2024-03-28T23:13:56Zhttps://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/oai/requestoai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/107262023-04-25T23:48:52Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_181com_10023_39com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_880
Contrasting migratory responses of two closely-related seabirds to long-term climate change
Grecian, W. James
Taylor, Graeme A.
Loh, Graeme
McGill, Rona A. R.
Miskelly, Colin M.
Phillips, Richard A.
Thompson, David R.
Furness, Robert W.
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
Biologging
Conservation
Migration
Moult
Movement
Non-breeding behaviour
Seamounts
Stable isotopes
Upwelling zones
QH301 Biology
NDAS
SDG 13 - Climate Action
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
QH301
Many marine predators migrate between breeding and non-breeding areas to target resources that are seasonal but spatio-temporally predictable, and so are vulnerable to climate-induced changes in prey phenology and abundance. In the Southern Ocean, small petrels are major consumers, but perturbations in the ecosystem through ocean warming are altering food-web structure and have been linked to poleward shifts in the distribution of their cold-water zooplankton prey. In this study, we focused on 2 small congeneric petrels: the broad-billed prion Pachyptila vittata and the Antarctic prion P. desolata. Both are planktivorous, but the broad-billed prion specialises in feeding on large copepods. We investigated historical trends in non-breeding distribution by analysing feather stable isotope ratios from a time-series dating back to 1926, and examined contemporary non-breeding distributions of broad-billed prions tracked using miniaturised geolocation-immersion loggers. After controlling temporally for the Suess effect, we found that the δ13C signatures of Antarctic prions, but not broad-billed prions, declined during the study period. This suggests a southward shift in Antarctic prion non-breeding distribution over the last century. Both species exhibited significant declines in δ15N during the same period, indicative of long-term decreases in marine productivity in their moulting areas, or changes in the trophic structure of prey communities. Tracked broad-billed prions migrated ca. 1000 km to an area east of the breeding colony where the Louisville seamount chain bisects the subtropical front. Topographically driven upwellings are stable and predictable features and may be crucial in aggregating plankton. Targeting seamounts could therefore mitigate the impact of climate-induced prey shifts by providing refugia for the broad-billed prion.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2016-11-09
2017-05-08T16:30:09Z
2017-05-08T16:30:09Z
2016-11-09
Journal article
Grecian , W J , Taylor , G A , Loh , G , McGill , R A R , Miskelly , C M , Phillips , R A , Thompson , D R & Furness , R W 2016 , ' Contrasting migratory responses of two closely-related seabirds to long-term climate change ' , Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol. 559 , pp. 231-242 . https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11875
0171-8630
PURE: 249951353
PURE UUID: df960e08-4f87-43ea-b2f3-60a3a18e743e
Scopus: 84994756758
ORCID: /0000-0002-6428-719X/work/32706772
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10726
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11875
http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/123065/
eng
Marine Ecology Progress Series
© The Authors 2016. Open Access under Creative Commons by Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are unrestricted. Authors and original publication must be credited.
12
application/pdf
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/41922024-02-25T00:38:06Zcom_10023_1829com_10023_39com_10023_58com_10023_19com_10023_25com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_1830col_10023_59col_10023_858col_10023_795col_10023_880
Exploring heritage through time and space : Supporting community reflection on the highland clearances
McCaffery, John Philip
Miller, Alan Henry David
Kennedy, Sarah Elizabeth
Dawson, Tom
Vermehren, Anna
Lefley, C
Strickland, K
University of St Andrews. School of Computer Science
University of St Andrews. Centre for Ancient Environmental Studies
University of St Andrews. School of History
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
CC Archaeology
QA75
CC
On the two hundredth anniversary of the Kildonan clearances, when people were forcibly removed from their homes, the Timespan Heritage centre has created a program of community centred work aimed at challenging pre conceptions and encouraging reflection on this important historical process. This paper explores the innovative ways in which virtual world technology has facilitated community engagement, enhanced visualisation and encouraged reflection as part of this program. An installation where users navigate through a reconstruction of pre clearance Caen township is controlled through natural gestures and presented on a 300 inch six megapixel screen. This environment allows users to experience the past in new ways. The platform has value as an effective way for an educator, artist or hobbyist to create large scale virtual environments using off the shelf hardware and open source software. The result is an exhibit that also serves as a platform for experimentation into innovative ways of community co-creation and co-curation.
2013-10
2013-11-13T10:01:06Z
2013-11-13T10:01:06Z
Conference item
75972758
76694309-f3d1-4ad1-8e7b-1c168ae65022
84896784590
McCaffery , J P , Miller , A H D , Kennedy , S E , Dawson , T , Vermehren , A , Lefley , C & Strickland , K 2013 , Exploring heritage through time and space : Supporting community reflection on the highland clearances . in Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage), 2013 . vol. 1 , IEEE , pp. 371-378 , Digital Heritage International Congress 2013 , Marseille , France , 28/10/13 . https://doi.org/10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2013.6743762
conference
978-1-4799-3168-2
978-1-4799-3169-9
ORCID: /0000-0002-9229-7942/work/66591788
ORCID: /0000-0003-1209-9063/work/40546692
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/4192
10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2013.6743762
http://www.digitalheritage2013.org/
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=6743693
eng
Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage), 2013
826796
application/pdf
IEEE
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/36982022-04-14T15:30:43Zcom_10023_92com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_96col_10023_795col_10023_880
Two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the small magnetic Prandtl number limit
Dritschel, David Gerard
Tobias, Steve
University of St Andrews. Applied Mathematics
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
Computational methods
MHD turbulence
Turbulence simulation
QA Mathematics
QA
In this paper we introduce a new method for computations of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence at low magnetic Prandtl number $\Pra=\nu/\eta$. When $\Pra \ll 1$, the magnetic field dissipates at a scale much larger than the velocity field. The method we utilise is a novel hybrid contour--spectral method, the ``Combined Lagrangian Advection Method'', formally to integrate the equations with zero viscous dissipation. The method is compared with a standard pseudo-spectral method for decreasing $\Pra$ for the problem of decaying two-dimensional MHD turbulence. The method is shown to agree well for a wide range of imposed magnetic field strengths. Examples of problems for which such a method may prove invaluable are also given.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2012-07-01
2013-06-13T23:32:45Z
2013-06-13T23:32:45Z
2013-06-14
Journal article
Dritschel , D G & Tobias , S 2012 , ' Two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the small magnetic Prandtl number limit ' , Journal of Fluid Mechanics , vol. 703 , pp. 85-98 . https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.195
0022-1120
PURE: 23838294
PURE UUID: ae81c8fa-eff4-4a68-bc84-e0f604a7ce03
Scopus: 84865490696
ORCID: /0000-0001-6489-3395/work/64697743
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3698
https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.195
eng
Journal of Fluid Mechanics
Copyright (c) Cambridge University Press 2012
14
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39032023-04-18T09:46:23Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_181com_10023_39com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_880
Wintertime water mass modification near an Antarctic Ice Shelf front
Arthun, Marius
Nicholls, Keith
Boehme, Lars
NERC
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
Antarctica
Continental shelf/slope
Sea ice
Southern Ocean
Mixed layer
In situ oceanic observations
GC Oceanography
GC
Under ice measurements by seals carrying a miniaturized conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) instrument fill an important gap in existing observations. Here we present data from an instrumented Weddell seal that spent 8 consecutive months (February–September) for aging in close proximity to Filchner Ice Shelf, thus providing detailed information about the evolution of mixed layer hydrography during the austral autumn and winter. The resultant time series of hydrography shows strong seasonal water mass modification, dominated by an upper–ocean (0–300 m) salinity increase of 0.31, corresponding to 3.1 m sea ice growth, and the development of a 500 m thick winter mixed layer. Observations furthermore highlight a gradual salinity increase in a slow (3–5 cms−1 ) southward flow on the continental shelf, to wards the site, and suggest that the inferred ice production is better considered as a regional average rather than being purely local. No clear seasonality is observed in the properties of the underlying Ice Shelf Water.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2013-02
2013-08-01T23:50:04Z
2013-08-01T23:50:04Z
2013-08-02
Journal article
Arthun , M , Nicholls , K & Boehme , L 2013 , ' Wintertime water mass modification near an Antarctic Ice Shelf front ' , Journal of Physical Oceanography , vol. 43 , no. 2 , pp. 359-365 . https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0186.1
0022-3670
PURE: 27672043
PURE UUID: e6a3f07c-cc81-42f9-98bb-c4cc9bcb93d1
Scopus: 84875549662
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3903
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0186.1
http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0186.1
NE/G014833/1
eng
Journal of Physical Oceanography
© 2013 American Meteorological Society
application/pdf
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/30222022-04-07T08:30:34Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_795col_10023_880
Evolution of signal multiplexing by 14-3-3-binding 2R-ohnologue protein families in the vertebrates
Tinti, Michele
Johnson, Catherine
Toth, Rachel
Ferrier, David Ellard Keith
MacKintosh, Carol
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
Branchiostoma
Ciona
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
RAB3GAP1
RAB3GAP2
QH301 Biology
QH301
This work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council via a Developmental Pathway Funding Scheme award and a Research Councils UK fellowship in marine biology.
