DSpace Community:http://hdl.handle.net/10023/19462013-04-28T00:04:06Z2013-04-28T00:04:06ZA phonological description of Modern Standard ArabicSitrak, Sami J.http://hdl.handle.net/10023/34822013-04-17T10:16:58Z1981-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: The present work is concerned with some aspects of the phonology of Modern Standard Arabic. The thesis is divided into two parts: Part I, dealing with the theoretical background, consists of three chapters, and each chapter sub-branches into a number of smaller units. Chapter I is concerned with the Axiomatic Functionalism principle of maintaining a strict distinction between the linguistic theory, linguistic descriptions, and the speech-phenomena; it also deals with the 'hypothetico-deductive method' which sets out to explain the philosophical principles underlying the 'Axiomatic Functionalist' approach. This chapter is divided into three sections, the first deals with the 'structure of the theory', the second concerns 'linguistic description and the speech-phenomena', followed by the 'criterion for evaluating the linguistic description and theory'. Chapter II treats the classification of semiotic systems in Axiomatic Functionalism as well as explaining the definition of 'Language' as "a semiotic system with a double articulation" (Mulder 1968, 'b'). Though this is a type of definition found in most functionalist approaches (Martinet 1962 1nd 1964), in Axiomatic Functionalism it has a unique interpretation. Chapter III, which deals with a brief explanation of the phonological system as a whole, comprises two sections, the first of which discusses 'phonematics and phonotactics', and the second introduces some of the main theoretical notions of the phonological theory, such as the notions "phoneme", "distinctive feature", "archi-phoneme", "position", "distributional unit", "archi-position", which is relevant for the phonological description of Modern Standard Arabic. This introduction to the phonological sub-component of the theory is important because description cannot take place without the knowledge of a theory, since a description is "the application of a particular linguistic theory to a selected field of linguistic-phenomena" (Mulder 1980, b). Part II, dealing with the phonological description, consists of five chapters (Chaps. IV-VIII). Chapter IV treats the distributional unit(s) and archi-position of Modern Standard Arabic. Chapter V deals with the consonantal phonemes, their identities and distinctive functions, as well as their realisations. Chapter VI explains the types of neutralisation and the consonantal archi-phonemes. Chapter VII deals with the vowel and semi-vowel phonemes, their identities and distinctive function as well as their realisations. Chapter VIII deals with the neutralisation and vocalic archi-phonemes.1981-01-01T00:00:00ZSitrak, Sami J.The present work is concerned with some aspects of the phonology of Modern Standard Arabic. The thesis is divided into two parts: Part I, dealing with the theoretical background, consists of three chapters, and each chapter sub-branches into a number of smaller units. Chapter I is concerned with the Axiomatic Functionalism principle of maintaining a strict distinction between the linguistic theory, linguistic descriptions, and the speech-phenomena; it also deals with the 'hypothetico-deductive method' which sets out to explain the philosophical principles underlying the 'Axiomatic Functionalist' approach. This chapter is divided into three sections, the first deals with the 'structure of the theory', the second concerns 'linguistic description and the speech-phenomena', followed by the 'criterion for evaluating the linguistic description and theory'. Chapter II treats the classification of semiotic systems in Axiomatic Functionalism as well as explaining the definition of 'Language' as "a semiotic system with a double articulation" (Mulder 1968, 'b'). Though this is a type of definition found in most functionalist approaches (Martinet 1962 1nd 1964), in Axiomatic Functionalism it has a unique interpretation. Chapter III, which deals with a brief explanation of the phonological system as a whole, comprises two sections, the first of which discusses 'phonematics and phonotactics', and the second introduces some of the main theoretical notions of the phonological theory, such as the notions "phoneme", "distinctive feature", "archi-phoneme", "position", "distributional unit", "archi-position", which is relevant for the phonological description of Modern Standard Arabic. This introduction to the phonological sub-component of the theory is important because description cannot take place without the knowledge of a theory, since a description is "the application of a particular linguistic theory to a selected field of linguistic-phenomena" (Mulder 1980, b). Part II, dealing with the phonological description, consists of five chapters (Chaps. IV-VIII). Chapter IV treats the distributional unit(s) and archi-position of Modern Standard Arabic. Chapter V deals with the consonantal phonemes, their identities and distinctive functions, as well as their realisations. Chapter VI explains the types of neutralisation and the consonantal archi-phonemes. Chapter VII deals with the vowel and semi-vowel phonemes, their identities and distinctive function as well as their realisations. Chapter VIII deals with the neutralisation and vocalic archi-phonemes.A description of 'aspectual' phenomena in ArabicSitrak, Sami J.http://hdl.handle.net/10023/29762012-07-13T08:45:25Z1986-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: The present work is mainly concerned with a description of
the morphological and syntactic analyses of the predicative aspectual
phenomena in Modern Standard Arabic using Axiomatic Functionalism
as its theoretical framework.
The thesis consists of an introduction, three major parts, and
a conclusion. The introduction deals with a brief overview of the
Axiomatic Functionalist theory. Part one, which comprises four
chapters, offers a brief account of the theoretical background of this
work as well as presenting the predicative (verbal and non-verbal)
aspectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter I discusses the term 'aspect',
and the relation between lexical and grammatical aspect. Chapter II
discusses the Arabic language, particularly the category of 'aspect'.
Chapter III discusses the interaction between punctuality and aspect.
Chapter IV is exclusively devoted to methodology; it explains an
explanation of the essential and relevant theoretical notions in grammar,
uniting the description to the theory. It also provides a step-by-step
application of successive criteria for discriminating between
morphological complexes and syntactic complexes.
The second part (Chaps. V & VI), deals with morphological
analysis. Chapter V analyses the category of verb in Arabic. For this
purpose the following paradigms are set up: Verb-root, Aspect, Voice,
Person, Gender, and Number. Each of these contains monemes which
which are constituents of the verbal entity. These monemes commute
with each other yielding a difference in the message conveyed. The
chapter concludes that entities of the verb category in Arabic may
contain the constituent monemes verb-root,
perfective,
imperfective,
active,
passive,
first person, second person, third person, masculine,
feminine,
singular, dual, and plural. Chapter VI deals with the
realisational as pect of the constituent monemes of the complex pleremes
in chapter V. It also deals with the distribution of the allomorphs of
the constituent monemes in question.
