http://hdl.handle.net/10023/874 2013-06-19T21:44:52Z http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3196 Abstract: This research focuses on the study of Mexican comics and films from 1969 to 1976. It uses the language of humour to understand how these media expressed contemporary social and political concerns. After reviewing theories of humour and proposing an eclectic theory to analyse visual sources, three different comic books and four films were examined in order to gain an understanding of the issues that troubled the society at the time. This eclectic theory considered academic approaches from a variety of disciplines, including philosophy, sociology, linguistics, psychology, and others. The theory of humour proposed in this thesis can be used to study humorous visual expressions from other cultures and historical times. Thus, one of the novelties of this research is the proposal of an eclectic theory of humour to study visual culture. A second original contribution of this thesis is that it proposes an approach to social history through the analysis of two relevant cultural manifestations: humour and visual culture. This work also invites us to reflect on Mexican society during the presidency of Luis Echeverría Álvarez, as well as the circumstances of the mass media and the arts, both of which enjoyed some freedom in what was called the apertura democrática. Nevertheless, since some topics were still prickly and difficult, humour helped society discuss them, kept them on the social agenda, and acted as a safety valve to express the discomfort of the members of society. Finally, this thesis considers social manifestations, such as humour, as sources through which to study culture and history; it highlights the relevance of the cultural legacy of comics which have been considered as a sub-cultural product; and it shows how we can use films to discover something new about a specific time and social group. 2012-06-21T00:00:00Z Neria, Leticia This research focuses on the study of Mexican comics and films from 1969 to 1976. It uses the language of humour to understand how these media expressed contemporary social and political concerns. After reviewing theories of humour and proposing an eclectic theory to analyse visual sources, three different comic books and four films were examined in order to gain an understanding of the issues that troubled the society at the time. This eclectic theory considered academic approaches from a variety of disciplines, including philosophy, sociology, linguistics, psychology, and others. The theory of humour proposed in this thesis can be used to study humorous visual expressions from other cultures and historical times. Thus, one of the novelties of this research is the proposal of an eclectic theory of humour to study visual culture. A second original contribution of this thesis is that it proposes an approach to social history through the analysis of two relevant cultural manifestations: humour and visual culture. This work also invites us to reflect on Mexican society during the presidency of Luis Echeverría Álvarez, as well as the circumstances of the mass media and the arts, both of which enjoyed some freedom in what was called the apertura democrática. Nevertheless, since some topics were still prickly and difficult, humour helped society discuss them, kept them on the social agenda, and acted as a safety valve to express the discomfort of the members of society. Finally, this thesis considers social manifestations, such as humour, as sources through which to study culture and history; it highlights the relevance of the cultural legacy of comics which have been considered as a sub-cultural product; and it shows how we can use films to discover something new about a specific time and social group. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2927 Abstract: This study examines in detail the basis of al-Shafi`i's arguments for the supremacy of oral tradition over communal legal practice. It concentrates on one broad issue, the definition of `ilm (knowledge) and one technical issue, the problem of authenticating a particular khabar (oral tradition or report, plural akhbar, ) and its binding nature, especially a report of the category known as the specialists' report (khabar al-khassa). On the first issue, this study examines the concept of knowledge based on reports (`ilm al-khabar) because it had an important influence on al-Shafi`i. This is followed by a detailed account of al-Shafi`i's own discussion of `ilm. It brings out clearly that al-Shafi`i means religious law when discussing `ilm. It also shows how knowledge of religious law can be obtained. Al-Shafi`i's approach is to restrict the argument to knowledge of specialised and debatable points, rather than what is generally accepted. He seeks to prove the indispensability in this area of specialists' knowledge of reliable documentation external to the law itself. The following chapter deals with the question of authenticating a khabar from the Prophet (a hadith), not as purely technical question but within a polemical context in which the practical difficulty of authenticating a khabar was used by those opposed to the intellectual dominance of oral tradition as a reason not to use the khabar. In the final chapter al- Shaf i's arguments with two identifiable schools of opposing thought, ahl al-kaläm and ahl al-figh, are examined in detail. The thesis as a whole gives a significant insight into the efficacy and durability of al-Shafi`i's arguments, not so much by defeating his opponents' arguments but by buttressing those of the defenders and advocates of oral tradition. 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Shukri, Abdul Salam Muhammad This study examines in detail the basis of al-Shafi`i's arguments for the supremacy of oral tradition over communal legal practice. It concentrates on one broad issue, the definition of `ilm (knowledge) and one technical issue, the problem of authenticating a particular khabar (oral tradition or report, plural akhbar, ) and its binding nature, especially a report of the category known as the specialists' report (khabar al-khassa). On the first issue, this study examines the concept of knowledge based on reports (`ilm al-khabar) because it had an important influence on al-Shafi`i. This is followed by a detailed account of al-Shafi`i's own discussion of `ilm. It brings out clearly that al-Shafi`i means religious law when discussing `ilm. It also shows how knowledge of religious law can be obtained. Al-Shafi`i's approach is to restrict the argument to knowledge of specialised and debatable points, rather than what is generally accepted. He seeks to prove the indispensability in this area of specialists' knowledge of reliable documentation external to the law itself. The following chapter deals with the question of authenticating a khabar from the Prophet (a hadith), not as purely technical question but within a polemical context in which the practical difficulty of authenticating a khabar was used by those opposed to the intellectual dominance of oral tradition as a reason not to use the khabar. In the final chapter al- Shaf i's arguments with two identifiable schools of opposing thought, ahl al-kaläm and ahl al-figh, are examined in detail. The thesis as a whole gives a significant insight into the efficacy and durability of al-Shafi`i's arguments, not so much by defeating his opponents' arguments but by buttressing those of the defenders and advocates of oral tradition. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2922 Abstract: The title of this thesis is "An Edition of Diwan Al Ahkam al-Kubra by `Isa b. Sahl Abi al-Asbag who died in the year 486 A. H. 1093. A. D. This work consists of two parts. The first part is the Arabic text, and the second is the English introduction. This thesis as a whole was intended to become three volumes but only the original copy is now in three volumes and the photocopies are in two volumes. The first volume ended at page number 727 and the second started with the subject of “Sura fima Tahalaf...” 11 page number 728 to the end of the Arabic text. The Arabic text contains the Arabic index of Diwan al-Ahkam al-Kubra, a few loose pages found with this book, the whole material of the master copy and all the additional pages found in copies R and A. The present Arabic text is the photocopy of a manuscript which was procured from The National Library in Algeria. It was listed under No. 1332, and it was used as a master copy of this thesis. The other nine copies have been utilised as supplementary material for the purpose of checking evidence, of comparing variants and for verification, where difficulties occurred in reading some lines or illegible words in the master copy. The English part consists of six chapters. The first chapter provides general information as an introduction to this thesis in locating the master copy, and the other copies. The second chapter provides an idea of A1-Awza’iy's doctrines in Andalusia during Abu A1-Asbag’s time, and how these doctrines appeared in Andalusia. Imam Malik's doctrines were discussed, and so was the method of how it was introduced there before the 'Isa b. Sahl's time. General ideas about Imam Malik and Abu Hanifa, their life and opinions, their schools in al-Madina and Iraq, and their different legal opinions were examined in this chapter. Also included in the chapter, is the influence of Malik's doctrines through his students, who introduced the doctrines into Andalusia. Also incorporated was the question of Egypt and her part in advancing Malik's doctrines into Andalusia, with reference to what was found in Abu al-Asbag's book, as a part of the establishment of Malik's doctrines in Andalusia and North Africa. The question of Al-Si`a’s doctrines in North Africa and Andalusia as a different school from the Sunna which began to reveal itself through the conflict between the other Sunna schools (Awza`iy, Maliki and Hanafi) was analysed. The third chapter concerned Legal organisation in Andalusia, the Powers and the Obligations of jurists. We referred in this chapter to Abu al-Asbag's words in his book and how-the legal procedures were organized during his lifetime. The duties and responsibilities of the judges in their different capacities were mentioned and evaluated in this section of the chapter, with reference to the legal cases of Abu al-Asbag's. There is a general examination of the various kinds of legal offices pertaining to the judges, such as Sahib al-Mawarit, Sahib al-Surta, and Sahib al-Madina. Mention was also made of some judges who held legal positions such as Sahib al-Bahar and Sahib al-Sika. Various forms of punishment were looked at with respect to individual crime, as issuing from the administration of legal authority. The fourth chapter deals with the author of the MS, his name, surname, place and date of birth, his teachers, qualifications for the legal profession, his journeys, his students, his later years and his death. There was the attempt to elucidate the historical evidence concerning the life and activity of the author, by employing both ancient and modern references available in and outwith Great Britain. The author's legal statements were quoted in order to give an idea about his legal practices. At the end of this chapter the conclusion was reached that Abu al-Asbag was a very well-known scholar, judge, jurist and legal adviser to the ruler. A few paragraphs were quoted showing the high esteem in which he was held. The fifth chapter of the thesis is given over to an analysis and a description of the Algerian copy (No. 1332) as a master copy. - A description of the other copies (R, A, B, D, H, F, S, The Royal Copy No. 2501, the missing copy No. 464D, and copy M) were given in full detail, with the different title of each copy. At the end of the chapter a key to the Arabic text is given. The sixth chapter deals with the classification of the legal topics covered in the author's book and their relationship to the Iraqi Laws, with consideration of the necessary legal topics. The thesis also deals with the author's legal opinions and his colleagues. It examines the author's conception of Islamic Law and Islamic Jurisprudence in Andalusia during the Muslim times. Also contained are photocopies of the first and the last pages of all MSS used in the work. 