14-3-3 proteins regulate cellular responses to stimuli by docking onto pairs of phosphorylated residues on target proteins. The present study shows that the human 14-3-3-binding phosphoproteome is highly enriched in 2R-ohnologues, which are proteins in families of two to four members that were generated by two rounds of whole genome duplication at the origin of the vertebrates. We identify 2R-ohnologue families whose members share a ‘lynchpin’, defined as a 14-3-3-binding phosphosite that is conserved across members of a given family, and aligns with a Ser/Thr residue in pro-orthologues from the invertebrate chordates. For example, the human receptor expression enhancing protein (REEP) 1–4 family has the commonest type of lynchpin motif in current datasets, with a phosphorylatable serine in the –2 position relative to the 14-3-3-binding phosphosite. In contrast, the second 14-3-3-binding sites of REEPs 1–4 differ and are phosphorylated by different kinases, and hence the REEPs display different affinities for 14-3-3 dimers. We suggest a conceptual model for intracellular regulation involving protein families whose evolution into signal multiplexing systems was facilitated by 14-3-3 dimer binding to lynchpins, which gave freedom for other regulatory sites to evolve. While increased signalling complexity was needed for vertebrate life, these systems also generate vulnerability to genetic disorders.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2012-07
2012-07-25T15:31:02Z
2012-07-25T15:31:02Z
Journal article
Tinti , M , Johnson , C , Toth , R , Ferrier , D E K & MacKintosh , C 2012 , ' Evolution of signal multiplexing by 14-3-3-binding 2R-ohnologue protein families in the vertebrates ' , Open Biology , vol. 2 , 120103 . https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120103
2046-2441
PURE: 24998691
PURE UUID: 184c6da7-dc5b-4bfa-8b87-b6460a87c92e
Scopus: 84873901523
ORCID: /0000-0003-3247-6233/work/36423827
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3022
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120103
eng
Open Biology
© 2012 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/120422024-02-28T00:43:21Zcom_10023_25com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_858col_10023_795col_10023_880
Learning from loss : eroding coastal heritage in Scotland
Graham Allsop, Elinor Louise
Dawson, Thomas Christopher
Hambly, Joanna
The Heritage Lottery Fund
University of St Andrews. School of History
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
Archaeology
Coast
Erosion
Climate change
Community
Heritage
Environment
Global change
DA Great Britain
GE Environmental Sciences
DAS
SDG 13 - Climate Action
DA
GE
Heritage sites are constantly changing due to natural processes, and this change can happen fastest at the coast. Much legislation has been enacted to protect sites of historic interest, but these do not protect sites from natural processes. Change is already happening, and climate change predictions suggest that the pace will accelerate in the future. Instead of seeing the potential destruction of heritage sites as a disaster, we should embrace the opportunity that they can provide for us to learn about the past and to plan for the future. Heritage laws often enshrine a policy of preservation in situ, meaning that our most spectacular sites are preserved in a state of equilibrium, with a default position of no permitted intervention. However, the options for threatened coastal sites mirror those of shoreline management plans, which usually recommend either the construction of a coastal defence or, more likely, a strategy of managed retreat, where erosion is allowed to take its course after appropriate mitigations strategies have been enacted. Managed retreat can lead to a range of research projects, some of which would not normally be possible at similar, unthreatened and legally protected monuments. Such research also has the potential to involve members of the public, who can help in the discovery process, and cascade what they have learned through their communities. Information shared can be about the heritage site itself, including how communities in the past coped at times of climatic stress; and also about the processes that are now threatening the monument, thus helping teach about present day climate change.
Peer reviewed
2017-11-09
2017-11-09T16:30:19Z
2017-11-09T16:30:19Z
Journal article
251504936
23e8dcdb-fbeb-4d02-8361-f3f674478648
85032305821
Graham Allsop , E L , Dawson , T C & Hambly , J 2017 , ' Learning from loss : eroding coastal heritage in Scotland ' , Humanities , vol. 6 , no. 4 , 87 . https://doi.org/10.3390/h6040087
2076-0787
ORCID: /0000-0002-9229-7942/work/66591790
ORCID: /0000-0002-2802-1351/work/72842672
ORCID: /0000-0001-6428-387X/work/128096921
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/12042
10.3390/h6040087
http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/6/4/87
eng
Humanities
19
7348009
application/pdf
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/162532024-03-09T00:43:37Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_165com_10023_39com_10023_181com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_166col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_880
Assessing the utility and limitations of accelerometers and machine learning approaches in classifying behaviour during lactation in a phocid seal
Schuert, Courtney
Pomeroy, Patrick
Twiss, Sean
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling
Accelerometer
Grey seal
Maternal behaviour
Breeding behaviour
Machine learning
Classification
QH301 Biology
NDAS
NERC
QH301
Funding for this work was provided by the Durham Doctoral Studentship scheme at Durham University and supported by Natural Environment Research Council’s core funding to the Sea Mammal Research Unit at the University of St. Andrews.
Background: Classifying behaviour with animal-borne accelerometers is quickly becoming a popular tool for remotely observing behavioural states in a variety of species. Most accelerometry work in pinnipeds has focused on classifying behaviour at sea often quantifying behavioural trade-offs associated with foraging and diving in income breeders. Very little work to date has been done to resolve behaviour during the critical period of lactation in a capital breeder. Capital breeding phocids possess finite reserves that they must allocate appropriately to maintain themselves and their new offspring during their brief nursing period. Within this short time, fine-scale behavioural trade-offs can have significant fitness consequences for mother and offspring and must be carefully managed. Here, we present a case study in extracting and classifying lactation behaviours in a wild, breeding pinniped, the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Results: Using random forest models, we were able to resolve 4 behavioural states that constitute the majority of a female grey seals’ activity budget during lactation. Resting, alert, nursing, and a form of pup interaction were extracted and classified reliably. For the first time, we quantified the potential confounding variance associated with individual differences in a wild context as well as differences due to sampling location in a largely inactive model species. Conclusions: At this stage, the majority of a female grey seal’s activity budget was classified well using accelerometers, but some rare and context-dependent behaviours were not well captured. While we did find significant variation between individuals in behavioural mechanics, individuals did not differ significantly within themselves; inter-individual variability should be an important consideration in future efforts. These methods can be extended to other efforts to study grey seals and other pinnipeds who exhibit a capital breeding system. Using accelerometers to classify behaviour during lactation allows for fine-scale assessments of time and energy trade-offs for species with fixed stores.