Part three (Chaps. VII - IX), deals with the syntactic
description of the aspectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter VII sets up
the distributional unit (model) which accounts for the relations within
the VPB syntagm. This chapter tests the adequacy of the model by
establishing all the VPB syntagms which map onto it. These syntagms
vary according to the type of the verbal nucleus in each of them,
(transitive or intransitive and of what kind). It further deals with
types of non-verbal nucleus I
and the realisations of the predicative
based syntagms (verbal and non-verbal). Chapter VIII deals in detail
with the syntactic relations within the predicative syntagms. It also
deals with the syntactic structures of various as pectual phenomena in
MSA. Chapter IX discusses the syntactic relation within the functional
syntagm in MSA which may form an immediate constituent in a
predicative based syntagm.
A final brief 'Conclusion' points out the need for further research
and development in Axiomatic Functionalism in the field of "semantic
syntagm-analysis".1986-01-01T00:00:00ZSitrak, Sami J.The present work is mainly concerned with a description of
the morphological and syntactic analyses of the predicative aspectual
phenomena in Modern Standard Arabic using Axiomatic Functionalism
as its theoretical framework.
The thesis consists of an introduction, three major parts, and
a conclusion. The introduction deals with a brief overview of the
Axiomatic Functionalist theory. Part one, which comprises four
chapters, offers a brief account of the theoretical background of this
work as well as presenting the predicative (verbal and non-verbal)
aspectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter I discusses the term 'aspect',
and the relation between lexical and grammatical aspect. Chapter II
discusses the Arabic language, particularly the category of 'aspect'.
Chapter III discusses the interaction between punctuality and aspect.
Chapter IV is exclusively devoted to methodology; it explains an
explanation of the essential and relevant theoretical notions in grammar,
uniting the description to the theory. It also provides a step-by-step
application of successive criteria for discriminating between
morphological complexes and syntactic complexes.
The second part (Chaps. V & VI), deals with morphological
analysis. Chapter V analyses the category of verb in Arabic. For this
purpose the following paradigms are set up: Verb-root, Aspect, Voice,
Person, Gender, and Number. Each of these contains monemes which
which are constituents of the verbal entity. These monemes commute
with each other yielding a difference in the message conveyed. The
chapter concludes that entities of the verb category in Arabic may
contain the constituent monemes verb-root,
perfective,
imperfective,
active,
passive,
first person, second person, third person, masculine,
feminine,
singular, dual, and plural. Chapter VI deals with the
realisational as pect of the constituent monemes of the complex pleremes
in chapter V. It also deals with the distribution of the allomorphs of
the constituent monemes in question.
Part three (Chaps. VII - IX), deals with the syntactic
description of the aspectual phenomena in MSA. Chapter VII sets up
the distributional unit (model) which accounts for the relations within
the VPB syntagm. This chapter tests the adequacy of the model by
establishing all the VPB syntagms which map onto it. These syntagms
vary according to the type of the verbal nucleus in each of them,
(transitive or intransitive and of what kind). It further deals with
types of non-verbal nucleus I
and the realisations of the predicative
based syntagms (verbal and non-verbal). Chapter VIII deals in detail
with the syntactic relations within the predicative syntagms. It also
deals with the syntactic structures of various as pectual phenomena in
MSA. Chapter IX discusses the syntactic relation within the functional
syntagm in MSA which may form an immediate constituent in a
predicative based syntagm.
A final brief 'Conclusion' points out the need for further research
and development in Axiomatic Functionalism in the field of "semantic
syntagm-analysis".The theory, practice and administration of waqf with special reference to the Malayan state of KedahOthman, Muhammad Zain bin Hajihttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/29592012-07-10T10:36:33Z1971-01-01T00:00:00Z1971-01-01T00:00:00ZOthman, Muhammad Zain bin HajiTeaching of Arabic as a foreign language (TAFL) : a study of the communicative approach in relation to ArabicJadwat, Ayoob Y.http://hdl.handle.net/10023/29492012-07-09T14:01:16Z1988-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: The study is concerned with the problem of how to improve the teaching
of Arabic as a foreign or a second language. It lays down some of the
essential foundation-work necessary for bringing about systematic and
constructive improvements in the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language
(TAFL) by investigating the contributions of modern linguistic sciences
(such as applied linguistics, educational linguistics, psycholinguistics
and sociolinguistics) to the development of foreign language (FL) teaching
and learning. A survey of the literature indicates that a 'revolution' is
currently taking place in FL teaching and that a new approach, known as
the Communicative Approach (CA), has begun to emerge and influence the
teaching of FLs in general, over the last decade or so. Since the CA
is currently being adopted to the teaching of most major FLs and since
this revolution has not yet had much impact on TAPL, the study explores
the possibility of the application of the CA to the teaching of Arabic as
a living language.
The thesis is divided into 7 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the importance
of viewing the nature of language and FL teaching from a multidimensional
point of view. Chapter 2 outlines the general nature and importance of
the subject matter (i.e. the Arabic language) in a wide context. In order
to understand what has directly or indirectly influenced the teaching
practices of TAFL, Chapter 3 provides an overview of the development of
views of FL teaching approaches and methods in recent times, from
formalism (teacher-centred learning) to functionalism (student -centred
learning). Chapter 4 concentrates on providing an interpretation of
the current 'state of the art' of TPPL in Britain. A theoretical outline
of the CA is presented in Chapter 5. This chapter provides a working
hypothesis of a proposed integrative model for communicative competence
that can be used as a practical reference tool in the relevant areas of
communicative language development In TAPL. Chapter 6 focuses on
one of these areas; communicative syllabus design, in which the stages
in Arabic language programme development and types of communicative
syllabuses are discussed. The last chapter concludes with a suggetion
of specific further research needs in TAFL: communicative teaching
methodology, communicative materials development, communicative
testing techniques and communicative tea cher training.1988-01-01T00:00:00ZJadwat, Ayoob Y.The study is concerned with the problem of how to improve the teaching
of Arabic as a foreign or a second language. It lays down some of the
essential foundation-work necessary for bringing about systematic and
constructive improvements in the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language
(TAFL) by investigating the contributions of modern linguistic sciences
(such as applied linguistics, educational linguistics, psycholinguistics
and sociolinguistics) to the development of foreign language (FL) teaching
and learning. A survey of the literature indicates that a 'revolution' is
currently taking place in FL teaching and that a new approach, known as
the Communicative Approach (CA), has begun to emerge and influence the
teaching of FLs in general, over the last decade or so. Since the CA
is currently being adopted to the teaching of most major FLs and since
this revolution has not yet had much impact on TAPL, the study explores
the possibility of the application of the CA to the teaching of Arabic as
a living language.