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z al-Nuaimy, Rashid Hamid The title of this thesis is "An Edition of Diwan Al Ahkam al-Kubra by `Isa b. Sahl Abi al-Asbag who died in the year 486 A. H. 1093. A. D. This work consists of two parts. The first part is the Arabic text, and the second is the English introduction. This thesis as a whole was intended to become three volumes but only the original copy is now in three volumes and the photocopies are in two volumes. The first volume ended at page number 727 and the second started with the subject of “Sura fima Tahalaf...” 11 page number 728 to the end of the Arabic text. The Arabic text contains the Arabic index of Diwan al-Ahkam al-Kubra, a few loose pages found with this book, the whole material of the master copy and all the additional pages found in copies R and A. The present Arabic text is the photocopy of a manuscript which was procured from The National Library in Algeria. It was listed under No. 1332, and it was used as a master copy of this thesis. The other nine copies have been utilised as supplementary material for the purpose of checking evidence, of comparing variants and for verification, where difficulties occurred in reading some lines or illegible words in the master copy. The English part consists of six chapters. The first chapter provides general information as an introduction to this thesis in locating the master copy, and the other copies. The second chapter provides an idea of A1-Awza’iy's doctrines in Andalusia during Abu A1-Asbag’s time, and how these doctrines appeared in Andalusia. Imam Malik's doctrines were discussed, and so was the method of how it was introduced there before the 'Isa b. Sahl's time. General ideas about Imam Malik and Abu Hanifa, their life and opinions, their schools in al-Madina and Iraq, and their different legal opinions were examined in this chapter. Also included in the chapter, is the influence of Malik's doctrines through his students, who introduced the doctrines into Andalusia. Also incorporated was the question of Egypt and her part in advancing Malik's doctrines into Andalusia, with reference to what was found in Abu al-Asbag's book, as a part of the establishment of Malik's doctrines in Andalusia and North Africa. The question of Al-Si`a’s doctrines in North Africa and Andalusia as a different school from the Sunna which began to reveal itself through the conflict between the other Sunna schools (Awza`iy, Maliki and Hanafi) was analysed. The third chapter concerned Legal organisation in Andalusia, the Powers and the Obligations of jurists. We referred in this chapter to Abu al-Asbag's words in his book and how-the legal procedures were organized during his lifetime. The duties and responsibilities of the judges in their different capacities were mentioned and evaluated in this section of the chapter, with reference to the legal cases of Abu al-Asbag's. There is a general examination of the various kinds of legal offices pertaining to the judges, such as Sahib al-Mawarit, Sahib al-Surta, and Sahib al-Madina. Mention was also made of some judges who held legal positions such as Sahib al-Bahar and Sahib al-Sika. Various forms of punishment were looked at with respect to individual crime, as issuing from the administration of legal authority. The fourth chapter deals with the author of the MS, his name, surname, place and date of birth, his teachers, qualifications for the legal profession, his journeys, his students, his later years and his death. There was the attempt to elucidate the historical evidence concerning the life and activity of the author, by employing both ancient and modern references available in and outwith Great Britain. The author's legal statements were quoted in order to give an idea about his legal practices. At the end of this chapter the conclusion was reached that Abu al-Asbag was a very well-known scholar, judge, jurist and legal adviser to the ruler. A few paragraphs were quoted showing the high esteem in which he was held. The fifth chapter of the thesis is given over to an analysis and a description of the Algerian copy (No. 1332) as a master copy. - A description of the other copies (R, A, B, D, H, F, S, The Royal Copy No. 2501, the missing copy No. 464D, and copy M) were given in full detail, with the different title of each copy. At the end of the chapter a key to the Arabic text is given. The sixth chapter deals with the classification of the legal topics covered in the author's book and their relationship to the Iraqi Laws, with consideration of the necessary legal topics. The thesis also deals with the author's legal opinions and his colleagues. It examines the author's conception of Islamic Law and Islamic Jurisprudence in Andalusia during the Muslim times. Also contained are photocopies of the first and the last pages of all MSS used in the work. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2921 Abstract: The edition is based on nine manuscripts. The work deals with the virtues of noble Abyssinians and is based on the earlier work by ibn al-Jawzi which it partly extends. The Arabic writings on the black races are reviewed from the beginnings of the genre to works influenced by Suyuti. Attention is therefore particularly given to Suyuti's predecessors and successors from the 2nd to the 11th centuries with special reference to the relations between Suyuti's work and that of ibn al-Jawzi. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is the English introduction which consists of four chapters with the conclusions placed after Chapter Three. The first chapter deals with the works relevant to al-sudan and the Abyssinians. First, the two terms "al-Habashah" and "al-Sudan" are briefly discussed in an attempt to define their usage. The second chapter, which is a critical study of Kitab Raf Shan al-Hubshan, is divided into six sections, in the last section of which it will be shown how this book was more popular than ibn al-Jawzi's work' on which it was dependent. The third chapter provides biographical detail of al-Suyuti's life with some comments on the number of his works. The fourth chapter contains the description of the manuscripts and editing principles. Finally, the bibliography is provided at the end of this part. The second part consists of the list of works cited in the footnotes of the Arabic Text, the list of abbreviations used in these footnotes, the conventional signs used in the Text, the Text, and the indexes. 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z al-Khathlan, Saud H. The edition is based on nine manuscripts. The work deals with the virtues of noble Abyssinians and is based on the earlier work by ibn al-Jawzi which it partly extends. The Arabic writings on the black races are reviewed from the beginnings of the genre to works influenced by Suyuti. Attention is therefore particularly given to Suyuti's predecessors and successors from the 2nd to the 11th centuries with special reference to the relations between Suyuti's work and that of ibn al-Jawzi. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is the English introduction which consists of four chapters with the conclusions placed after Chapter Three. The first chapter deals with the works relevant to al-sudan and the Abyssinians. First, the two terms "al-Habashah" and "al-Sudan" are briefly discussed in an attempt to define their usage. The second chapter, which is a critical study of Kitab Raf Shan al-Hubshan, is divided into six sections, in the last section of which it will be shown how this book was more popular than ibn al-Jawzi's work' on which it was dependent. The third chapter provides biographical detail of al-Suyuti's life with some comments on the number of his works. The fourth chapter contains the description of the manuscripts and editing principles. Finally, the bibliography is provided at the end of this part. The second part consists of the list of works cited in the footnotes of the Arabic Text, the list of abbreviations used in these footnotes, the conventional signs used in the Text, the Text, and the indexes. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2920 Abstract: The present work is mainly concerned with the syntactic structures of the predicative-based syntagms in I4amali Arabic. The constituents within these syntagms are further analysed until the relations between pleremes (i. E. the minimal syntactic entities) are arrived at. It also offers description of similar structures in English, and brief comparisons between the structures of the two languages in question. Linguistic description has been defined as "the application of a particular linguistic theory to a selected field of linguistic phenomena". (Mulder 1975). The theory applied in this work, to both English and Kamali Arabic, is Mulder$s axiomatic functionalist approach to syntax. This thesis falls into four parts. The first part is divided into two chapters the first of which offers a brief introduction to the basic principles of axiomatic functionalism, and to the relations between linguistic theory, linguistic descriptions and the speech phenomena; and the second provides explanations to the essential notions in syntax. The second part, dealing with syntactic relations in Kamali Arabic, comprises three chapters. Chapter I is concerned with the verbal, and non-verbal, predicative-based syntagms, chapter II with the functional syntagms, and chapter III with the nominal syntagms. The third part, dealing with syntactic relations in English, comprises four chapters. Chapter I deals with the verbal predicative-based syntagms, chapter II With the copulative predicative, III with functionals, and IV with nominals. The fourth part, offering comparisons between English and Kamali Arabic, is divided into three chapters. Chapter I offers comparisons between the predicative-based syntagms, and between their constituents. Chapter II between functionals, and III between nominals. 