Peer reviewed
2018-10-16
2018-10-17T10:30:11Z
2018-10-17T10:30:11Z
Journal article
255932668
0f248f59-9a4c-4bc1-8658-1e384fc9de41
85054869267
Schuert , C , Pomeroy , P & Twiss , S 2018 , ' Assessing the utility and limitations of accelerometers and machine learning approaches in classifying behaviour during lactation in a phocid seal ' , Animal Biotelemetry , vol. 6 , 14 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-018-0158-y
2050-3385
ORCID: /0000-0003-1603-5630/work/49580160
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/16253
10.1186/s40317-018-0158-y
eng
Animal Biotelemetry
17
1340526
application/pdf
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/162602023-04-18T09:43:03Zcom_10023_165com_10023_39com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_95com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_166col_10023_859col_10023_795col_10023_100col_10023_880
Surveying abundance and stand type associations of Formica aquilonia and F. lugubris (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nest mounds over an extensive area : Trialing a novel method
Borkin, Kerry
Summers, Ron
Thomas, Len
University of St Andrews. School of Mathematics and Statistics
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
Distance sampling
Formica
Formicidae
Hymenoptera
Line transect
Old-growth
Pinus sylvestris
Scotland
QA Mathematics
QH301 Biology
Insect Science
QA
QH301
Red wood ants are ecologically important members of woodland communities, and some species are of conservation concern. They occur commonly only in certain habitats in Britain, but there is limited knowledge of their numbers and distribution. This study provided baseline information at a key locality (Abernethy Forest, 37 km2) in the central Highlands of Scotland and trialed a new method of surveying red wood ant density and stand type associations: a distance sampling line transect survey of nests. This method is efficient because it allows an observer to quickly survey a large area either side of transect lines, without having to assume that all nests are detected. Instead, data collected on the distance of nests from the line are used to estimate probability of detection and the effective transect width, using the free software "Distance". Surveys took place in August and September 2003 along a total of 71.2 km of parallel, equally-spaced transects. One hundred and forty-four red wood ant nests were located, comprising 89 F. aquilonia (Yarrow, 1955) and 55 F. lugubris (Zetterstedt, 1838) nests. Estimated densities were 1.13 nests per hectare (95% CI 0.74-1.73) for F. aquilonia and 0.83 nests per hectare (95% CI 0.32-2.17) for F. lugubris. These translated to total estimated nest numbers of 4,200 (95% CI 2,700-6,400) and 3,100 (95% CI 1,200-8,100), respectively, for the whole forest. Indices of stand selection indicated that F. aquilonia had some positive association with old-growth and F. lugubris with younger stands (stem exclusion stage). No nests were found in areas that had been clear-felled, and ploughed and planted in the 1970s-1990s. The pattern of stand type association and hence distribution of F. aquilonia and F. lugubris may be due to the differing ability to disperse (F. lugubris is the faster disperser) and compete (F. aquilonia is competitively superior). We recommend using line transect sampling for extensive surveys of ants that construct nest mounds to estimate abundance and stand type association.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2012-01-03
2018-10-17T14:30:12Z
2018-10-17T14:30:12Z
Journal article
Borkin , K , Summers , R & Thomas , L 2012 , ' Surveying abundance and stand type associations of Formica aquilonia and F. lugubris (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nest mounds over an extensive area : Trialing a novel method ' , European Journal of Entomology , vol. 109 , no. 1 , pp. 47-53 . https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2012.007
PURE: 5285592
PURE UUID: aa10e06c-027d-482c-beef-a795410a9be5
Scopus: 84865189198
Scopus: 84865189198
ORCID: /0000-0002-7436-067X/work/54818839
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16260
https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2012.007
http://www.eje.cz/pdfarticles/1679/eje_109_1_047_Borkin.pdf
eng
European Journal of Entomology
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
7
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/19572022-04-14T09:30:16Zcom_10023_165com_10023_39com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_309com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_166col_10023_859col_10023_795col_10023_311col_10023_880
A first survey of the global population size and distribution of the Scottish Crossbill Loxia scotica
Summers, Ron W
Buckland, Stephen Terrence
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling
University of St Andrews. School of Mathematics and Statistics
University of St Andrews. St Andrews Sustainability Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
QL Zoology
QL
"The survey was part-financed by Scottish Natural Heritage"
A survey of Scottish Crossbills Loxia scotica was carried out in 3,506 km2 of conifer woodland in northern Scotland during January to April 2008 to provide the first estimate of the global population size for this endemic bird. Population estimates were also made for Common Crossbills L. curvirostra and Parrot Crossbills L. pytyopsittacus within this range. Crossbills were lured to systematically selected survey points for counting, sexing and recording their calls for later call-type (species) identification from sonograms. Crossbills were located at 451 of the 852 survey points, and adequate tape-recordings made at 387 of these. The Scottish Crossbill had a disjunct distribution, occurring largely within the eastern part of the study area, but also in the northwest. Common Crossbills had a mainly westerly distribution. The population size of postjuvenile Scottish Crossbills was estimated as 13,600 (95%C.I. 8,130–22,700), which will approximate to 6,800 (4,065–11,350) pairs. Common Crossbills were more abundant within this range (27,100, 95% C.I. 14,700–38,400) and Parrot Crossbills rare (about 100). The sex ratio was not significantly different from parity for Scottish Crossbills. The modal number at survey points was two but numbers were larger in January than later in the survey. The numbers and distribution of all crossbill species are likely to vary between years, depending upon the size of the cone crops of the different conifers: all were coning in 2008. Common Crossbill and Parrot Crossbill numbers will also be affected by irruptions from continental Europe. A monitoring scheme is required to detect any population trend, and further work on their habitat requirement (e.g. conifer selection at different seasons) is needed to inform habitat management of native and planted conifer forests to ensure a secure future for this endemic bird.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2011-06
2011-08-10T06:36:40Z
2011-08-10T06:36:40Z
Journal article
Summers , R W & Buckland , S T 2011 , ' A first survey of the global population size and distribution of the Scottish Crossbill Loxia scotica ' , Bird Conservation International , vol. 21 , no. 2 , pp. 186-198 . https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270909990323
0959-2709
PURE: 11461790
PURE UUID: b6d4376e-2518-4a62-991f-8bfb2b67317e
Scopus: 79958792770
ORCID: /0000-0002-9939-709X/work/73701083
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1957
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270909990323
eng
Bird Conservation International
Copyright © BirdLife International 2010. Published by Cambridge University Press, available from DOI: 10.1017/S0959270909990323
application/pdf
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/47622023-04-18T09:51:41Zcom_10023_92com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_96col_10023_795col_10023_880
Shallow-water vortex equilibria and their stability
Płotka, H.
Dritschel, D.G.