The thesis is divided into 7 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the importance
of viewing the nature of language and FL teaching from a multidimensional
point of view. Chapter 2 outlines the general nature and importance of
the subject matter (i.e. the Arabic language) in a wide context. In order
to understand what has directly or indirectly influenced the teaching
practices of TAFL, Chapter 3 provides an overview of the development of
views of FL teaching approaches and methods in recent times, from
formalism (teacher-centred learning) to functionalism (student -centred
learning). Chapter 4 concentrates on providing an interpretation of
the current 'state of the art' of TPPL in Britain. A theoretical outline
of the CA is presented in Chapter 5. This chapter provides a working
hypothesis of a proposed integrative model for communicative competence
that can be used as a practical reference tool in the relevant areas of
communicative language development In TAPL. Chapter 6 focuses on
one of these areas; communicative syllabus design, in which the stages
in Arabic language programme development and types of communicative
syllabuses are discussed. The last chapter concludes with a suggetion
of specific further research needs in TAFL: communicative teaching
methodology, communicative materials development, communicative
testing techniques and communicative tea cher training.The Arab tribes from Jāhilīya to Islām : sources and historical trendsEl-Sakkout, Ihab Hamdihttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/29442012-07-09T10:01:02Z1994-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: This dissertation
aims
to formulate
a view of
Arabian tribalism in the
pre-
Islamic
period and
its development in Islamic times.
The first
part assesses
the historical
usability of
the literary
source
material of
the Jahiliya. The focus is
on oral
historical traditions
-
the
ayyam al-
carab. These
are
found to have
remained
textually fluid
until
the time
of
their
recording.
This fluidity
may
have
affected style and
form but did
not
substantially affect certain
historical
elements.
The
more
inter-tribal
and
less
local the
account was,
the
more reliable
it is likely to be historically. A
sample
comparison
between tribal hostility
and
tribal distribution
showed
that the
accounts seem
to be highly
consistent.
The
second part of
the thesis is
concerned
firstly
with establishing a
Jahili
profile
for two tribal
groups; secondly with
tracing the
affairs of
their
descendants into the Umayyad
period.
The tribal
groups of
Taghlib
and
Ghatafan
were picked
for
examination.
Both
were strong cohesive groups
in the
pre-Islamic period.
In Islamic times, Taghlibis lose importance
since
they
opted
to
remain
Christian, thus, Taghlibis
are virtually
impossible to trace. Ghatafanis
did join Islam
on a
far
greater scale and are often mentioned
in the Islamic
period.
After the
second civil war
Ghatafanis
are only ever mentioned as
individuals. Close kin
continued
to
cooperate
but
cooperation above
this level
was
only conducted within
the Qaysi faction.
The third
part
discusses
changes
in the tribal
system.
A
review of
the
functions
of modern
tribal
genealogies
illuminates the
process
by
which
genealogies can change
in
order
to
reflect changing realities.
Early Arabic
genealogies are clearly seen
to be
also naturally
dynamic
and
the
subject of
deliberate
change.
New links
reflected new realities, particularly
the
political
alliances
forged
under
the Umayyads. A belief in
a single progenitor
led to
a
move
towards
creating genealogical
links to
one ancestor, while
the
conditions of
the
conquests
let to
a regionalization of
tribalism. The
professionalization of
the
Marwanid
army enabled cross-regional
tribal
co-operation which resulted
in
dividing in two the Umayyad
army and
Arab
genealogies.1994-01-01T00:00:00ZEl-Sakkout, Ihab HamdiThis dissertation
aims
to formulate
a view of
Arabian tribalism in the
pre-
Islamic
period and
its development in Islamic times.
The first
part assesses
the historical
usability of
the literary
source
material of
the Jahiliya. The focus is
on oral
historical traditions
-
the
ayyam al-
carab. These
are
found to have
remained
textually fluid
until
the time
of
their
recording.
This fluidity
may
have
affected style and
form but did
not
substantially affect certain
historical
elements.
The
more
inter-tribal
and
less
local the
account was,
the
more reliable
it is likely to be historically. A
sample
comparison
between tribal hostility
and
tribal distribution
showed
that the
accounts seem
to be highly
consistent.
The
second part of
the thesis is
concerned
firstly
with establishing a
Jahili
profile
for two tribal
groups; secondly with
tracing the
affairs of
their
descendants into the Umayyad
period.
The tribal
groups of
Taghlib
and
Ghatafan
were picked
for
examination.
Both
were strong cohesive groups
in the
pre-Islamic period.
In Islamic times, Taghlibis lose importance
since
they
opted
to
remain
Christian, thus, Taghlibis
are virtually
impossible to trace. Ghatafanis
did join Islam
on a
far
greater scale and are often mentioned
in the Islamic
period.
After the
second civil war
Ghatafanis
are only ever mentioned as
individuals. Close kin
continued
to
cooperate
but
cooperation above
this level
was
only conducted within
the Qaysi faction.
The third
part
discusses
changes
in the tribal
system.
A
review of
the
functions
of modern
tribal
genealogies
illuminates the
process
by
which
genealogies can change
in
order
to
reflect changing realities.
Early Arabic
genealogies are clearly seen
to be
also naturally
dynamic
and
the
subject of
deliberate
change.