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Hadj-Mohamed, Suliman A. K. The present work is mainly concerned with the syntactic structures of the predicative-based syntagms in I4amali Arabic. The constituents within these syntagms are further analysed until the relations between pleremes (i. E. the minimal syntactic entities) are arrived at. It also offers description of similar structures in English, and brief comparisons between the structures of the two languages in question. Linguistic description has been defined as "the application of a particular linguistic theory to a selected field of linguistic phenomena". (Mulder 1975). The theory applied in this work, to both English and Kamali Arabic, is Mulder$s axiomatic functionalist approach to syntax. This thesis falls into four parts. The first part is divided into two chapters the first of which offers a brief introduction to the basic principles of axiomatic functionalism, and to the relations between linguistic theory, linguistic descriptions and the speech phenomena; and the second provides explanations to the essential notions in syntax. The second part, dealing with syntactic relations in Kamali Arabic, comprises three chapters. Chapter I is concerned with the verbal, and non-verbal, predicative-based syntagms, chapter II with the functional syntagms, and chapter III with the nominal syntagms. The third part, dealing with syntactic relations in English, comprises four chapters. Chapter I deals with the verbal predicative-based syntagms, chapter II With the copulative predicative, III with functionals, and IV with nominals. The fourth part, offering comparisons between English and Kamali Arabic, is divided into three chapters. Chapter I offers comparisons between the predicative-based syntagms, and between their constituents. Chapter II between functionals, and III between nominals. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2919 Abstract: This thesis examines a crucial area in the translation of poetic discourse, the translatability of modern Arabic metaphor into English. Two main questions are addressed. Firstly, what makes a particular metaphor easy to translate? Secondly, what makes another metaphor difficult or even impossible to translate? The thesis consists of two parts, theory and data analysis. The first part, theory, contains five chapters. In chapter 1 general theories of metaphor are discussed; interaction, imagination and experientialist theory. In chapter 2 poetic metaphor is examined; its interpretation, its aesthetic values, the part played by the imagination in processing metaphor, the importance of cultural knowledge and the problems of translation. In chapter 3 the metonymymetaphor relationship is assessed, and in chapter 4 the notion of dead metaphor is examined. In chapter 5, light is shed on the use of poetic metaphor in the Arab media and in particular on its use as an effective device to persuade the audience to accept the current peace discourse in the Middle East. Part 2, data analysis, also consists of five chapters of which chapter 6 is the introduction to the data analysis, and links the two parts of the thesis together. Chapters 7 to 10 concern the translation of metaphor in particular categories of poetry: in chapter 7 the emphasis is on autobiographical poetry (Ghäzi al-Ghusaybi : "In the Grip of My Fifties" and "Making Me a Grandfather"). In chapter 8 the focus is on the poetry of exile (Fadwä Tüqän: "Ruqayya" and "The Call of the Land"). In chapter 9 nationalist poetry is discusses (Fadwä Tüqan: "My Sad City" and "Hamza"), while in chapter 10 socio-political poetry is considered (Salah `Abd al-Sabür : "Sadness"). The findings of this research may be summarised as follows: the translation of Arabic poetic metaphor into English requires most importantly the recreation of a similar cultural experience in the TL. The data analysis shows that, in certain cases, it is easy to restructure the ST metaphoric experience with the same experience in the TL. On numerous occasions, however, the SL metaphoric experience has to be rendered by a different metaphor exhibiting a similar, or parallel, experience. Lastly, the data also demonstrate to the reader how, in certain contexts, the ST metaphor is untranslatable, simply because the host language cannot express satisfactorily the ST thought in the same or a similar way. 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z Obeidat, Hisham T. B. This thesis examines a crucial area in the translation of poetic discourse, the translatability of modern Arabic metaphor into English. Two main questions are addressed. Firstly, what makes a particular metaphor easy to translate? Secondly, what makes another metaphor difficult or even impossible to translate? The thesis consists of two parts, theory and data analysis. The first part, theory, contains five chapters. In chapter 1 general theories of metaphor are discussed; interaction, imagination and experientialist theory. In chapter 2 poetic metaphor is examined; its interpretation, its aesthetic values, the part played by the imagination in processing metaphor, the importance of cultural knowledge and the problems of translation. In chapter 3 the metonymymetaphor relationship is assessed, and in chapter 4 the notion of dead metaphor is examined. In chapter 5, light is shed on the use of poetic metaphor in the Arab media and in particular on its use as an effective device to persuade the audience to accept the current peace discourse in the Middle East. Part 2, data analysis, also consists of five chapters of which chapter 6 is the introduction to the data analysis, and links the two parts of the thesis together. Chapters 7 to 10 concern the translation of metaphor in particular categories of poetry: in chapter 7 the emphasis is on autobiographical poetry (Ghäzi al-Ghusaybi : "In the Grip of My Fifties" and "Making Me a Grandfather"). In chapter 8 the focus is on the poetry of exile (Fadwä Tüqän: "Ruqayya" and "The Call of the Land"). In chapter 9 nationalist poetry is discusses (Fadwä Tüqan: "My Sad City" and "Hamza"), while in chapter 10 socio-political poetry is considered (Salah `Abd al-Sabür : "Sadness"). The findings of this research may be summarised as follows: the translation of Arabic poetic metaphor into English requires most importantly the recreation of a similar cultural experience in the TL. The data analysis shows that, in certain cases, it is easy to restructure the ST metaphoric experience with the same experience in the TL. On numerous occasions, however, the SL metaphoric experience has to be rendered by a different metaphor exhibiting a similar, or parallel, experience. Lastly, the data also demonstrate to the reader how, in certain contexts, the ST metaphor is untranslatable, simply because the host language cannot express satisfactorily the ST thought in the same or a similar way. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2903 Abstract: This thesis consists of two parts. The first part deals with an introduction which is divided into five chapters, Chapter one provides, general information on the MS, the copyist and the orthography. The date and purpose of composition of the work is also discussed, and the critical apparatus explained. Chapter two concerns the authorship and outlines briefly the author's career. The discussion involves the author's name, family, education, his teachers, his pupils and his other works. The date of his death is also ascertained. Chapter three deals with the place of the Ru'uss al-Masa’il type in literature, and consists of a review of works of similar title. Confirmation of the authorship of the present work, and comparison of this work with other similar works results in showing its significance and in illustrating the attitude of the author on matters dealt with on Fiqh. A historical survey of the development of Ikhtilaf literature and the beginnings of the science of al-Khilafiyyat have been discussed in chapter four. Finally, chapter five deals with the classical theory of Usul and its application in the Ikhtilaf literature which is followed by a brief conclusion. The second part presents the Text. This contains 407 rulings under 62 titles and sub-titles which deal with different subjects ranging from ritual, family law and penal law to the rulings on food and drink. The separate notes have been provided in order to show the development of the Shafi’ite doctrines. An appendix is also provided aiming to illustrate the development of Zamakhshari's ideas on Fiqh. 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z Muhammad, Abdul Halim bin This thesis consists of two parts. The first part deals with an introduction which is divided into five chapters, Chapter one provides, general information on the MS, the copyist and the orthography. The date and purpose of composition of the work is also discussed, and the critical apparatus explained. Chapter two concerns the authorship and outlines briefly the author's career. The discussion involves the author's name, family, education, his teachers, his pupils and his other works. The date of his death is also ascertained. Chapter three deals with the place of the Ru'uss al-Masa’il type in literature, and consists of a review of works of similar title. Confirmation of the authorship of the present work, and comparison of this work with other similar works results in showing its significance and in illustrating the attitude of the author on matters dealt with on Fiqh. A historical survey of the development of Ikhtilaf literature and the beginnings of the science of al-Khilafiyyat have been discussed in chapter four. Finally, chapter five deals with the classical theory of Usul and its application in the Ikhtilaf literature which is followed by a brief conclusion. The second part presents the Text. This contains 407 rulings under 62 titles and sub-titles which deal with different subjects ranging from ritual, family law and penal law to the rulings on food and drink. The separate notes have been provided in order to show the development of the Shafi’ite doctrines. An appendix is also provided aiming to illustrate the development of Zamakhshari's ideas on Fiqh. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2900 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z Urainan, Hamad Mohammed http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2899 Abstract: This thesis sets out to describe sign systems for communication using Axiomatic Functionalism as its theoretical framework. In doing so, the thesis also provides an important test to the claim of Axiomatic Functionalism that by using its premisses the semiotician (or linguist) has all the necessary "tools" s/he needs for the analysis and description (the one implies the other) of any semiotic system for communication (including Language). Using Axiomatic Functionalism the author attempts to describe a number of graphic semiotic systems for communication. He finds that for an adequate description of the signa (a generic term which includes various types of signs and symbols) in these systems further theoretical notions and definitions are needed. Discussing these the author concludes that for Axiomatic Functionalism to maintain its claim of universal applicability to any sign system for communication it needs to incorporate in its premisses the notions and definitions proposed here. The thesis begins by a brief general introduction to semiotics. This is followed by a discussion of what constitutes scientific theories in relation to semiotics (including linguistics). The relevant aspects of Axiomatic Functionalism are then discussed, after which certain original theoretical notions are introduced. These include: “mnemonic economy" (with its many manifestations including "mnemonic/pictorial motivation"), the "general organising principle" ("systemic principle"), "principle of coinage" (a mechanism for generating signa), and "signum-family”. Having established the necessary theoretical background, the author proceeds to describe various graphic “signum-systems" discussing their important features and establishing the types of signum they consist of and, consequently, the types of system they are, their complexity and the "plerology” (grammar) of each system, where present. The systems discussed include various systems used in books on plants; a system used in a book on "lace knitting"; a system used in working models; a system used in providing information about paintings in the "Classics of World Art" series of books; and a system used in the "Automobile Association" handbooks. Further Axiomatic Functionalist theoretical notions, directly relevant to the systems described thereafter, are then introduced. This is followed by a description of three systems: two computer "languages", the "Hexadecimal notation" and the "binary code", and the "Library of Congress classification system". A final brief "Epilogue" concludes the thesis. 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z Toumajian, Trak-Sarkis This thesis sets out to describe sign systems for communication using Axiomatic Functionalism as its theoretical framework. In doing so, the thesis also provides an important test to the claim of Axiomatic Functionalism that by using its premisses the semiotician (or linguist) has all the necessary "tools" s/he needs for the analysis and description (the one implies the other) of any semiotic system for communication (including Language). Using Axiomatic Functionalism the author attempts to describe a number of graphic semiotic systems for communication. He finds that for an adequate description of the signa (a generic term which includes various types of signs and symbols) in these systems further theoretical notions and definitions are needed. Discussing these the author concludes that for Axiomatic Functionalism to maintain its claim of universal applicability to any sign system for communication it needs to incorporate in its premisses the notions and definitions proposed here. The thesis begins by a brief general introduction to semiotics. This is followed by a discussion of what constitutes scientific theories in relation to semiotics (including linguistics). The relevant aspects of Axiomatic Functionalism are then discussed, after which certain original theoretical notions are introduced. These include: “mnemonic economy" (with its many manifestations including "mnemonic/pictorial motivation"), the "general organising principle" ("systemic principle"), "principle of coinage" (a mechanism for generating signa), and "signum-family”. Having established the necessary theoretical background, the author proceeds to describe various graphic “signum-systems" discussing their important features and establishing the types of signum they consist of and, consequently, the types of system they are, their complexity and the "plerology” (grammar) of each system, where present. The systems discussed include various systems used in books on plants; a system used in a book on "lace knitting"; a system used in working models; a system used in providing information about paintings in the "Classics of World Art" series of books; and a system used in the "Automobile Association" handbooks. Further Axiomatic Functionalist theoretical notions, directly relevant to the systems described thereafter, are then introduced. This is followed by a description of three systems: two computer "languages", the "Hexadecimal notation" and the "binary code", and the "Library of Congress classification system". A final brief "Epilogue" concludes the thesis. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2896 Abstract: The Thesis presents a critical edition of the first volume of Khayr al-Din ibn Taj al-Din Ilyas al-Madani’s al-Maqalat al-Jawhariyya `ala al-Maqamat al-Haririyya, accompanied by an introduction dealing briefly with the Maqamat as a literary genre, the commentaries on the Maqamat, the description of various manuscripts of al-Maqalat and the authorship of the work. The text itself consists of, a preface, the commentary on Hariri's preface, followed by the commentary on the first twenty-five Maqamat of unequal length. Volume two of al-Maqalat consists of the commentary on the remaining twenty-five Maqamat. This has been found too long to include in this work. It is hoped, however, that it will be possible to edit this volume separately in the future. This work, al-Maqalat, was brought to my notice by the book Makamat by Theodore Preston,* Professor of Arabic at Cambridge University, who in his preface mentions al-Maqalat and describes it as "an excellent running commentary on the Makamat." The two volumes of the work are contained in the Burchardt collection of the Cambridge University Library, and "it is a very lucid and valuable work and well deserves to be edited. " My first task in the attempt to edit al-Maqalat, then, was a search, extending from Cambridge to Cairo, Alexandria and Patna, for the manuscripts of that and other books of commentary on the Maqamat, most of which are still in manuscript form. * Published in London, 1850. 1975-01-01T00:00:00Z Ibrahim, Ismail bin Haji The Thesis presents a critical edition of the first volume of Khayr al-Din ibn Taj al-Din Ilyas al-Madani’s al-Maqalat al-Jawhariyya `ala al-Maqamat al-Haririyya, accompanied by an introduction dealing briefly with the Maqamat as a literary genre, the commentaries on the Maqamat, the description of various manuscripts of al-Maqalat and the authorship of the work. The text itself consists of, a preface, the commentary on Hariri's preface, followed by the commentary on the first twenty-five Maqamat of unequal length. Volume two of al-Maqalat consists of the commentary on the remaining twenty-five Maqamat. This has been found too long to include in this work. It is hoped, however, that it will be possible to edit this volume separately in the future. This work, al-Maqalat, was brought to my notice by the book Makamat by Theodore Preston,* Professor of Arabic at Cambridge University, who in his preface mentions al-Maqalat and describes it as "an excellent running commentary on the Makamat." The two volumes of the work are contained in the Burchardt collection of the Cambridge University Library, and "it is a very lucid and valuable work and well deserves to be edited. " My first task in the attempt to edit al-Maqalat, then, was a search, extending from Cambridge to Cairo, Alexandria and Patna, for the manuscripts of that and other books of commentary on the Maqamat, most of which are still in manuscript form. * Published in London, 1850. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2889 1969-01-01T00:00:00Z Zaini, Mahmud Hasan http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2877 Abstract: This thesis is presented as a contribution to the St Andrews School of Linguistics, Axiomatic Functionalism, as developed by Mulder and Hervey. It is essentially a piece of Theoretical Linguistics which outlines an approach to the hitherto undeveloped areas of Parasyntax and the Sentential Level in Axiomatic Functionalism. The theoretical arguments are supported by descriptive hypotheses concerning the nature of Spoken English. These descriptions are corpus-based. The conclusion reached by the author is that not only are Parasyntax and the Sentential Level distinct in theory (this is axiomatic), but they are also distinct in their application as regards methodology and description. This conclusion will undoubtedly prove to be controversial in the light of recent developments in Axiomatic Functionalism concerning the Postulates in particular (of which the author was at the time of writing unaware), and in the light of other Functionalist approaches to the nature of intonation and sentences. It is anticipated that this thesis will be of value to those interested in Functionalism as well as those concerned with intonation and the levels of language beyond syntax. 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z Gardner, Sheena F. This thesis is presented as a contribution to the St Andrews School of Linguistics, Axiomatic Functionalism, as developed by Mulder and Hervey. It is essentially a piece of Theoretical Linguistics which outlines an approach to the hitherto undeveloped areas of Parasyntax and the Sentential Level in Axiomatic Functionalism. The theoretical arguments are supported by descriptive hypotheses concerning the nature of Spoken English. These descriptions are corpus-based. The conclusion reached by the author is that not only are Parasyntax and the Sentential Level distinct in theory (this is axiomatic), but they are also distinct in their application as regards methodology and description. This conclusion will undoubtedly prove to be controversial in the light of recent developments in Axiomatic Functionalism concerning the Postulates in particular (of which the author was at the time of writing unaware), and in the light of other Functionalist approaches to the nature of intonation and sentences. It is anticipated that this thesis will be of value to those interested in Functionalism as well as those concerned with intonation and the levels of language beyond syntax. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2726 Abstract: When I decided to produce an edition of Akhbar Siffin I discovered four manuscripts dealing with the historical accounts of the Battle of Siffin. The examination of these four manuscripts showed that they are not the same work; two of them are different copies of Akhbar Siffin. They are Ambrosiana H 129 and Borlin Q. U. 2040. The other two are different copies of the work of Abu Muhammad, Ahmad b. A`tham al-Kufi entitled Waq`at Siffin. They are Ankara, 'Saib 5418 and Mingana Collection, Islam, Arab 572. The next action was to compare the material of Akhbar Siffin with the material of Ibn A`tham's Waq`at Siffin. I concluded that Akhbar Siffin had more original material than Ibn A`tham's Waq`at Siffin and accordingly I decided to edit it. A study of the Ambrosiana Manuscript and the Berlin Manuscript of Akhbar Siffin indicated that the edition would best be based upon the Ambrosiana Manuscript because it has the fuller text and fewer mistakes and gaps than the Berlin Manuscript. The name of the author of Akhbar Siffin does not appear in either of the two manuscripts, and there is no assistance from any other source which may help in identifying him. The introduction of this edition consists of two parts; a bibliographical survey of the, works on the Battle of Siffin and analytical description of the material and the manusoripts of Akhbar Siffin. 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Helabi, Abdul-Aziz Saleh When I decided to produce an edition of Akhbar Siffin I discovered four manuscripts dealing with the historical accounts of the Battle of Siffin. The examination of these four manuscripts showed that they are not the same work; two of them are different copies of Akhbar Siffin. They are Ambrosiana H 129 and Borlin Q. U. 2040. The other two are different copies of the work of Abu Muhammad, Ahmad b. A`tham al-Kufi entitled Waq`at Siffin. They are Ankara, 'Saib 5418 and Mingana Collection, Islam, Arab 572. The next action was to compare the material of Akhbar Siffin with the material of Ibn A`tham's Waq`at Siffin. I concluded that Akhbar Siffin had more original material than Ibn A`tham's Waq`at Siffin and accordingly I decided to edit it. A study of the Ambrosiana Manuscript and the Berlin Manuscript of Akhbar Siffin indicated that the edition would best be based upon the Ambrosiana Manuscript because it has the fuller text and fewer mistakes and gaps than the Berlin Manuscript. The name of the author of Akhbar Siffin does not appear in either of the two manuscripts, and there is no assistance from any other source which may help in identifying him. The introduction of this edition consists of two parts; a bibliographical survey of the, works on the Battle of Siffin and analytical description of the material and the manusoripts of Akhbar Siffin. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2716 1981-01-01T00:00:00Z Munla, Muhammad Salim http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2655 Abstract: This study encompasses the development of the Sibyl Chant in Spain from its early beginnings within the liturgy as a musical piece, through its growth into a dramatic ceremony associated with the Play of the Prophets, its move from Latin into the vernacular and details of its performance, to its formal abolition in the sixteenth century. The Latin Sibylline poem, Judicii siqnum, which first appears in St. Augustine's City of God and the sermon Contra Judaeos, Paganos; et Arianos, prophesies the events on Judgement Day. Its entry into the liturgy in Spain is examined in the first chapter which, drawing on hitherto undiscovered examples of the chant from the ninth century to the fifteenth, concludes that, although the text of the chant my have been known within the Hispanic rite, its music is a product of French ecclesiastical influence. With its establishment within the liturgy and subsequent dissemination across the Peninsula by the house of Cluny, it was sung in almost every cathedral city until the sixteenth century as part of the sixth or ninth lesson of Christmas Matins. The second chapter traces its development into a dramatic ceremony in the fifteenth century. A study of known texts from Catalonia, and hitherto unknown examples of the sermon with rubrics indicating dramatic activity from an early date in Castile, concludes that the Sibyl ceremony was a product of the Ordo Prophetarum. From the thirteenth century, the Latin of the chant was often superceded by the vernacular. A comparison, in the third chapter, of Catalan and Castilian versions reveals that they owe little to the Judicii siqnum, and Provengal examples which have been considered their Source, and a Catalan troubadour influence is argued. The final chapter explores the practice of the Sibyl ceremony, with details of its performance: its liturgical position, costume, staging, attendant practices and final prohibition. 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z O'Connor, Niobe This study encompasses the development of the Sibyl Chant in Spain from its early beginnings within the liturgy as a musical piece, through its growth into a dramatic ceremony associated with the Play of the Prophets, its move from Latin into the vernacular and details of its performance, to its formal abolition in the sixteenth century. The Latin Sibylline poem, Judicii siqnum, which first appears in St. Augustine's City of God and the sermon Contra Judaeos, Paganos; et Arianos, prophesies the events on Judgement Day. Its entry into the liturgy in Spain is examined in the first chapter which, drawing on hitherto undiscovered examples of the chant from the ninth century to the fifteenth, concludes that, although the text of the chant my have been known within the Hispanic rite, its music is a product of French ecclesiastical influence. With its establishment within the liturgy and subsequent dissemination across the Peninsula by the house of Cluny, it was sung in almost every cathedral city until the sixteenth century as part of the sixth or ninth lesson of Christmas Matins. The second chapter traces its development into a dramatic ceremony in the fifteenth century. A study of known texts from Catalonia, and hitherto unknown examples of the sermon with rubrics indicating dramatic activity from an early date in Castile, concludes that the Sibyl ceremony was a product of the Ordo Prophetarum. From the thirteenth century, the Latin of the chant was often superceded by the vernacular. A comparison, in the third chapter, of Catalan and Castilian versions reveals that they owe little to the Judicii siqnum, and Provengal examples which have been considered their Source, and a Catalan troubadour influence is argued. The final chapter explores the practice of the Sibyl ceremony, with details of its performance: its liturgical position, costume, staging, attendant practices and final prohibition. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2642 Abstract: This thesis is concerned with the description of Yulu, a language which has not previously been subjected to modern linguistic analysis. Thus this thesis has two important aspects. Firstly, however remote a Language, its description adds a valuable contribution to linguistic knowledge. Secondly, its description tests the validity of linguistic theories in general and the theory used in this work in particular; as a linguist should not only be able to describe one universal but any number of parallel universes of speech-phenomena, namely different languages or dialects or even idiolects. Since the theory has been instrumental in describing the phonological system of Yulu in a consistent and adequate manner, it has once again proved its usefulness as a 'general' linguistic theory. The theory applied is that of Professor J. W. F. Mulder and is a sub-component of his 'Axiomatic Functionalist Linguistics'. This thesis is divided into three parts. Part I, dealing with the theoretical background, comprises twelve chapters, of which the first four provide an introduction to the basic principles of axiomatic functionalism. The remaining eight chapters introduce the theoretical notions of phonological theory and analysis as practised by axiomatic functionalists. Chapter I deals with the axiomatic functionalist principle of maintaining a strict distinction between the linguistic theory, linguistic descriptions, and the speech-phenomena and also with the basic criteria for evaluating both the linguistic theory and linguistic descriptions. Chapter II, dealing with the 'hypothetico-deductive Method', explains the philosophical principles underlying the axiomatic functionalist approach, Chapter III deals with 'The origin and scope of the theory'. Chapter IV explains the definition of 'language' as "a semiotic system with a 'double articulation'" (Mulder 1968). Chapter V covers 'The domain of phonology'; Chapter VI 'The notion "phoneme" as defined in axiomatic functionalism'; Chapter VIII 'The "abstract" approach to phonology'; Chapter VIII is concerned with 'Identity and distinctive function of a phoneme'; Chapter IX with 'Phonematics'; Chapter X with 'Neutralization' and 'archiphoneme'; Chapter XI with 'phonemes and their realizations (allophony)'; and Chapter XII with 'Phonotactics’. Part II, consists of one basic chapter, and is intended to give general background information about Yulu - the language whose phonological analysis we are concerned with in this thesis. Part III, dealing with the actual phonological analysis consists of five chapters. Chapter I deals with 'The phonemes of Yulu and their realizations'; Chapter II 'Neutralization' and 'Concord'; Chapter III 'Classificatory calculus in Yulu'; Chapter IV 'Phonotactic distribution in Yulu'; and Chapter V 'The tones of Yulu'. 