University of St Andrews. University of St Andrews
University of St Andrews. Applied Mathematics
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
QA Mathematics
QA
We first describe the equilibrium form and stability of steadily-rotating simply-connected vortex patches in the single-layer quasi-geostrophic model of geophysical fluid dynamics. This model, valid for rotating shallow-water flow in the limit of small Rossby and Froude numbers, has an intrinsic length scale L called the "Rossby deformation length" relating the strength of stratification to that of the background rotation rate. Specifically, L = c/f where c = √gH is a characteristic gravity-wave speed, g is gravity (or "reduced" gravity in a two-layer context where one layer is infinitely deep), H is the mean active layer depth, and f is the Coriolis frequency (here constant). We next introduce ageostrophic effects by using the full shallow-water model to generate what we call "quasi-equilibria". These equilibria are not strictly steady, but radiate such weak gravity waves that they are steady for all practical purposes. Through an artificial ramping procedure, we ramp up the potential vorticity anomaly of the fluid particles in our quasi-geostrophic equilibria to obtain shallow-water quasi-equilibria at finite Rossby number. We show a few examples of these states in this paper.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2011-01-01
2014-05-12T11:31:06Z
2014-05-12T11:31:06Z
Journal article
Płotka , H & Dritschel , D G 2011 , ' Shallow-water vortex equilibria and their stability ' , Journal of Physics: Conference Series , vol. 318 , no. Section 6 , 062019 . https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/318/6/062019
1742-6588
PURE: 117826100
PURE UUID: 54e18963-aff1-4af9-b32d-0333b798bfb4
Scopus: 84856344196
ORCID: /0000-0001-6489-3395/work/64697727
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4762
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/318/6/062019
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856344196&partnerID=8YFLogxK
eng
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
© 2012 Plotka et al. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
7
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/107752023-04-25T23:48:54Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_181com_10023_39com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_880
Inter- and intra-year variation in foraging areas of breeding kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla)
Robertson, G. S.
Bolton, M.
Grecian, W. J.
Monaghan, P.
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
QH301 Biology
Aquatic Science
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Ecology
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
QH301
This work was supported by the National Environment Research Council (award number NE/I528369/1) and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds through a CASE studentship to the University of Glasgow.
While seabird conservation efforts have largely focused on protection from threats at the colony (e.g. reducing disturbance and predation), attention is increasingly being given to implementing protection measures for foraging areas at sea. For this to be effective, important foraging areas must be identified. Although numerous studies have examined seabird foraging behaviour, information is still lacking on the variability in area utilisation within and among breeding seasons. GPS devices were attached to adult black-legged kittiwakes breeding at an expanding North Sea colony (55°20′N, 1°32′W) during both incubation and chick-rearing in 2012 and during chick-rearing in 2011, to determine whether foraging areas remained consistent and to identify the oceanographic characteristics of areas used for foraging. The type and size of prey items consumed at different stages of the breeding cycle was also examined. During incubation (April-May 2012), kittiwakes foraged substantially further from the colony and fed on larger sandeels than when feeding chicks, and there was significant inter-annual variation in foraging areas used during the chick-rearing period (June-July 2011 and 2012). Foraging areas were characterised by cooler sea surface temperatures and areas of high chlorophyll a concentration, although association with specific oceanographic features changed within the breeding season and between years. These results emphasise the importance of considering how foraging areas and reliance on specific oceanographic conditions change over time when seeking to identify important marine areas for seabirds.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2014-09
2017-05-15T14:30:13Z
2017-05-15T14:30:13Z
Journal article
Robertson , G S , Bolton , M , Grecian , W J & Monaghan , P 2014 , ' Inter- and intra-year variation in foraging areas of breeding kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla ) ' , Marine Biology , vol. 161 , no. 9 , pp. 1973-1986 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2477-8
0025-3162
PURE: 249954407
PURE UUID: 81d1a8a6-e6df-482c-b57d-e40af2d7bc02
Scopus: 84907596371
ORCID: /0000-0002-6428-719X/work/32706782
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10775
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2477-8
eng
Marine Biology
© The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
14
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/126452023-04-18T23:37:18Zcom_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_309com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_795col_10023_311col_10023_880
The potential for Assemblage thinking in population geography : assembling population, space and place
Duffy, Paula
Stojanovic, Tim
University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. St Andrews Sustainability Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
Assemblage
Emergence
Coastal Communities
Geodemographics
Resilience
G Geography (General)
3rd-NDAS
BDC
G1
This paper is output from an Economic and Social Research Council Award (Reference 1506438) funded in partnership with Marine Scotland, The Scottish Government.
This study explores ‘Assemblage’ thinking as an approach for population geography research. The paper highlights the recent prominence of Assemblage thinking in human geography, before exploring the potential opportunities for engagement by population geographers. In particular we focus on the production of place as co-constituted by the material (space) and the discursive (knowledge, process and practice). Considering the Assemblage practice of ‘Rendering Technical’, we reflect on the role that population geography plays in authorising knowledge and supporting policy. This is investigated through a critical taxonomic analysis of recent Scottish demographic data. It is argued on the one hand that this captures key economic and population characteristics of ‘place’, while on the other hand it offers a limited technical knowledge. We conclude that a reflexive approach to research using Assemblage thinking may challenge the intimate relationship between population geographers and the state.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2018-04-10
2018-02-01T15:30:07Z
2018-02-01T15:30:07Z
Journal article
Duffy , P & Stojanovic , T 2018 , ' The potential for Assemblage thinking in population geography : assembling population, space and place ' , Population, Space and Place , vol. 24 , no. 3 , e2097 . https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2097
1544-8444
PURE: 250130006
PURE UUID: 2b0ac6a4-a075-44de-9f09-f55b2c2551d3
Scopus: 85045124925
ORCID: /0000-0001-9427-064X/work/64361311
WOS: 000429719900003
ORCID: /0000-0002-8936-2299/work/64697653
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12645
https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2097
eng
Population, Space and Place
© 2017 The Authors, Population, Space and Place Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/52322023-04-18T09:53:11Zcom_10023_92com_10023_28com_10023_94com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_96col_10023_98col_10023_795col_10023_880
The effect of slip length on vortex rebound from a rigid boundary
Sutherland, D.
Macaskill, C.
Dritschel, D.G.
University of St Andrews. University of St Andrews
University of St Andrews. Pure Mathematics
University of St Andrews. Applied Mathematics
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
QC Physics
QC
The problem of a dipole incident normally on a rigid boundary, for moderate to large Reynolds numbers, has recently been treated numerically using a volume penalisation method by Nguyen van yen, Farge, and Schneider [Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 184502 (2011)]. Their results indicate that energy dissipating structures persist in the inviscid limit. They found that the use of penalisation methods intrinsically introduces some slip at the boundary wall, where the slip approaches zero as the Reynolds number goes to infinity, so reducing to the no-slip case in this limit. We study the same problem, for both no-slip and partial slip cases, using compact differences on a Chebyshev grid in the direction normal to the wall and Fourier methods in the direction along the wall. We find that for the no-slip case there is no indication of the persistence of energy dissipating structures in the limit as viscosity approaches zero and that this also holds for any fixed slip length. However, when the slip length is taken to vary inversely with Reynolds number then the results of Nguyen van yen et al. are regained. It therefore appears that the prediction that energy dissipating structures persist in the inviscid limit follows from the two limits of wall slip length going to zero, and viscosity going to zero, not being treated independently in their use of the volume penalisation method.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2013-09-23
2014-08-25T15:31:04Z
2014-08-25T15:31:04Z
Journal article
Sutherland , D , Macaskill , C & Dritschel , D G 2013 , ' The effect of slip length on vortex rebound from a rigid boundary ' , Physics of Fluids , vol. 25 , no. 9 , 093104 . https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4821774
1070-6631
PURE: 143238593
PURE UUID: 345d91b2-3bd8-4a8a-a9b0-19adebe4f74e
Scopus: 84885026819
ORCID: /0000-0001-6489-3395/work/64697799
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5232
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4821774
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84885026819&partnerID=8YFLogxK
eng
Physics of Fluids
© 2013 AIP Publishing LLC
22
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/77722022-04-29T14:30:47Zcom_10023_165com_10023_39com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_309com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_166col_10023_859col_10023_795col_10023_311col_10023_880
Occurrence, distribution and abundance of cetaceans in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA
Read, Andrew, J.