New links
reflected new realities, particularly
the
political
alliances
forged
under
the Umayyads. A belief in
a single progenitor
led to
a
move
towards
creating genealogical
links to
one ancestor, while
the
conditions of
the
conquests
let to
a regionalization of
tribalism. The
professionalization of
the
Marwanid
army enabled cross-regional
tribal
co-operation which resulted
in
dividing in two the Umayyad
army and
Arab
genealogies.The Emirate of Damascus in the early Crusading period, 488-549/1095-1154Al-Zanki, Jamal M. H. A.http://hdl.handle.net/10023/29372012-07-06T14:54:50Z1990-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: This study "The Emirate of Damascus During the Early
Crusading Period 488-549/1095-1154 deals with this
Emirate which was established in 488/1095, after the
defeat and the murder of Taj al-Dawla Tutush near Rayy
in 488/1095 by his nephew Sultan Berkiyaruq Ibn Sult-an
Malik-Sh5h. The dominions of Ti al-Dawla, mainly in
Syria and the Jazira divided between his elder sons King
Fakhr al-Mullik Ridwan in Aleppo and King Shams al-Muliik
Ducfaq in Damascus. The Kingdom of Damascus comprized
south Syria and some parts of the Jazira such as al-
Rahba and Mayyafäriqin.
Zahir al-Din Tughtekln, who was Atabek of King Duclaq, became the de facto ruler of Damascus during the
reign of King Duqaq 488-497/1095-1104. After the death
of Duqaq, Tughtekin was to be the real Amir of Damascus,
and his dynasty was to gain control of the Emirate until
its fall at the hands of Niir al-Din Mahmild of Aleppo in
549/1154.
In this thesis, the following matters are discussed:
1. The conditions which led to the foundation of this
Emirate.
2. The role of Tughtekin in establishing his authority
in the Emirate.
3. The foreign policy of the Emirate, and the factors
which shaped this policy.
4. The effects (on the Emirate) of the coming of the
Crusaders particularly those of Jerusalem.
S. Internal rivalries in the Emirate, and their
influence on the stability of the Emirate and its
external relations.
6. The policy of alliances adopted by the Emirate and
the factors which affected this.
7. The influence of the growing power of Zangi of
Aleppo and Mosul (521-541/1127-1146) on Damascus and
why he did not succeed in annexing Damascus to his
united front in Syria and the Jazira aimed at
challenging the power of the Crusaders.
8. The reasons which helped Mir al-Din Mahmüd Ibn Zangi
of Aleppo to annex Damascus to his state in
549/1154.
9. The importance of the military power of Damascus and
Its role in protecting the Emirate.
Finally a concluding section sums up the achievement
of the Emirate of Damascus in maintaining its
Independence during the period and the role of the
Emirate in the Counter-Crusade.1990-01-01T00:00:00ZAl-Zanki, Jamal M. H. A.This study "The Emirate of Damascus During the Early
Crusading Period 488-549/1095-1154 deals with this
Emirate which was established in 488/1095, after the
defeat and the murder of Taj al-Dawla Tutush near Rayy
in 488/1095 by his nephew Sultan Berkiyaruq Ibn Sult-an
Malik-Sh5h. The dominions of Ti al-Dawla, mainly in
Syria and the Jazira divided between his elder sons King
Fakhr al-Mullik Ridwan in Aleppo and King Shams al-Muliik
Ducfaq in Damascus. The Kingdom of Damascus comprized
south Syria and some parts of the Jazira such as al-
Rahba and Mayyafäriqin.
Zahir al-Din Tughtekln, who was Atabek of King Duclaq, became the de facto ruler of Damascus during the
reign of King Duqaq 488-497/1095-1104. After the death
of Duqaq, Tughtekin was to be the real Amir of Damascus,
and his dynasty was to gain control of the Emirate until
its fall at the hands of Niir al-Din Mahmild of Aleppo in
549/1154.
In this thesis, the following matters are discussed:
1. The conditions which led to the foundation of this
Emirate.
2. The role of Tughtekin in establishing his authority
in the Emirate.
3. The foreign policy of the Emirate, and the factors
which shaped this policy.
4. The effects (on the Emirate) of the coming of the
Crusaders particularly those of Jerusalem.
S. Internal rivalries in the Emirate, and their
influence on the stability of the Emirate and its
external relations.
6. The policy of alliances adopted by the Emirate and
the factors which affected this.
7. The influence of the growing power of Zangi of
Aleppo and Mosul (521-541/1127-1146) on Damascus and
why he did not succeed in annexing Damascus to his
united front in Syria and the Jazira aimed at
challenging the power of the Crusaders.
8. The reasons which helped Mir al-Din Mahmüd Ibn Zangi
of Aleppo to annex Damascus to his state in
549/1154.
9. The importance of the military power of Damascus and
Its role in protecting the Emirate.
Finally a concluding section sums up the achievement
of the Emirate of Damascus in maintaining its
Independence during the period and the role of the
Emirate in the Counter-Crusade.The principles of abrogation : with special reference to the 'Usūl' of al-JassāsAkram, Mohammadhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/29362012-07-06T14:28:57Z1987-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: I have
prepared a critical edition of the
portion on a1-Nasikh
wa-l mansukh
from Usul al-Jassas
(Usul
al-figh), by Abu Bakr Ahmad
b.
'Ali
a1-Razi a1-jassas
(d. 370 A. H. ). The
manuscript, used in
this edition,
is preserved under
229 Usul: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriya.
I have
also prepared separate notes
in
order to elucidate and compare
this work with
the views of the renowned Muslim scholars such as
Shafi
'1,
Tabari, Nahhas, Razi, Sarakhsi
and many others. The
manuscript
itself is edited carefully so that to the best
of my
knowledge
no incorrect materials
have failed to be
mentioned
in the footnotes.
I have
also provided references to the Qur'anic
verses and
athar
mentioned
in this work of
jassas.
To discuss the subject of al-Nasikh wa-l mansukh,
I have
also
prepared an introduction. This
section consists of eight chapters.
The first
chapter
is devoted to the description
of the
manuscript and
text along with
the importance
of Usul al-Jassas. The second chapter
is designed to provide
details
of the author's life
and
his
works.