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z Gabjanda, James Dahab This thesis is concerned with the description of Yulu, a language which has not previously been subjected to modern linguistic analysis. Thus this thesis has two important aspects. Firstly, however remote a Language, its description adds a valuable contribution to linguistic knowledge. Secondly, its description tests the validity of linguistic theories in general and the theory used in this work in particular; as a linguist should not only be able to describe one universal but any number of parallel universes of speech-phenomena, namely different languages or dialects or even idiolects. Since the theory has been instrumental in describing the phonological system of Yulu in a consistent and adequate manner, it has once again proved its usefulness as a 'general' linguistic theory. The theory applied is that of Professor J. W. F. Mulder and is a sub-component of his 'Axiomatic Functionalist Linguistics'. This thesis is divided into three parts. Part I, dealing with the theoretical background, comprises twelve chapters, of which the first four provide an introduction to the basic principles of axiomatic functionalism. The remaining eight chapters introduce the theoretical notions of phonological theory and analysis as practised by axiomatic functionalists. Chapter I deals with the axiomatic functionalist principle of maintaining a strict distinction between the linguistic theory, linguistic descriptions, and the speech-phenomena and also with the basic criteria for evaluating both the linguistic theory and linguistic descriptions. Chapter II, dealing with the 'hypothetico-deductive Method', explains the philosophical principles underlying the axiomatic functionalist approach, Chapter III deals with 'The origin and scope of the theory'. Chapter IV explains the definition of 'language' as "a semiotic system with a 'double articulation'" (Mulder 1968). Chapter V covers 'The domain of phonology'; Chapter VI 'The notion "phoneme" as defined in axiomatic functionalism'; Chapter VIII 'The "abstract" approach to phonology'; Chapter VIII is concerned with 'Identity and distinctive function of a phoneme'; Chapter IX with 'Phonematics'; Chapter X with 'Neutralization' and 'archiphoneme'; Chapter XI with 'phonemes and their realizations (allophony)'; and Chapter XII with 'Phonotactics’. Part II, consists of one basic chapter, and is intended to give general background information about Yulu - the language whose phonological analysis we are concerned with in this thesis. Part III, dealing with the actual phonological analysis consists of five chapters. Chapter I deals with 'The phonemes of Yulu and their realizations'; Chapter II 'Neutralization' and 'Concord'; Chapter III 'Classificatory calculus in Yulu'; Chapter IV 'Phonotactic distribution in Yulu'; and Chapter V 'The tones of Yulu'. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2639 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z Ahmad, Muhammad Mahdi http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2637 Abstract: Most linguists acknowledge, explicitly or implicitly, the relevance of epistemological questions in linguistics but relatively few have given more than a cursory, ad hoc or incomplete consideration to them. The work of one of those few, Jan Mulder, forms the starting point for much of the present discussion. Epistemological considerations arise in many contexts in linguistics and in many guises. It is an epistemological matter whenever we test the adequacy of a description or the acceptability of a theory. Epistemological considerations are latent whenever we discuss the form or the content of linguistic theories and descriptions or their interrelations. The comparison of different approaches to linguistics inevitably raises epistemological questions concerning our approach to linguistics or our presuppositions about it. These questions are of a general nature and transcend questions about particular linguistic theories and descriptions. These epistemological questions force us to consider what we take linguistics to be. In considering questions of the type mentioned we are forced, for example, to analyse what we mean by a "linguistic theory", a "linguistic description" and what phenomena we are aiming to understand. We are, furthermore, forced to analyse the constraints which a scientific attitude places upon linguistic theorising and description-building. It is these questions concerning the acceptability of linguistic theories and descriptions which we call linguistic meta-theory. This thesis falls into five main parts. Firstly, in Chapter One, we consider the nature and scope of linguistic meta-theory. Secondly, in Chapter Two, we look at a number of previous approaches to the subject. Other important contributions are discussed as they arise in the text. Thirdly, in Chapters Three and Four, we consider in detail the major meta-theoretical distinctions in linguistics and their consequences. In particular, we distinguish linguistic theories from linguistic descriptions and discuss the nature of linguistic phenomena. The view is put forward that linguistics is a scientific subject. The meaning of this assertion is analysed and the interrelations of linguistic theories, descriptions and phenomena are considered in the light of this analysis. The main epistemological requirement that is put forward and defended is that of the empiricism of linguistics. Certain changes in our view of the philosophy of science and in our view of the form of linguistic theories and descriptions follow from the conjunction of these major meta-theoretical positions. Fourthly, we consider the main meta-theoretical considerations concerning theories (Chapter Five) and reject a widespread view of linguistic theory as a non-empirical study (Chapter Six) and we consider the main meta-theoretical conditions relating to linguistic descriptions and some practical examples of description -building consonant with the general positions adopted in Chapter Seven. In Chapter Eight, we look at a concrete example of theory-building in the light of the meta-theoretical conditions of acceptability previously set up. We are especially concerned to show how a theory can meet the condition of being "applicable" or "indirectly scientific" through the establishment of acceptable empirical descriptions consonant with the meta-theoretical conditions on descriptions considered earlier. The view that linguistics is a science implies that we must be concerned with the empirical testing of descriptions and, so, the fifth part of the work is devoted to methodology. In Chapter Nine, we defend the role and necessity of methodology in linguistics and set up the logical framework of relations between the methodology and theory descriptions and phenomena. In Chapter Ten, we examine two of the known types of empirical testing and their shortcomings. Finally, in Chapter Eleven, we give an example of the successful and correct application of a methodology in order to bring out the nature of empirical testing and to demonstrate its feasibility within a scientific linguistics of the sort we imagine. 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z Rastall, P. R. Most linguists acknowledge, explicitly or implicitly, the relevance of epistemological questions in linguistics but relatively few have given more than a cursory, ad hoc or incomplete consideration to them. The work of one of those few, Jan Mulder, forms the starting point for much of the present discussion. Epistemological considerations arise in many contexts in linguistics and in many guises. It is an epistemological matter whenever we test the adequacy of a description or the acceptability of a theory. Epistemological considerations are latent whenever we discuss the form or the content of linguistic theories and descriptions or their interrelations. The comparison of different approaches to linguistics inevitably raises epistemological questions concerning our approach to linguistics or our presuppositions about it. These questions are of a general nature and transcend questions about particular linguistic theories and descriptions. These epistemological questions force us to consider what we take linguistics to be. In considering questions of the type mentioned we are forced, for example, to analyse what we mean by a "linguistic theory", a "linguistic description" and what phenomena we are aiming to understand. We are, furthermore, forced to analyse the constraints which a scientific attitude places upon linguistic theorising and description-building. It is these questions concerning the acceptability of linguistic theories and descriptions which we call linguistic meta-theory. This thesis falls into five main parts. Firstly, in Chapter One, we consider the nature and scope of linguistic meta-theory. Secondly, in Chapter Two, we look at a number of previous approaches to the subject. Other important contributions are discussed as they arise in the text. Thirdly, in Chapters Three and Four, we consider in detail the major meta-theoretical distinctions in linguistics and their consequences. In particular, we distinguish linguistic theories from linguistic descriptions and discuss the nature of linguistic phenomena. The view is put forward that linguistics is a scientific subject. The meaning of this assertion is analysed and the interrelations of linguistic theories, descriptions and phenomena are considered in the light of this analysis. The main epistemological requirement that is put forward and defended is that of the empiricism of linguistics. Certain changes in our view of the philosophy of science and in our view of the form of linguistic theories and descriptions follow from the conjunction of these major meta-theoretical positions. Fourthly, we consider the main meta-theoretical considerations concerning theories (Chapter Five) and reject a widespread view of linguistic theory as a non-empirical study (Chapter Six) and we consider the main meta-theoretical conditions relating to linguistic descriptions and some practical examples of description -building consonant with the general positions adopted in Chapter Seven. In Chapter Eight, we look at a concrete example of theory-building in the light of the meta-theoretical conditions of acceptability previously set up. We are especially concerned to show how a theory can meet the condition of being "applicable" or "indirectly scientific" through the establishment of acceptable empirical descriptions consonant with the meta-theoretical conditions on descriptions considered earlier. The view that linguistics is a science implies that we must be concerned with the empirical testing of descriptions and, so, the fifth part of the work is devoted to methodology. In Chapter Nine, we defend the role and necessity of methodology in linguistics and set up the logical framework of relations between the methodology and theory descriptions and phenomena. In Chapter Ten, we examine two of the known types of empirical testing and their shortcomings. Finally, in Chapter Eleven, we give an example of the successful and correct application of a methodology in order to bring out the nature of empirical testing and to demonstrate its feasibility within a scientific linguistics of the sort we imagine. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2635 Abstract: In comparison with the fields of phonology, syntax, and semantics, there is a distinct lack of a comprehensive and critical study of morphological theory, particularly modern trends in this sub-branch of linguistic theory. There is also a marked lack of interest in the underlying methodological and epistemological foundations of morphological theory, though this situation also holds for the three other areas of core-linguistics mentioned above. The present thesis has a modest aim: it is to give a critical and fairly comprehensive study of five modern morphological approaches, with particular reference, whenever possible, to their underlying methodological and epistemological principles. This thesis contains six chapters and a short Introduction. The Introduction deals with the place and state of morphological studies in modern linguistic theory. It also sets out the 'reasons' behind the restriction of the scope of the thesis to the following five approaches: (1) stratificational grammar, (2) transformational generative grammar, (3) word and paradigm I (Robins), (4) word and paradigm II (Matthews), and (5) axiomatic functionalism. A brief explanation of the format of the approach adopted in studying these different trends is also given here. [Only transcribed in part due to abstract length]. 