Barco, S.
Bell, J.
Borchers, David Louis
Burt, M Louise
Cummings, E.W.
Dunn, J.
Fougeres, J.
Hazen, L.
Williams-Hodge, L.E.
Laura, A-M.
McAlarney, R.J.
Nilsson, P.
Pabst, D.A.
Paxton, Charles G. M.
Schneider, S.Z.
Urian, Kim
Waples, D.M.
McLellan, W.A.
University of St Andrews. School of Mathematics and Statistics
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling
University of St Andrews. St Andrews Sustainability Institute
Abundance estimate
Monitoring
Survey-combined
Trends
Photo-ID
GB Physical geography
QA Mathematics
QH301 Biology
GB
QA
QH301
In this paper the occurrence, distribution and abundance of cetaceans in offshore waters of Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA is described. Between June 2007 and June 2010 monthly aerial and shipboard line-transect surveys were conducted along ten 74km transects placed perpendicular to the shelf break. In total 42,676km of aerial trackline (218 sightings) and 5,209km of vessel trackline (100 sightings) were observed. Seven species of cetaceans were observed, but the fauna was dominated strongly by common bottlenose and Atlantic spotted dolphins. Both species were present year-round in the study area. Using photo-identification techniques, five bottlenose dolphins and one spotted dolphin were resighted during the three-year period. In general, the abundance of cetaceans in Onslow Bay was low and too few sightings were made to estimate monthly abundances for species other than bottlenose and spotted dolphins. Maximum monthly abundances of bottlenose and spotted dolphins were 4,100 (95% CI: 1,300–9,400) in May 2010 and 6,000 (95% CI: 2,500–17,400) in March 2009, respectively. Bottlenose dolphins were found throughout the study area, although they were encountered most frequently just off the shelf break. In contrast, spotted dolphins exhibited a strong preference for waters over the continental shelf and were not encountered beyond the shelf break.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2014
2015-11-11T17:10:03Z
2015-11-11T17:10:03Z
Journal article
Read , A J , Barco , S , Bell , J , Borchers , D L , Burt , M L , Cummings , E W , Dunn , J , Fougeres , J , Hazen , L , Williams-Hodge , L E , Laura , A-M , McAlarney , R J , Nilsson , P , Pabst , D A , Paxton , C G M , Schneider , S Z , Urian , K , Waples , D M & McLellan , W A 2014 , ' Occurrence, distribution and abundance of cetaceans in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA ' , Journal of Cetacean Research and Management , vol. 14 , pp. 23-35 .
1561-0713
PURE: 191849725
PURE UUID: 91a71ad1-b549-4b58-8213-6217c9143031
Scopus: 84942418496
ORCID: /0000-0002-9350-3197/work/34033063
ORCID: /0000-0002-3944-0754/work/72842433
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7772
https://archive.iwc.int/pages/preview.php?ref=3608&alternative=2475&k=&search=onslow%2C+bay%2C+year%3A2014&offset=0&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&archive=0&
eng
Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Copyright The Authors 2014. Occurrence, distribution and abundance of cetaceans in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA, Read, A. J., Barco, S., Bell, J., Borchers, D. L., Burt, M. L., Cummings, E. W., Dunn, J., Fougeres, J., Hazen, L., Williams-Hodge, L. E., Laura, A-M., McAlarney, R. J., Nilsson, P., Pabst, D. A., Paxton, C. G. M., Schneider, S. Z., Urian, K., Waples, D. M. & McLellan, W. A. 2014 In : Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 14, p. 23-35. Deposited in accordance with the journal not-for-profit open access policy.
13
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/166362023-04-18T23:47:32Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_2323com_10023_39com_10023_301com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_2324col_10023_303col_10023_795col_10023_880
BayesPiles : visualisation support for Bayesian network structure learning
Vogogias, Athanasios
Kennedy, Jessie
Archambault, Daniel
Bach, Benjamin
Smith, V Anne
Currant, Hannah
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences
University of St Andrews. Centre for Biological Diversity
Visualisation
Graphs
Bioinformatics
QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
QA76 Computer software
QH301 Biology
NDAS
QA75
QA76
QH301
We address the problem of exploring, combining, and comparing large collections of scored, directed networks for understanding inferred Bayesian networks used in biology. In this field, heuristic algorithms explore the space of possible network solutions, sampling this space based on algorithm parameters and a network score that encodes the statistical fit to the data. The goal of the analyst is to guide the heuristic search and decide how to determine a final consensus network structure, usually by selecting the top-scoring network or constructing the consensus network from a collection of high-scoring networks. BayesPiles, our visualisation tool, helps with understanding the structure of the solution space and supporting the construction of a final consensus network that is representative of the underlying dataset. BayesPiles builds upon and extends MultiPiles to meet our domain requirements. We developed BayesPiles in conjunction with computational biologists who have used this tool on datasets used in their research. The biologists found our solution provides them with new insights and helps them achieve results that are representative of the underlying data.
Postprint
Peer reviewed
2018-11
2018-12-06T16:30:08Z
2018-12-06T16:30:08Z
2018-11-28
Journal article
Vogogias , A , Kennedy , J , Archambault , D , Bach , B , Smith , V A & Currant , H 2018 , ' BayesPiles : visualisation support for Bayesian network structure learning ' , ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology , vol. 10 , no. 1 , 5 . https://doi.org/10.1145/3230623
2157-6904
PURE: 252830854
PURE UUID: e1b4c0c9-92ce-409a-9494-3bf1f97f11a6
Scopus: 85057586933
ORCID: /0000-0002-0487-2469/work/51470191
WOS: 000458017400005
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16636
https://doi.org/10.1145/3230623
eng
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology
© 2018, Association for Computing Machinery. This work has been made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. This is the author created, accepted version manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1145/3230623
23
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/41432023-04-18T09:45:23Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_795col_10023_880
Female rose bitterling prefer MHC-dissimilar males : experimental evidence
Reichard, Martin
Spence, Rowena Grace Alison
Bryjova, Anna
Bryja, Pepa
Smith, Carl
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Fish Behaviour and Biodiversity Research Group
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
Female mate choice
Sexual selection
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) alleles
Q Science
Q
The role of genetic benefits in female mate choice remains a controversial aspect of sexual selection theory. In contrast to “good allele” models of sexual selection, “compatible allele” models of mate choice predict that females prefer mates with alleles complementary to their own rather than conferring additive effects. While correlative results suggest complementary genetic effects to be plausible, direct experimental evidence is scarce. A previous study on the Chinese rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus) demonstrated a positive correlation between female mate choice, offspring growth and survival, and the functional dissimilarity between the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) alleles of males and females. Here we directly tested whether females used cues associated with MHC genes to select genetically compatible males in an experimental framework. By sequentially pairing females with MHC similar and dissimilar males, based on a priori known MHC profiles, we showed that females discriminated between similar and dissimilar males and deposited significantly more eggs with MHC dissimilar males. Notably, the degree of dissimilarity was an important factor for female decision to mate, possibly indicating a potential threshold value of dissimilarity for decision making, or of an indirect effect of the MHC.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2012-07-18
2013-11-04T11:31:01Z
2013-11-04T11:31:01Z
Journal article
Reichard , M , Spence , R G A , Bryjova , A , Bryja , P & Smith , C 2012 , ' Female rose bitterling prefer MHC-dissimilar males : experimental evidence ' , PLoS One , vol. 7 , no. 7 , e40780 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040780
1932-6203
PURE: 21240026
PURE UUID: 1d723748-b33e-4eda-8e8f-0d1c2175fb52
Scopus: 84864012521
ORCID: /0000-0003-3285-0379/work/47136202
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4143
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040780
eng
PLoS One
© 2012 Reichard et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
application/pdf
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/122662022-07-31T11:30:24Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_181com_10023_39com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_880
Sex-related differences in the postmolt distribution of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in the southern Weddell Sea
Langley, Izzy
Fedak, Mike
Nicholls, Keith
Boehme, Lars
NERC
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
Weddell seal
Leptonychotes weddellii
Postmolt distribution
Sex-related differences
CTD-SRDL
State-space model
Resident state
Weddell Sea
GC Oceanography
QH301 Biology
NDAS
BDC
GC
QH301
Funding: NERC grants NE/G014833/1 (MF) and NE/G014086/1 (KWN).
