They are type-set and have occasional misprints, and at times do not tally with data on the reading-system of abu 'Amr given in works on Qur'an readings. Qur'an copies according to transmissions such as these or others might therefore still exist in manuscript, but would not readily be consultable. So it would be of use to document differences between those transmissions that actually are available in print. On a general level, this provides a step towards a critical apparatus of the Qur'an, and on a more specific one, it provides the data for this thesis. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2717 Thu, 01 Jan 1953 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2717 1953-01-01T00:00:00Z Alder, Catherine http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2713 Abstract: This thesis deals with Shafi’i's theories on the role in usul al-fiqh of the Qur’an and the hadith. By detailed reference to Shifi’i’s writings, it becomes clear that his chief concern was with the role of the sunna of the Prophet, Islamic scholars in previous generations had referred to a number of sources in defence of regional attitudes. Their failure to produce a theory of sources enabled Shaf’i to charge them with inconsistency. Certain scholars of his own generation were apparently alleging the sufficiency of the Qur’an source. Inter-school squabbles involving the first group of scholars represented in Shafi’i’s view as great a threat to the overriding importance which the party known as ahl al-hadith desired to secure for the hadith of the Prophet as did the more direct assault of the second group's insistence upon the primary significance of the Qur’an source. An attempt is made to show that Shaf’i’s source theories were constructed in response to the arguments of both groups and were directed to the creation of a unifying principle which would solve the problem of ikhtilaf al-muslimin while simultaneously guaranteeing minimum disruption for the fiqh conclusions which Shafi’i’ had espoused. Since he proposed to document these conclusions on the basis of the sunna, Shafi’i’s theories were designed to place the sunna beyond further scholarly attack. The study consists of nine chapters. Chapter one examines Shafi’ i's intellectual life, his acquaintance with scholars from different regions and of different schools. Chapter two deals with the materials employed by his predecessors to document their legal doctrines, and Shafi’i’s handling of these materials in his efforts to systematize the sunni fiqh. Chapters three, four and five deal with his endeavour to establish the overriding importance for the sunni fiqh, of the sunna embodied in the hadith of the Prophet. Chapter nine discusses his views on the isnad. Chapters six and seven examine his endeavour to establish a necessary connection between the Qur’an and the sunna, and the resultant subjection of the qur’an to the sunna by means of the Shafi’i theory of bayan and exclusion (takhsis). Chapter eight deals with his views on qiyas, the only form of legal reasoning of which he approved, and the resultant curtailing of independent legal reasoning and, thereby, of the development of the fiqh. Thu, 01 Jan 1976 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2713 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z Othman, Abdul Hamid bin Haji This thesis deals with Shafi’i's theories on the role in usul al-fiqh of the Qur’an and the hadith. By detailed reference to Shifi’i’s writings, it becomes clear that his chief concern was with the role of the sunna of the Prophet, Islamic scholars in previous generations had referred to a number of sources in defence of regional attitudes. Their failure to produce a theory of sources enabled Shaf’i to charge them with inconsistency. Certain scholars of his own generation were apparently alleging the sufficiency of the Qur’an source. Inter-school squabbles involving the first group of scholars represented in Shafi’i’s view as great a threat to the overriding importance which the party known as ahl al-hadith desired to secure for the hadith of the Prophet as did the more direct assault of the second group's insistence upon the primary significance of the Qur’an source. An attempt is made to show that Shaf’i’s source theories were constructed in response to the arguments of both groups and were directed to the creation of a unifying principle which would solve the problem of ikhtilaf al-muslimin while simultaneously guaranteeing minimum disruption for the fiqh conclusions which Shafi’i’ had espoused. Since he proposed to document these conclusions on the basis of the sunna, Shafi’i’s theories were designed to place the sunna beyond further scholarly attack. The study consists of nine chapters. Chapter one examines Shafi’ i's intellectual life, his acquaintance with scholars from different regions and of different schools. Chapter two deals with the materials employed by his predecessors to document their legal doctrines, and Shafi’i’s handling of these materials in his efforts to systematize the sunni fiqh. Chapters three, four and five deal with his endeavour to establish the overriding importance for the sunni fiqh, of the sunna embodied in the hadith of the Prophet. Chapter nine discusses his views on the isnad. Chapters six and seven examine his endeavour to establish a necessary connection between the Qur’an and the sunna, and the resultant subjection of the qur’an to the sunna by means of the Shafi’i theory of bayan and exclusion (takhsis). Chapter eight deals with his views on qiyas, the only form of legal reasoning of which he approved, and the resultant curtailing of independent legal reasoning and, thereby, of the development of the fiqh. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2677 Sun, 01 Jan 1967 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2677 1967-01-01T00:00:00Z Aziz, Yowell Yosef http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2669 Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2669 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z Al-Tikriti, Tālīb A.R. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2668 Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2668 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z Abd El Aal, Nour Hoda Hasan