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z Suleiman, Muhammad Yasir Ibrahim Hammad In comparison with the fields of phonology, syntax, and semantics, there is a distinct lack of a comprehensive and critical study of morphological theory, particularly modern trends in this sub-branch of linguistic theory. There is also a marked lack of interest in the underlying methodological and epistemological foundations of morphological theory, though this situation also holds for the three other areas of core-linguistics mentioned above. The present thesis has a modest aim: it is to give a critical and fairly comprehensive study of five modern morphological approaches, with particular reference, whenever possible, to their underlying methodological and epistemological principles. This thesis contains six chapters and a short Introduction. The Introduction deals with the place and state of morphological studies in modern linguistic theory. It also sets out the 'reasons' behind the restriction of the scope of the thesis to the following five approaches: (1) stratificational grammar, (2) transformational generative grammar, (3) word and paradigm I (Robins), (4) word and paradigm II (Matthews), and (5) axiomatic functionalism. A brief explanation of the format of the approach adopted in studying these different trends is also given here. [Only transcribed in part due to abstract length]. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2581 Abstract: Although a prolific writer of history, Sakhawi is, primarily, a traditionist. As such, accuracy both in utterance and writing would, by the very nature of his training, be his first objective. Modern writers appear to have neglected the importance of his contribution to the understanding of the history of his century. accept for a few articles, comparatively little has been written. It is, therefore, strange that such a mine of information as Sakhawi's writing presents has remained so long in oblivion. In this thesis an attempt has been made to evaluate that contribution together with an edition of part of his work. The study has been divided into three sections, the first dealing with Sakhawi’s life and times. This part of the study is based largely on his autobiography which was written but a few months before he died. During research no reference was discovered to this most informative work. The section falls into three chapters, the first of which endeavours to show the political and educational aspects of Cairo during the early part of Sakhawi's lifetime. Cairo was his native city and, as such, made great impact on his early life. In the second chapter the position of his family, his Shaykhs, the academic journeys he made, his residence in Hijaz and the last phase of his life are portrayed. The third chapter deals with his activities as an adult, his reputation as a traditionist together with a survey of his works as presented in his autobiography. In the second part, the study deals exclusively with Sakhawi as a historian of the 9th/15th century. This part also is divided into two chapters, the first of which considers the following aspects: - I Sakawi's works on the century; II His motives, methods and literary style and III His treatment of the history of the century. The second chapter collates Sakhawi's methods of selecting his information and the painstaking efforts he made to verify them, together with his historical achievements, while the last two topics endeavour to evaluate his task as a historian in that century. Section three presents the hitherto unedited part of Wajiz al-Kalam... which deals with the history of the 9th/15th century. This section also falls into the three divisions of preface, text and annotations. The last divides again into two groups one of which deals with the textual variants mentioned in the footnotes and the other attempts to deal with the interpretation of most of the idiom, colloquial expressions and the names of places and personalities mentioned in the supplement to the text. 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z Hasso, Ahmad Abdullah Although a prolific writer of history, Sakhawi is, primarily, a traditionist. As such, accuracy both in utterance and writing would, by the very nature of his training, be his first objective. Modern writers appear to have neglected the importance of his contribution to the understanding of the history of his century. accept for a few articles, comparatively little has been written. It is, therefore, strange that such a mine of information as Sakhawi's writing presents has remained so long in oblivion. In this thesis an attempt has been made to evaluate that contribution together with an edition of part of his work. The study has been divided into three sections, the first dealing with Sakhawi’s life and times. This part of the study is based largely on his autobiography which was written but a few months before he died. During research no reference was discovered to this most informative work. The section falls into three chapters, the first of which endeavours to show the political and educational aspects of Cairo during the early part of Sakhawi's lifetime. Cairo was his native city and, as such, made great impact on his early life. In the second chapter the position of his family, his Shaykhs, the academic journeys he made, his residence in Hijaz and the last phase of his life are portrayed. The third chapter deals with his activities as an adult, his reputation as a traditionist together with a survey of his works as presented in his autobiography. In the second part, the study deals exclusively with Sakhawi as a historian of the 9th/15th century. This part also is divided into two chapters, the first of which considers the following aspects: - I Sakawi's works on the century; II His motives, methods and literary style and III His treatment of the history of the century. The second chapter collates Sakhawi's methods of selecting his information and the painstaking efforts he made to verify them, together with his historical achievements, while the last two topics endeavour to evaluate his task as a historian in that century. Section three presents the hitherto unedited part of Wajiz al-Kalam... which deals with the history of the 9th/15th century. This section also falls into the three divisions of preface, text and annotations. The last divides again into two groups one of which deals with the textual variants mentioned in the footnotes and the other attempts to deal with the interpretation of most of the idiom, colloquial expressions and the names of places and personalities mentioned in the supplement to the text. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/961 Abstract: The research presented in this dissertation adopts an empirical Saussurean structuralist approach to elucidating the true meaning of the verb patterns characterised formally by vowel lengthening in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The verbal system as a whole is examined in order to place the patterns of interest (III and VI) in context, the complexities of Arabic verbal morphology are explored and the challenges revealed by previous attempts to draw links between form and meaning are presented. An exhaustive dictionary survey is employed to provide quantifiable data to empirically test the largely accepted view that the vowel lengthening patterns have mutual/reciprocal meaning. Finding the traditional explanation inadequate and prone to too many exceptions, alternative commonalities of meaning are similarly investigated. Whilst confirming the detransitivising function of the ta- prefix which derives pattern VI from pattern III, analysis of valency data also precludes transitivity as a viable explanation for pattern III meaning compared with the base form. Examination of formally similar morphology in certain nouns leads to the intuitive possibility that vowel lengthening has aspectual meaning. A model of linguistic aspect is investigated for its applicability to MSA and used to isolate the aspectual feature common to the majority of pattern III and pattern VI verbs, which is determined to be atelicity. A set of verbs which appear to be exceptional in that they are not attributable to atelic aspectual categories is found to be characterised by inceptive meaning and a three-phase model of event time structure is developed to include an inceptive verbal category, demonstrating that these verbs too are atelic. Thus the form-meaning relationship which is discovered is that the vowel lengthening verbal patterns in Modern Standard Arabic have atelic aspectual meaning. 2010-06-24T00:00:00Z Danks, Warwick The research presented in this dissertation adopts an empirical Saussurean structuralist approach to elucidating the true meaning of the verb patterns characterised formally by vowel lengthening in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The verbal system as a whole is examined in order to place the patterns of interest (III and VI) in context, the complexities of Arabic verbal morphology are explored and the challenges revealed by previous attempts to draw links between form and meaning are presented. An exhaustive dictionary survey is employed to provide quantifiable data to empirically test the largely accepted view that the vowel lengthening patterns have mutual/reciprocal meaning. Finding the traditional explanation inadequate and prone to too many exceptions, alternative commonalities of meaning are similarly investigated. Whilst confirming the detransitivising function of the ta- prefix which derives pattern VI from pattern III, analysis of valency data also precludes transitivity as a viable explanation for pattern III meaning compared with the base form. Examination of formally similar morphology in certain nouns leads to the intuitive possibility that vowel lengthening has aspectual meaning. A model of linguistic aspect is investigated for its applicability to MSA and used to isolate the aspectual feature common to the majority of pattern III and pattern VI verbs, which is determined to be atelicity. A set of verbs which appear to be exceptional in that they are not attributable to atelic aspectual categories is found to be characterised by inceptive meaning and a three-phase model of event time structure is developed to include an inceptive verbal category, demonstrating that these verbs too are atelic. Thus the form-meaning relationship which is discovered is that the vowel lengthening verbal patterns in Modern Standard Arabic have atelic aspectual meaning. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/789 Abstract: This thesis analyses processes of discursive European identity formation in three cultural journals: Esprit, from France, the British New Left Review and the German Merkur during the time periods 1989-92, and, a decade later, during 2003-06. The theoretical framework which the thesis brings to bear on this analysis is that of the European Public Sphere. This model builds on Jürgen Habermas’s original model of a “public sphere”, and alleges that a sphere of common debate about issues of European concern can lead to a more defined and integrated sense of a European identity which is widely perceived as vague and inchoate. The relevancy of the public sphere model and its connection to the larger debate about European identity, especially since 1989, are discussed in the first part of the thesis. The second part provides a comparative analysis of the main European debates in the journals during the respective time periods. It outlines the mechanisms by which identity is expressed and assesses when, and to what extent, shared notions of European identity emerge. The analysis finds that identity formation does not occur through a developmental, gradual convergence of views as the European public sphere model envisages. Rather, it is brought about in much more haphazard back-and-forth movements. Moreover, shared notions of European identity between all the journals only arise in moments of perceived crises. Such crises are identified as the most salient factor which galvanizes expressions of a common, shared sense of European identity across national boundaries and ideological cleavages. The thesis concludes that the model of the EPS is too dependent on a partial view of how identity formation occurs and should thus adopt a more nuanced understanding about the complex factors that are at play in these processes. For the principled attempt to circumscribe identity formation as the outcome of communicative processes alone is likely to be thwarted by external events. 2009-11-30T00:00:00Z Hauswedell, Tessa C This thesis analyses processes of discursive European identity formation in three cultural journals: Esprit, from France, the British New Left Review and the German Merkur during the time periods 1989-92, and, a decade later, during 2003-06. The theoretical framework which the thesis brings to bear on this analysis is that of the European Public Sphere. This model builds on Jürgen Habermas’s original model of a “public sphere”, and alleges that a sphere of common debate about issues of European concern can lead to a more defined and integrated sense of a European identity which is widely perceived as vague and inchoate. The relevancy of the public sphere model and its connection to the larger debate about European identity, especially since 1989, are discussed in the first part of the thesis. The second part provides a comparative analysis of the main European debates in the journals during the respective time periods. It outlines the mechanisms by which identity is expressed and assesses when, and to what extent, shared notions of European identity emerge. The analysis finds that identity formation does not occur through a developmental, gradual convergence of views as the European public sphere model envisages. Rather, it is brought about in much more haphazard back-and-forth movements. Moreover, shared notions of European identity between all the journals only arise in moments of perceived crises. Such crises are identified as the most salient factor which galvanizes expressions of a common, shared sense of European identity across national boundaries and ideological cleavages. The thesis concludes that the model of the EPS is too dependent on a partial view of how identity formation occurs and should thus adopt a more nuanced understanding about the complex factors that are at play in these processes. For the principled attempt to circumscribe identity formation as the outcome of communicative processes alone is likely to be thwarted by external events. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/761 Abstract: This study analyses five British translations of Bertolt Brecht's 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder'. Two of these translations were written by speakers of German, and three by well-known British playwrights with no knowledge of the source text language. Four have been produced in mainstream British theatres in the past twenty-five years. The study applies translation studies methodology to a textual analysis which focuses on the translation of techniques of linguistic "Verfremdung", as well as linguistic expression of the comedy and of the political dimension in the work. It thus closes the gap in current Brecht research in examining the importance of his idiosyncratic use of language to the translation and reception of his work in the UK. The study assesses the ways in which the translator and director are influenced by Brecht's legacy in the UK and in turn, what image of Brecht they mediate through the production on stage. To this end, the study throws light on the formation of Brecht's problematic reputation in the UK, and it also highlights the social and political circumstances in early twentieth century Germany which prompted Brecht to develop his theory of an epic theatre. The focus on a linguistic examination allows the translator's contribution to the production process to be isolated. Together with an investigation of the reception of each performance text, this in turn facilitates a more accurate assessment of the translator and director's respective influence in the process of transforming a foreign-language text onto a local stage. The analysis also sheds light on the different approaches taken by speakers of German, and playwrights creating an English version from a literal translation. It pinpoints losses in translation and adaptation, and suggests how future versions may avoid these. 2009-11-30T00:00:00Z Williams, Katherine J. This study analyses five British translations of Bertolt Brecht's 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder'. Two of these translations were written by speakers of German, and three by well-known British playwrights with no knowledge of the source text language. Four have been produced in mainstream British theatres in the past twenty-five years. The study applies translation studies methodology to a textual analysis which focuses on the translation of techniques of linguistic "Verfremdung", as well as linguistic expression of the comedy and of the political dimension in the work. It thus closes the gap in current Brecht research in examining the importance of his idiosyncratic use of language to the translation and reception of his work in the UK. The study assesses the ways in which the translator and director are influenced by Brecht's legacy in the UK and in turn, what image of Brecht they mediate through the production on stage. To this end, the study throws light on the formation of Brecht's problematic reputation in the UK, and it also highlights the social and political circumstances in early twentieth century Germany which prompted Brecht to develop his theory of an epic theatre. The focus on a linguistic examination allows the translator's contribution to the production process to be isolated. Together with an investigation of the reception of each performance text, this in turn facilitates a more accurate assessment of the translator and director's respective influence in the process of transforming a foreign-language text onto a local stage. The analysis also sheds light on the different approaches taken by speakers of German, and playwrights creating an English version from a literal translation. It pinpoints losses in translation and adaptation, and suggests how future versions may avoid these. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/713 Abstract: The project examines how German- and English-speaking translators of selected Maigret novels by the Belgian crime writer Georges Simenon have dealt with cultural and linguistic specificity, with a view to shedding light on how culture and language translate. Following a survey of different theories of translation, an integrated theory is applied in order to highlight what Simenon’s translators have retained and lost from three selected source texts: Le Charretier de la Providence (1931), Les Mémoires de Maigret (1951) and Maigret et les braves gens (1961). The examination of issues of linguistic and cultural specificity is facilitated by application of an integrated theory of translation coupled with the methodology devised by Hervey, Higgins and Loughridge (1992, 1995 and 2002). In addition, consideration of paradigms of detective fiction across the three cultures involved, and Simenon’s biography and wider oeuvre, help elucidate the salient features of the selected source texts. In view of the translators’ decisions, strategies for minimising various types of translation loss are presented. While other studies of translation theory have examined literary and technical texts, this study breaks new ground by focussing specifically on the comparative analysis of detective fiction in translation. 2009-06-23T00:00:00Z Taylor, Judith Louise The project examines how German- and English-speaking translators of selected Maigret novels by the Belgian crime writer Georges Simenon have dealt with cultural and linguistic specificity, with a view to shedding light on how culture and language translate. Following a survey of different theories of translation, an integrated theory is applied in order to highlight what Simenon’s translators have retained and lost from three selected source texts: Le Charretier de la Providence (1931), Les Mémoires de Maigret (1951) and Maigret et les braves gens (1961). The examination of issues of linguistic and cultural specificity is facilitated by application of an integrated theory of translation coupled with the methodology devised by Hervey, Higgins and Loughridge (1992, 1995 and 2002). In addition, consideration of paradigms of detective fiction across the three cultures involved, and Simenon’s biography and wider oeuvre, help elucidate the salient features of the selected source texts. In view of the translators’ decisions, strategies for minimising various types of translation loss are presented. While other studies of translation theory have examined literary and technical texts, this study breaks new ground by focussing specifically on the comparative analysis of detective fiction in translation.