The population of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in the southern Weddell Sea is in a unique position on the continental shelf edge, with vast shelf waters to the south, and deep Southern Ocean to the north. We describe sex-related differences in the winter distribution of this population, from data collected by 20 conductivity-temperature-depth satellite relay data loggers deployed in February 2011 at the end of the annual molt. The regional daily speed was calculated, and a state-space model was used to estimate behavioral states to positions along individuals’ tracks. GLMMs estimated that males and smaller individuals, diving in shallower water, traveled less far per day of deployment (males 14.6 ± 2.26 km/d, females 18.9 ± 2.42 km/d), and males were estimated to dive in shallower water (males 604 ± 382 m, females 1,875 ± 1,458 m). Males and smaller individuals were also estimated to be more resident; males spent an average 83.4% ± 7.7% of their time in a resident behavioral state, compared to females at 74.1% ± 7.1%. This evidence that male and female Weddell seals in the southern Weddell Sea are adopting different strategies has not been shown elsewhere along their circumpolar distribution.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2018-04
2017-12-06T10:30:11Z
2017-12-06T10:30:11Z
Journal article
Langley , I , Fedak , M , Nicholls , K & Boehme , L 2018 , ' Sex-related differences in the postmolt distribution of Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) in the southern Weddell Sea ' , Marine Mammal Science , vol. 34 , no. 2 , pp. 403-419 . https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12461
1748-7692
PURE: 248865290
PURE UUID: 3180ed44-822f-41a1-ad34-3f3a446973e3
Scopus: 85037664828
ORCID: /0000-0002-9569-1128/work/47136252
WOS: 000430918200008
ORCID: /0000-0002-8957-1373/work/116598365
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12266
https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12461
NE/G014833/1
eng
Marine Mammal Science
© 2017 The Authors. Marine Mammal Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Marine Mammalogy. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
17
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/10342024-03-05T00:40:33Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_181com_10023_39com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_880
Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures : resolving the "wicked" problem of the Steller sea lion
Boyd, Ian Lamont
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
Wicked
Extinction
Risk
Viability
Population
Ecology
Alaska
Pacific
Mammal
Marine
Policy
Conservation
Problem
QH301 Biology
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
QH301
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall in to this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered.
Peer reviewed
2010-07
2010-10-19T10:16:17Z
2010-10-19T10:16:18Z
Journal article
486687
88c35ba3-da86-4864-b6c6-d7c5ab7d3e52
77954814411
Boyd , I L 2010 , ' Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures : resolving the "wicked" problem of the Steller sea lion ' , Biological Conservation , vol. 143 , no. 7 , pp. 1664-1674 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.006
0006-3207
standrews_research_output: 32820
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/1034
10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.006
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77954814411&partnerID=8YFLogxK
eng
Biological Conservation
11
915810
application/pdf
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/33972023-04-18T09:44:51Zcom_10023_92com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_96col_10023_795col_10023_880
Instability in internal solitary waves with trapped cores
Carr, Magda
King, Stuart Edward
Dritschel, David Gerard
EPSRC
University of St Andrews. Applied Mathematics
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
Flow instability
Solitons
Stratified flow
Vortices
QA Mathematics
QA
A numerical method that employs a combination of contour advection and pseudo-spectral techniques is used to investigate instability in internal solitary waves with trapped cores. A three-layer configuration for the background stratification in which the top two layers are linearly stratified and the lower layer is homogeneous is considered throughout. The strength of the stratification in the very top layer is chosen to be sufficient so that waves of depression with trapped cores can be generated. The flow is assumed to satisfy the Dubriel-Jacotin-Long equation both inside and outside of the core region. The Brunt-Vaisala frequency is modelled such that it varies from a constant value outside of the core to zero inside the core over a sharp but continuous transition length. This results in a stagnant core in which the vorticity is zero and the density is homogeneous and approximately equal to that at the core boundary. The time dependent simulations show that instability occurs on the boundary of the core. The instability takes the form of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows. If the instability in the vorticity field is energetic enough, disturbance in the buoyancy field is also seen and fluid exchange takes place across the core boundary. Occurrence of the Kelvin-Helmholtz billows is attributed to the sharp change in the vorticity field at the boundary between the core and the pycnocline. The numerical scheme is not limited by small Richardson number unlike the other alternatives currently available in the literature which appear to be.
Postprint
Peer reviewed
2012-01
2013-03-15T14:31:06Z
2013-03-15T14:31:06Z
Journal article
Carr , M , King , S E & Dritschel , D G 2012 , ' Instability in internal solitary waves with trapped cores ' , Physics of Fluids , vol. 24 , no. 1 , 016601 . https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3673612
1070-6631
PURE: 17779963
PURE UUID: 577c5194-26c2-449e-ae1a-639c38c4e28a
Scopus: 84856437578
ORCID: /0000-0001-6489-3395/work/64697826
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3397
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3673612
EP/F030622/1
eng
Physics of Fluids
This is the author's version of this article. The published version © 2012 American Institute of Physics is available at http://link.aip.org/link/doi/10.1063/1.3673612
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40732023-04-18T09:46:34Zcom_10023_165com_10023_39com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_166col_10023_859col_10023_795col_10023_880
Maximum likelihood estimation of mark-recapture-recovery models in the presence of continuous covariates
Langrock, Roland
King, Ruth
University of St Andrews. School of Mathematics and Statistics
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling
Arnason-Schwarz model
Hidden Markov model
Markov chain
Missing values
Soay sheep
State-space model
QA Mathematics
QA
Supplementary material: R code for model fitting. Sample R code for simulating MRR data and fitting the corresponding model using the HMM-based approach (with MRR model as described in Section 3). Digital Object Identifier: doi:10.1214/13-AOAS644SUPP
We consider mark-recapture-recovery (MRR) data of animals where the model parameters are a function of individual time-varying continuous covariates. For such covariates, the covariate value is unobserved if the corresponding individual is unobserved, in which case the survival probability cannot be evaluated. For continuous-valued covariates, the corresponding likelihood can only be expressed in the form of an integral that is analytically intractable, and, to date, no maximum likelihood approach that uses all the information in the data has been developed. Assuming a first-order Markov process for the covariate values, we accomplish this task by formulating the MRR setting in a state-space framework and considering an approximate likelihood approach which essentially discretizes the range of covariate values, reducing the integral to a summation. The likelihood can then be efficiently calculated and maximized using standard techniques for hidden Markov models. We initially assess the approach using simulated data before applying to real data relating to Soay sheep, specifying the survival probability as a function of body mass. Models that have previously been suggested for the corresponding covariate process are typically of the form of di.usive random walks. We consider an alternative non-di.usive AR(1)-type model which appears to provide a significantly better fit to the Soay sheep data.