The
third
chapter
deals
with the basic
sources of
Islamic law
and throws
light
on the background
of the phenomenon of naskh. In this chapter
the views of anti-traditionists are also recorded. The fourth
chapter
provides
details
about the principles of abrogation
- whether special
or general together
with the significance of naskh. It also discusses
the problem of the
change of the gibla and informs
us that
naskh
is a
speciality of the Fugaha'.
In
chapters
five to seven,
I have discussed the three
modes
of naskh
described by the Usulis. They are: naskh al-hukm du-na
al-tilawa, naskh al-tilawa
duna
al-hukm and naskh al-hukm wa al-
tilawa. The first
mode
involves the discussion
of the problem of
wasiyya
(bequest)
and
cidda
(waiting
period).
The
second mode
investigates the origin of the Islamic stoning penalty
for
adultery.
The third mode
is
concerned with the Tafsir
of
Q. 87,6-7. In the
final
chapter,
I have
examined jassas'
concept of the relationship of
the Qur'an
with the sunna and vice versa
in the formation
of the ahkam.1987-01-01T00:00:00ZAkram, MohammadI have
prepared a critical edition of the
portion on a1-Nasikh
wa-l mansukh
from Usul al-Jassas
(Usul
al-figh), by Abu Bakr Ahmad
b.
'Ali
a1-Razi a1-jassas
(d. 370 A. H. ). The
manuscript, used in
this edition,
is preserved under
229 Usul: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriya.
I have
also prepared separate notes
in
order to elucidate and compare
this work with
the views of the renowned Muslim scholars such as
Shafi
'1,
Tabari, Nahhas, Razi, Sarakhsi
and many others. The
manuscript
itself is edited carefully so that to the best
of my
knowledge
no incorrect materials
have failed to be
mentioned
in the footnotes.
I have
also provided references to the Qur'anic
verses and
athar
mentioned
in this work of
jassas.
To discuss the subject of al-Nasikh wa-l mansukh,
I have
also
prepared an introduction. This
section consists of eight chapters.
The first
chapter
is devoted to the description
of the
manuscript and
text along with
the importance
of Usul al-Jassas. The second chapter
is designed to provide
details
of the author's life
and
his
works.
The
third
chapter
deals
with the basic
sources of
Islamic law
and throws
light
on the background
of the phenomenon of naskh. In this chapter
the views of anti-traditionists are also recorded. The fourth
chapter
provides
details
about the principles of abrogation
- whether special
or general together
with the significance of naskh. It also discusses
the problem of the
change of the gibla and informs
us that
naskh
is a
speciality of the Fugaha'.
In
chapters
five to seven,
I have discussed the three
modes
of naskh
described by the Usulis. They are: naskh al-hukm du-na
al-tilawa, naskh al-tilawa
duna
al-hukm and naskh al-hukm wa al-
tilawa. The first
mode
involves the discussion
of the problem of
wasiyya
(bequest)
and
cidda
(waiting
period).
The
second mode
investigates the origin of the Islamic stoning penalty
for
adultery.
The third mode
is
concerned with the Tafsir
of
Q. 87,6-7. In the
final
chapter,
I have
examined jassas'
concept of the relationship of
the Qur'an
with the sunna and vice versa
in the formation
of the ahkam.The application of semantics to the translation of pre-Islamic poetry: with special reference to the 'Mu'allaqa' of Imru al-QaysHusayn, 'Ala al-Din Ahmadhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/29262012-07-04T14:50:20Z1984-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: This thesis, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to
apply semantics to the translation of pre-Islamic poetry. But this is a
thorny path. This poetry is some of the most ambiguous, confusing,
disorganized and perfunctorily investigated in the whole of Arabic
literature. The Mucallaga of Imru'al-Qays, our subject of study, the
crowning achievement of this poetry, is in an even worse case. The
principal problem which confronts the researcher as well as the
translator is the usual one of how best to bridge the cultural gulf of
both time and place, to set this Mucallaga in its cultural context so
as to understand its theme, and achieve the same communicative effect
of the text in translation. Commentaries and lexicons are of. little
help here, because their main interest is the denotation of single
words of this Mucallaga rather than in its organic unity. The setting
of this Mucallaga in its Semitic literary context would cast some light
on its essential theme and hence open new horizons for further comprehensive
research in this field. This is the task we embarked upon in
Chapter 1.
Confronted with fifteen main commentaries, and two English translations
of this Mucallaga, we have resorted to the current semantic
theories in the hope that in one of them we would find a happy solution
to the problem of translating these commentaries, or at'least help in
organizing them systematically. Much to our dismay, however, the bulky
literature on this subject bequeathed to us a welter of controversial
theories, perhaps because semantics is quite a new branch of linguistics.
These contradictory theories have been presented to demonstrate the
difficulty of adopting any one particular semantic theory. Nonetheless,
certain structural semantic relationships have been found to be of
highly significant application.
This, and particularly the structural semantic-relationships as
well as their employment throughout this thesis have been discussed in
Chapter II.
A theory of translation necessarily overlaps with a theory of
semantics. Chapter II made it clear that the help we might have
expected from semantics is but a pipe-dream. Instead of bemoaning,
philological, linguistic and socio-linguistic approaches to the theory
and practice of translation have been suggested. In Chapter III these
approaches have been demonstrated and applied to the translations of
(J. ) and (A. ) who, owing to the ambiguity of the text, have resorted to
the commentaries - appendices of which have been attached.
It has been concluded that the full translation of this Mucallaqa
is almost impossible because of the myriad phonological, semantic and
cultural problems. However, it has been argued that the development of
a more comprehensive semantic theory upon which an eclectic theory of
translation could depend, and a more profound and accurate investigation
of the essential theme of this Mucallaga would get rid of a lot of the
problems of research and translation.1984-01-01T00:00:00ZHusayn, 'Ala al-Din AhmadThis thesis, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to
apply semantics to the translation of pre-Islamic poetry. But this is a
thorny path. This poetry is some of the most ambiguous, confusing,
disorganized and perfunctorily investigated in the whole of Arabic
literature. The Mucallaga of Imru'al-Qays, our subject of study, the
crowning achievement of this poetry, is in an even worse case. The
principal problem which confronts the researcher as well as the
translator is the usual one of how best to bridge the cultural gulf of
both time and place, to set this Mucallaga in its cultural context so
as to understand its theme, and achieve the same communicative effect
of the text in translation. Commentaries and lexicons are of. little
help here, because their main interest is the denotation of single
words of this Mucallaga rather than in its organic unity. The setting
of this Mucallaga in its Semitic literary context would cast some light
on its essential theme and hence open new horizons for further comprehensive
research in this field. This is the task we embarked upon in
Chapter 1.