Postprint
Peer reviewed
2013
2013-10-04T13:31:01Z
2013-10-04T13:31:01Z
Journal article
Langrock , R & King , R 2013 , ' Maximum likelihood estimation of mark-recapture-recovery models in the presence of continuous covariates ' , Annals of Applied Statistics , vol. 7 , no. 3 , pp. 1709-1732 . https://doi.org/10.1214/13-AOAS644
1932-6157
PURE: 28450207
PURE UUID: c92351bb-8671-4934-90fb-e19cffb4d445
Scopus: 84885046625
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4073
https://doi.org/10.1214/13-AOAS644
http://www.e-publications.org/ims/submission/index.php/AOAS/user/submissionFile/14235?confirm=c4a65131
http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aoas/1380804813
eng
Annals of Applied Statistics
Copyright (c) 2013 Institute of Mathematical Statistics
24
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/52362023-04-18T09:50:15Zcom_10023_92com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_96col_10023_795col_10023_880
Vortical control of forced two-dimensional turbulence
Fontane, Jerome Jacob Louis
Dritschel, David Gerard
Scott, Richard Kirkness
European Commission
University of St Andrews. Applied Mathematics
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
Two-dimensional turbulence
QC Physics
QC
Jérôme Fontane is supported by the European Community in the framework of the CONVECT project under Grant No. PIEF-GA-2008-221003.
A new numerical technique for the simulation of forced two-dimensional turbulence[D. Dritschel and J. Fontane, “The combined Lagrangian advection method,” J. Comput. Phys.229, 5408–5417 (Year: 2010)10.1016/j.jcp.2010.03.048] is used to examine the validity of Kraichnan-Batchelor scaling laws at higher Reynolds number than previously accessible with classical pseudo-spectral methods, making use of large simulation ensembles to allow a detailed consideration of the inverse cascade in a quasi-steady state. Our results support the recent finding of Scott [R. Scott, “Nonrobustness of the two-dimensional turbulent inverse cascade,” Phys. Rev. E75, 046301 (Year: 2007)10.1103/PhysRevE.75.046301], namely that when a direct enstrophy cascading range is well-represented numerically, a steeper energy spectrum proportional to k−2 is obtained in place of the classical k −5/3 prediction. It is further shown that this steep spectrum is associated with a faster growth of energy at large scales, scaling like t −1 rather than Kraichnan's prediction of t −3/2. The deviation from Kraichnan's theory is related to the emergence of a population of vortices that dominate the distribution of energy across scales, and whose number density and vorticity distribution with respect to vortex area are related to the shape of the enstrophy spectrum. An analytical model is proposed which closely matches the numerical spectra between the large scales and the forcing scale.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2013-01-14
2014-08-25T23:01:33Z
2014-08-25T23:01:33Z
Journal article
Fontane , J J L , Dritschel , D G & Scott , R K 2013 , ' Vortical control of forced two-dimensional turbulence ' , Physics of Fluids , vol. 25 , no. 1 , 015101 . https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4774336
1070-6631
PURE: 93444500
PURE UUID: ccb8d4a8-0c81-4599-8969-3d1294da867a
Scopus: 84873438755
ORCID: /0000-0001-5624-5128/work/55378711
ORCID: /0000-0001-6489-3395/work/64697779
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5236
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4774336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4774336
PIEF-GA-2008-221003
eng
Physics of Fluids
© 2013 American Institute of Physics
12
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/42282023-04-18T09:46:31Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_181com_10023_39com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_880
Investigating annual diving behaviour by Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) within the Northwest Atlantic Ocean
Andersen, Julie Marie
Skern-Mauritzen, Mette
Boehme, Lars
Wiersma, Yolanda F.
Rosvig-Asvid, Aqqalu
Hammill, Mike
Stenson, Garry
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
Hooded seals
Feeding migrations
Habitat use
Diving behaviour
Satellite Relay Data Loggers (SRDLs)
General Additive Models (GAMs)
First Passage Time (FPT)
This work was funded through the Atlantic Seal Research Programme, International Governance Programme (DFO), the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, and a CFI grant to YFW. The authors also acknowledge the support of the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS) pooling initiative in the completion of this study. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
With the exception of relatively brief periods when they reproduce and moult, hooded seals, Cystophora cristata, spend most of the year in the open ocean where they undergo feeding migrations to either recover or prepare for the next fasting period. Valuable insights into habitat use and diving behaviour during these periods have been obtained by attaching Satellite Relay Data Loggers (SRDLs) to 51 Northwest (NW) Atlantic hooded seals (33 females and 18 males) during ice-bound fasting periods (2004−2008). Using General Additive Models (GAMs) we describe habitat use in terms of First Passage Time (FPT) and analyse how bathymetry, seasonality and FPT influence the hooded seals’ diving behaviour described by maximum dive depth, dive duration and surface duration. Adult NW Atlantic hooded seals exhibit a change in diving activity in areas where they spend >20 h by increasing maximum dive depth, dive duration and surface duration, indicating a restricted search behaviour. We found that male and female hooded seals are spatially segregated and that diving behaviour varies between sexes in relation to habitat properties and seasonality. Migration periods are described by increased dive duration for both sexes with a peak in May, October and January. Males demonstrated an increase in dive depth and dive duration towards May (post-breeding/pre-moult) and August–October (post-moult/pre-breeding) but did not show any pronounced increase in surface duration. Females dived deepest and had the highest surface duration between December and January (post-moult/pre-breeding). Our results suggest that the smaller females may have a greater need to recover from dives than that of the larger males. Horizontal segregation could have evolved as a result of a resource partitioning strategy to avoid sexual competition or that the energy requirements of males and females are different due to different energy expenditure during fasting periods.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2013-11-25
2013-11-29T17:01:03Z
2013-11-29T17:01:03Z
Journal article
Andersen , J M , Skern-Mauritzen , M , Boehme , L , Wiersma , Y F , Rosvig-Asvid , A , Hammill , M & Stenson , G 2013 , ' Investigating annual diving behaviour by Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) within the Northwest Atlantic Ocean ' , PLoS One , vol. 8 , no. 11 , e80438 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080438
1932-6203
PURE: 28385286
PURE UUID: 6c85dcb2-cd44-445e-a8ac-54d08a6a2db1
Scopus: 84894225498
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4228
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080438
eng
PLoS One
© 2013 Andersen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/75812023-04-25T23:41:46Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_181com_10023_792com_10023_309com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_303col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_311col_10023_880
Images as proximity sensors : the incidence of conspecific foraging in Antarctic fur seals
Hooker, Sascha Kate
Barychka, Tatsiana
Jessopp, Mark J
Staniland, Iain J
The Royal Society
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences
University of St Andrews. St Andrews Sustainability Institute
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
Pinniped
Animal-attached camera
Sociality
Foraging
Groups
Arctocephalus gazella
QH301 Biology
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
QH301
Background: Although there have been recent advances in the development of animal-attached ‘proximity’ tags to remotely record the interactions of multiple individuals, the efficacy of these devices depends on the instrumentation of sufficient animals that subsequently have spatial interactions. Among densely colonial mammals such as fur seals, this remains logistically difficult, and interactions between animals during foraging have not previously been recorded. Results: We collected data on conspecific interactions during diving at sea using still image and video cameras deployed on 23 Antarctic fur seals. Animals carried cameras for a total of 152 days, collecting 38,098 images and 369 movies (total time 7.35 h). Other fur seals were detected in 74% of deployments, with a maximum of five seals seen at one time (n = 122 images, 28 videos). No predators other than conspecifics were observed. Detection was primarily limited by light conditions, since conspecifics were usually further from each other than the 1-m range illuminated by camera flash under low light levels. Other seals were recorded at a range of depths (average 27 ± 14.3 m, max 66 m). In terms of bouts of dives, still images of other seals were recorded in 5 single dives (of 330) and 28 bouts of dives <2 min apart (of 187). Linear mixed models suggested a relationship between conspecific observations per dive and the number of krill images recorded per dive. Using light conditions as a proxy for detectability, other seals were more likely to be observed at the bottom of dives than during descent or ascent. Seals were also more likely to be closer to each other and oriented perpendicular to each other at the bottom of dives, and in the same direction as each other during ascent. Conclusions: These results are contrary to animal-attached camera observations of penguin foraging, suggesting differing group-foraging tactics for these marine predators. Group foraging could have consequences for models linking predator behaviour to prey field densities since this relationship may be affected by the presence of multiple predators at the same patch.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2015-09-29
2015-10-01T23:12:40Z
2015-10-01T23:12:40Z
Journal article
Hooker , S K , Barychka , T , Jessopp , M J & Staniland , I J 2015 , ' Images as proximity sensors : the incidence of conspecific foraging in Antarctic fur seals ' , Animal Biotelemetry , vol. 3 , 37 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-015-0083-2
2050-3385
PURE: 193890101
PURE UUID: 5e5e860f-a9b1-42aa-af33-c701de5b7611
Scopus: 85018192858
ORCID: /0000-0002-7518-3548/work/47136149
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7581
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-015-0083-2
eng
Animal Biotelemetry
© 2015 Hooker et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
11
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39972023-04-18T09:48:53Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_795col_10023_880
Time is of the essence for ParaHox homeobox gene clustering.
Garstang, Myles Grant
Ferrier, David Ellard Keith
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
ParaHox genes
Hox gene
Colinearity
ParaHox clustering
Q Science
Q
ParaHox genes, and their evolutionary sisters the Hox genes, are integral to patterning the anterior-posterior axis of most animals. Like the Hox genes, ParaHox genes can be clustered and exhibit the phenomenon of colinearity - gene order within the cluster matching gene activation. Two new instances of ParaHox clustering provide the first examples of intact clusters outside chordates, with gene expression lending weight to the argument that temporal colinearity is the key to understanding clustering.
Publisher PDF
Non peer reviewed
2013-06
2013-08-27T08:31:03Z
2013-08-27T08:31:03Z
Journal item
Garstang , M G & Ferrier , D E K 2013 , ' Time is of the essence for ParaHox homeobox gene clustering. ' , BMC Biology , vol. 11 , no. 72 , 72 . https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-11-72
1741-7007
PURE: 66898552
PURE UUID: ab0860b6-6770-4c86-840a-5256ee805729
Scopus: 84879576564
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3997
https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-11-72
eng
BMC Biology
© 2013 Garstang and Ferrier; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/32502023-04-18T09:43:12Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_795col_10023_880
Tunicates push the limits of animal evo-devo
Ferrier, David Ellard Keith
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
QH301 Biology
QH301
The phylum to which humans belong, Chordata, takes its name from one of the major shared derived features of the group, the notochord. All chordates have a notochord, at least during embryogenesis, and there is little doubt about notochord homology at the morphological level. A study in BMC Evolutionary Biology now shows that there is greater variability in the molecular genetics underlying notochord development than previously appreciated.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2011-01-20
2012-11-16T15:31:01Z
2012-11-16T15:31:01Z
Journal item
Ferrier , D E K 2011 , ' Tunicates push the limits of animal evo-devo ' , BMC Biology , vol. 9 , 3 . https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-9-3
1741-7007
PURE: 5347147
PURE UUID: fc4414a0-09fd-4a1b-a4cb-9eccda5fae6f
Scopus: 78751573940
ORCID: /0000-0003-3247-6233/work/36423831
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3250
https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-9-3
eng
BMC Biology
© 2011 Ferrier; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/43312023-04-18T09:40:38Zcom_10023_92com_10023_28com_10023_792com_10023_39com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_96col_10023_795col_10023_880
Boundary layer flow beneath an internal solitary wave of elevation
Carr, Magda
Davies, P A
University of St Andrews. Applied Mathematics
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
Rotating flows
Flow instabilities
Internal waves
Ocean waves
Reynolds stress modeling
The wave-induced flow over a fixed bottom boundary beneath an internal solitary wave of elevation propagating in an unsheared, two-layer, stably stratified fluid is investigated experimentally. Measurements of the velocity field close to the bottom boundary are presented to illustrate that in the lower layer the fluid velocity near the bottom reverses direction as the wave decelerates while higher in the water column the fluid velocity is in the same direction as the wave propagation. The observation is similar in nature to that for wave-induced flow beneath a surface solitary wave. Contrary to theoretical predictions for internal solitary waves, no evidence for either boundary layer separation or vortex formation is found beneath the front half of the wave in the adverse pressure gradient region of the flow.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2010-02
2014-01-09T12:31:01Z
2014-01-09T12:31:01Z
Journal article
Carr , M & Davies , P A 2010 , ' Boundary layer flow beneath an internal solitary wave of elevation ' , Physics of Fluids , vol. 22 , no. 2 , 026601 . https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3327289
1070-6631
PURE: 471128
PURE UUID: ac2c693b-5133-400d-9e07-8041f27c263c
standrews_research_output: 32388
Scopus: 77949327354
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4331
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3327289
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77949327354&partnerID=8YFLogxK
eng
Physics of Fluids
Copyright 2010, American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Physics of Fluids, Vol 22, Issue 2, and may be found at: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pof2/22/2/10.1063/1.3327289
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/77352023-04-25T23:42:21Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_165com_10023_39com_10023_181com_10023_792com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_46col_10023_166col_10023_182col_10023_795col_10023_880
Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios
Russell, Deborah Jill Fraser
Wanless, Sarah
Collingham, Yvonne C.
Huntley, Brian
Hamer, Keith C.
NERC
University of St Andrews. School of Biology
University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute
University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling
University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit
Climate envelope modelling
Climate response surface
Conservation
Ecological niche modelling
Extinction risk
Foraging ecology
Global warming
Marine spatial planning
Sea surface temperature
Species distribution model
QH301 Biology
SDG 13 - Climate Action
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
QH301
We thank the European Bird Census Council for their data on European seabird distributions. DJFR was supported by NERC UKPopNet.
Understanding which traits make species vulnerable to climatic change and predicting future distributions permits conservation efforts to be focused on the most vulnerable species and the most appropriate sites. Here, we combine climate envelope models with predicted bioclimatic data from two emission scenarios leading up to 2100, to predict European breeding distributions of 23 seabird species that currently breed in the British Isles. Assuming unlimited dispersal, some species would be “winners” (increase the size of their range), but over 65% would lose range, some by up to 80%. These “losers” have a high vulnerability to low prey availability, and a northerly distribution meaning they would lack space to move into. Under the worst-case scenario of no dispersal, species are predicted to lose between 25% and 100% of their range, so dispersal ability is a key constraint on future range sizes. More globally, the results indicate, based on foraging ecology, which seabird species are likely to be most affected by climatic change. Neither of the emissions scenarios used in this study is extreme, yet they generate very different predictions for some species, illustrating that even small decreases in emissions could yield large benefits for conservation.
Publisher PDF
Peer reviewed
2015-11-02
2015-11-03T15:40:06Z
2015-11-03T15:40:06Z
Journal article
Russell , D J F , Wanless , S , Collingham , Y C , Huntley , B & Hamer , K C 2015 , ' Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios ' , Diversity , vol. 7 , no. 4 , pp. 342-359 . https://doi.org/10.3390/d7040342
1424-2818
PURE: 209437567
PURE UUID: 6e2a05dd-523b-436f-b3f5-5929b6d0363d
Scopus: 84952908445
ORCID: /0000-0002-1969-102X/work/49052054
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7735
https://doi.org/10.3390/d7040342
Agreement R8-H12-86
eng
Diversity
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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