Confronted with fifteen main commentaries, and two English translations
of this Mucallaga, we have resorted to the current semantic
theories in the hope that in one of them we would find a happy solution
to the problem of translating these commentaries, or at'least help in
organizing them systematically. Much to our dismay, however, the bulky
literature on this subject bequeathed to us a welter of controversial
theories, perhaps because semantics is quite a new branch of linguistics.
These contradictory theories have been presented to demonstrate the
difficulty of adopting any one particular semantic theory. Nonetheless,
certain structural semantic relationships have been found to be of
highly significant application.
This, and particularly the structural semantic-relationships as
well as their employment throughout this thesis have been discussed in
Chapter II.
A theory of translation necessarily overlaps with a theory of
semantics. Chapter II made it clear that the help we might have
expected from semantics is but a pipe-dream. Instead of bemoaning,
philological, linguistic and socio-linguistic approaches to the theory
and practice of translation have been suggested. In Chapter III these
approaches have been demonstrated and applied to the translations of
(J. ) and (A. ) who, owing to the ambiguity of the text, have resorted to
the commentaries - appendices of which have been attached.
It has been concluded that the full translation of this Mucallaqa
is almost impossible because of the myriad phonological, semantic and
cultural problems. However, it has been argued that the development of
a more comprehensive semantic theory upon which an eclectic theory of
translation could depend, and a more profound and accurate investigation
of the essential theme of this Mucallaga would get rid of a lot of the
problems of research and translation.A critical edition of 'Al-ta'rīkh al-islāmī al-mukhtasar' by Shihāb al-Dīn Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn 'Abdullāh ibn Alī ibn Abī al-Dam al-Hamawī (583/1187-642/1244)Al-Jomard, Jazeel Abdul Jabbarhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/28852012-07-02T12:28:34Z1984-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: This thesis presents a critical edition of a medieval Arabic
text, which is widely known under the insufficiently attested title
"al-Ta'rikh al-Muzaffari'.. It is ascribed to a celebrated historian
and scholar of the first half of the 7th/13th century, Shihab al-Din abu
Ishaq Ibrahim b. abi al-Dam al-Hamawi al-Shafi'i (583/1187-642/1244),
40
a native and Qadi (judge) of Hamah.
The thesis consists of two parts, the introductory study and then
the text. The introductory study facilitates the understanding of the
problems the text raises and clarifies the more important issues
surrounding it.
The first chapter is intended to serve as a historical background.
A brief account, therefore, of the Ayyubid empire, together with a brief
history of Hamah, Ibn abi al-Dam's native town, is presented to shed light on the author's time.
The second chapter of the introduction is devoted to examining the
author's life. The sources concerning this part of the study are few.
Some of the author's own works are still missing, others are at present
inaccessible. From the obtainable works either printed or in MSS, a
reconstruction of the author's life and times has been made.
Sections I and 2 of the third and final chapter of the introductory
study discuss the reliability of the ascription of the work to Ibn abTal-Dam
and the controversial question of whether the title is original, and if it is
not, what other title it could have had. The rest of this chapter has
been devoted to Investigating and examining the MSS. in which the text
has been preserved and transcribed ever since the original was composed.
In the absence of the original, I have chosen the oldest and in
my opinion, the most complete of the only five surviving copies so far
identified and located. This copy, which is referred to in this thesis by
the abbreviation Bo, was written in (695/1295) by a native of Hamah, 53
years after the death of the author. All the other four are almost
definitely of a more recent date.
The second part of this thesis is the text, edited on the basis of
the oldest MS. which is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. The
text has been transcribed retaining the conventions, orthographic and
grammatical of the copyist wherever possible. Additions and
modifications have been avoided unless in their absence the sense of the
passage is obscured to the point of incomprehensibility. In these cases
other copies, A. of Alexandria Municipal Library, E. of Edinburgh University
Library, and Rand P2. of Bankipore Public Library were consulted and all
differenced between these MSS. , however minor, are shown and detailed
in the footnotes.
The text, then is supplemented by indices of towns, places,
tribes, sects and nations, which are followed by a bibliography and maps.1984-01-01T00:00:00ZAl-Jomard, Jazeel Abdul JabbarThis thesis presents a critical edition of a medieval Arabic
text, which is widely known under the insufficiently attested title
"al-Ta'rikh al-Muzaffari'.. It is ascribed to a celebrated historian
and scholar of the first half of the 7th/13th century, Shihab al-Din abu
Ishaq Ibrahim b. abi al-Dam al-Hamawi al-Shafi'i (583/1187-642/1244),
40
a native and Qadi (judge) of Hamah.
The thesis consists of two parts, the introductory study and then
the text. The introductory study facilitates the understanding of the
problems the text raises and clarifies the more important issues
surrounding it.
The first chapter is intended to serve as a historical background.
A brief account, therefore, of the Ayyubid empire, together with a brief
history of Hamah, Ibn abi al-Dam's native town, is presented to shed light on the author's time.
The second chapter of the introduction is devoted to examining the
author's life. The sources concerning this part of the study are few.
Some of the author's own works are still missing, others are at present
inaccessible. From the obtainable works either printed or in MSS, a
reconstruction of the author's life and times has been made.
Sections I and 2 of the third and final chapter of the introductory
study discuss the reliability of the ascription of the work to Ibn abTal-Dam
and the controversial question of whether the title is original, and if it is
not, what other title it could have had. The rest of this chapter has
been devoted to Investigating and examining the MSS. in which the text
has been preserved and transcribed ever since the original was composed.
In the absence of the original, I have chosen the oldest and in
my opinion, the most complete of the only five surviving copies so far
identified and located. This copy, which is referred to in this thesis by
the abbreviation Bo, was written in (695/1295) by a native of Hamah, 53
years after the death of the author. All the other four are almost
definitely of a more recent date.
The second part of this thesis is the text, edited on the basis of
the oldest MS. which is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. The
text has been transcribed retaining the conventions, orthographic and
grammatical of the copyist wherever possible. Additions and
modifications have been avoided unless in their absence the sense of the
passage is obscured to the point of incomprehensibility. In these cases
other copies, A. of Alexandria Municipal Library, E. of Edinburgh University
Library, and Rand P2. of Bankipore Public Library were consulted and all
differenced between these MSS. , however minor, are shown and detailed
in the footnotes.
The text, then is supplemented by indices of towns, places,
tribes, sects and nations, which are followed by a bibliography and maps.Religious men and literacy in Berti societyOsman Eltom, Abdullahihttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/28312012-06-20T15:51:00Z1984-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: The thesis examines the use of traditional literacy promulgated
by the Koranic schools among the Berti in the Northern Darfur
Province of the Republic of the Sudan. This literacy is restricted
both in the scope of its use as well as in its social distribution,
which remains limited to religious specialists - fakis. Instead of
leading to a change in the traditional mode of thought, Berti
literacy contributes considerably to maintaining the homeostatic
tendency supposedly characteristic of oral societies.
Literacy plays an important role in the Berti religious life.
The words of God contained in the Koran and other books widely used
by the fakis are considered to be sacred, and an important aspect of
Berti religion is their internalisation in the form of memorisation,
drinking of erasure and the retaining of amulets (hijbat). The
repetition of sacred words is used as a means of invoking God in
communal rituals and the rites of passage. Literacy underlies book
divination practised by the fakis and its literate origin is the
ultimate sanction of sand divination which is primarily practised by
the illiterate Berti.
In their use of the sacred words in healing, divination,
communal rituals, rites of passage and the preparation of amulets
and erasure, Berti fakis impose their own meaning on the Koranic
text which differs considerably from its theological meaning.
The thesis includes translation and analysis of over 50
original texts pertaining to erasure writing, amulets, book
divination and communal rituals. Photocopies of 25 original amulets
are presented in the thesis and the majority of them are translated
and commented upon.1984-01-01T00:00:00ZOsman Eltom, AbdullahiThe thesis examines the use of traditional literacy promulgated
by the Koranic schools among the Berti in the Northern Darfur
Province of the Republic of the Sudan. This literacy is restricted
both in the scope of its use as well as in its social distribution,
which remains limited to religious specialists - fakis. Instead of
leading to a change in the traditional mode of thought, Berti
literacy contributes considerably to maintaining the homeostatic
tendency supposedly characteristic of oral societies.
Literacy plays an important role in the Berti religious life.
The words of God contained in the Koran and other books widely used
by the fakis are considered to be sacred, and an important aspect of
Berti religion is their internalisation in the form of memorisation,
drinking of erasure and the retaining of amulets (hijbat). The
repetition of sacred words is used as a means of invoking God in
communal rituals and the rites of passage. Literacy underlies book
divination practised by the fakis and its literate origin is the
ultimate sanction of sand divination which is primarily practised by
the illiterate Berti.
In their use of the sacred words in healing, divination,
communal rituals, rites of passage and the preparation of amulets
and erasure, Berti fakis impose their own meaning on the Koranic
text which differs considerably from its theological meaning.
The thesis includes translation and analysis of over 50
original texts pertaining to erasure writing, amulets, book
divination and communal rituals. Photocopies of 25 original amulets
are presented in the thesis and the majority of them are translated
and commented upon.Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'anBrockett, Adrian Alanhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/27702012-06-13T15:46:56Z1985-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: Two transmissions of the Qur'an can be found in printed copies
today. One stems from Kufa and the other from Medina. They are
more commonly called by the names of their respective second-century
transmitters, Hafs and 'Wars.
This thesis examines the relationship between these two transmissions,
as exemplified in the first five suras.
The Hafs transmission is found in printed Qur'an copies from all but
West and North-West Africa, which employ the War transmission. The
Hafs transmission is therefore the transmission found in the vast majority
of printed copies of the Qur'an, and printed copies of the 'Wars transmission
are rare in comparison.
There is no doubt that copies according to other transmissions have
existed as well, but none has apparently been printed. The Basrans al—Xalil
and Sibawayhi, for instance, had texts that differed in places from both the
Hafs and 'Wars transmissions. And the existence of manuscripts according
to the Basran reading-system of abu 'Amr by way of al—Duri has been
testified in the Sudan this century.
The Qur'an according to this last transmission has in fact been printed
at the head and side of the pages of editions of al—Zamaxari's commentary
a1—Kaf, but these are not considered by Muslims as Qur'an copies
proper. They are type-set and have occasional misprints, and at times
do not tally with data on the reading-system of abu 'Amr given in works
on Qur'an readings.
Qur'an copies according to transmissions such as these or others might
therefore still exist in manuscript, but would not readily be consultable.
So it would be of use to document differences between those transmissions
that actually are available in print.
On a general level, this provides a step towards a critical apparatus
of the Qur'an, and on a more specific one, it provides the data for this
thesis.1985-01-01T00:00:00ZBrockett, Adrian AlanTwo transmissions of the Qur'an can be found in printed copies
today. One stems from Kufa and the other from Medina. They are
more commonly called by the names of their respective second-century
transmitters, Hafs and 'Wars.
This thesis examines the relationship between these two transmissions,
as exemplified in the first five suras.
The Hafs transmission is found in printed Qur'an copies from all but
West and North-West Africa, which employ the War transmission. The
Hafs transmission is therefore the transmission found in the vast majority
of printed copies of the Qur'an, and printed copies of the 'Wars transmission
are rare in comparison.
There is no doubt that copies according to other transmissions have
existed as well, but none has apparently been printed. The Basrans al—Xalil
and Sibawayhi, for instance, had texts that differed in places from both the
Hafs and 'Wars transmissions. And the existence of manuscripts according
to the Basran reading-system of abu 'Amr by way of al—Duri has been
testified in the Sudan this century.
The Qur'an according to this last transmission has in fact been printed
at the head and side of the pages of editions of al—Zamaxari's commentary
a1—Kaf, but these are not considered by Muslims as Qur'an copies
proper. They are type-set and have occasional misprints, and at times
do not tally with data on the reading-system of abu 'Amr given in works
on Qur'an readings.
Qur'an copies according to transmissions such as these or others might
therefore still exist in manuscript, but would not readily be consultable.
So it would be of use to document differences between those transmissions
that actually are available in print.
On a general level, this provides a step towards a critical apparatus
of the Qur'an, and on a more specific one, it provides the data for this
thesis.Arabic versions of the Psalter in use in Muslim SpainAlder, Catherinehttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/27172012-06-11T10:03:45Z1953-01-01T00:00:00Z1953-01-01T00:00:00ZAlder, CatherineShāfiʻī and the interpretation of the role of the Qurʾān and the ḤadīthOthman, Abdul Hamid bin Hajihttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/27132012-06-11T09:08:24Z1976-01-01T00:00:00ZAbstract: This thesis deals with Shafi’i's theories on the
role in usul al-fiqh of the Qur’an and the hadith.
By detailed reference to Shifi’i’s writings, it becomes
clear that his chief concern was with the role of the sunna of
the Prophet, Islamic scholars in previous generations had referred
to a number of sources in defence of regional attitudes. Their
failure to produce a theory of sources enabled Shaf’i to charge
them with inconsistency. Certain scholars of his own generation
were apparently alleging the sufficiency of the Qur’an source.
Inter-school squabbles involving the first group of scholars represented
in Shafi’i’s view as great a threat to the overriding
importance which the party known as ahl al-hadith desired to secure
for the hadith of the Prophet as did the more direct assault of
the second group's insistence upon the primary significance of
the Qur’an source. An attempt is made to show that Shaf’i’s
source theories were constructed in response to the arguments of
both groups and were directed to the creation of a unifying principle
which would solve the problem of ikhtilaf al-muslimin while
simultaneously guaranteeing minimum disruption for the fiqh conclusions
which Shafi’i’ had espoused. Since he proposed to document
these conclusions on the basis of the sunna, Shafi’i’s
theories were designed to place the sunna beyond further scholarly
attack.
The study consists of nine chapters. Chapter one examines
Shafi’ i's intellectual life, his acquaintance with scholars
from different regions and of different schools. Chapter two
deals with the materials employed by his predecessors to document
their legal doctrines, and Shafi’i’s handling of these materials
in his efforts to systematize the sunni fiqh. Chapters three,
four and five deal with his endeavour to establish the overriding
importance for the sunni fiqh, of the sunna embodied in the hadith
of the Prophet. Chapter nine discusses his views on the isnad.
Chapters six and seven examine his endeavour to establish a necessary
connection between the Qur’an and the sunna, and the resultant
subjection of the qur’an to the sunna by means of the Shafi’i
theory of bayan and exclusion (takhsis). Chapter eight deals with
his views on qiyas, the only form of legal reasoning of which he
approved, and the resultant curtailing of independent legal reasoning
and, thereby, of the development of the fiqh.1976-01-01T00:00:00ZOthman, Abdul Hamid bin HajiThis thesis deals with Shafi’i's theories on the
role in usul al-fiqh of the Qur’an and the hadith.
By detailed reference to Shifi’i’s writings, it becomes
clear that his chief concern was with the role of the sunna of
the Prophet, Islamic scholars in previous generations had referred
to a number of sources in defence of regional attitudes. Their
failure to produce a theory of sources enabled Shaf’i to charge
them with inconsistency. Certain scholars of his own generation
were apparently alleging the sufficiency of the Qur’an source.
Inter-school squabbles involving the first group of scholars represented
in Shafi’i’s view as great a threat to the overriding
importance which the party known as ahl al-hadith desired to secure
for the hadith of the Prophet as did the more direct assault of
the second group's insistence upon the primary significance of
the Qur’an source. An attempt is made to show that Shaf’i’s
source theories were constructed in response to the arguments of
both groups and were directed to the creation of a unifying principle
which would solve the problem of ikhtilaf al-muslimin while
simultaneously guaranteeing minimum disruption for the fiqh conclusions
which Shafi’i’ had espoused. Since he proposed to document
these conclusions on the basis of the sunna, Shafi’i’s
theories were designed to place the sunna beyond further scholarly
attack.
The study consists of nine chapters. Chapter one examines
Shafi’ i's intellectual life, his acquaintance with scholars
from different regions and of different schools. Chapter two
deals with the materials employed by his predecessors to document
their legal doctrines, and Shafi’i’s handling of these materials
in his efforts to systematize the sunni fiqh. Chapters three,
four and five deal with his endeavour to establish the overriding
importance for the sunni fiqh, of the sunna embodied in the hadith
of the Prophet. Chapter nine discusses his views on the isnad.
Chapters six and seven examine his endeavour to establish a necessary
connection between the Qur’an and the sunna, and the resultant
subjection of the qur’an to the sunna by means of the Shafi’i
theory of bayan and exclusion (takhsis). Chapter eight deals with
his views on qiyas, the only form of legal reasoning of which he
approved, and the resultant curtailing of independent legal reasoning
and, thereby, of the development of the fiqh.The influence of English grammar, syntax, idiom and style upon contemporary literary ArabicAziz, Yowell Yosefhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/26772012-06-08T08:16:22Z1967-01-01T00:00:00Z1967-01-01T00:00:00ZAziz, Yowell Yosef'Tawdīh makāsid al-alfiyya' by Hasan b. Kāsim al-Murādī (749/1348) : a critical editionAl-Tikriti, Tālīb A.R.http://hdl.handle.net/10023/26692012-06-06T14:45:37Z1984-01-01T00:00:00Z1984-01-01T00:00:00ZAl-Tikriti, Tālīb A.R.Jews in Yemen in 17th-19th century according to Hebrew sources with comparison with Arabi Yamani sourcesAbd El Aal, Nour Hoda Hasanhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/26682012-06-06T14:35:07Z1970-01-01T00:00:00Z1970-01-01T00:00:00ZAbd El Aal, Nour Hoda Hasan