2024-03-28T23:00:21Zhttps://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/oai/requestoai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/26292019-03-29T16:05:20Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Al-Humaidan, Humaidan Abdullah
author
1974
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2629
The Islamic theory of justice, al-Qada, and the early practice of this institution up to the end of the Umayyad period (132 A.H. / 750 A.D)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/44612019-10-14T08:13:48Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Tompkins, Laura
author
2013
This thesis is a full political biography of Alice Perrers, the mistress of Edward III from the
early 1360s until his death in June 1377 and mother to three of his children. It argues on the
basis of the progression of her career that after the death of Edward’s queen consort Philippa
of Hainault in August 1369 Alice was able to extend the scope of her power and influence to
the point that she became a ‘quasi’ or ‘uncrowned’ queen and, consequently, that her
contribution to the political crisis of the 1370s can only be fully understood in terms of
queenship. More generally, despite the recent increase on work on Alice, this study suggests
that her life deserves a more thorough and nuanced appraisal than it has so far received.
Various aspects of Alice’s life are explored: her birth, family and first marriage; her early
years as Edward III’s mistress; the change in her status after Philippa of Hainault’s death; her
commercial activity as a moneylender and businesswoman; her accumulation of a landed
estate and moveable goods; what happened to her in the Good Parliament; her trial in 1377;
her marriage to William Wyndesore; and her life after Edward III’s death. By examining
Alice’s career in this fashion it is shown that she took a leading role in the court party during
the 1370s. Ultimately, by taking the original approach of applying ideas about queenship to a
royal mistress this thesis demonstrates that Alice was perceived to have ‘inverted’ or
undermined the traditional role that the queen played in complementing and upholding the
sovereignty and kingship of her husband, something that has implications for the wider study
of not only mistresses, but also queens and queenship and even male favourites.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4461
The uncrowned queen : Alice Perrers, Edward III and political crisis in fourteenth-century England, 1360-1377
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/157132019-03-29T16:05:22Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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McCleery, Iona
author
2001-06-22
"One of the aims of this
thesis is to establish the medical background of Giles of Santarem; it does not attempt
a full survey of medicine in medieval Portugal. In order to do this it has been
necessary to bring together a wide variety of primary and secondary sources which
are essential to the reconstruction of Giles' intellectual milieu. In so doing, it is hoped
that this will provide an introduction to the relatively neglected topic of medieval
Portuguese medicine.
Until the 1980s, references to Giles of Santarem were either found in medical studies
Such as those described above, or in works of Dominican history. Since then the
Dominican perspective has been strengthened, but largely as a result of the publication
of editions of sixteenth-century Dominican vitae. First of all in 1981-2, Aires
Nascimento produced an edition of the ‘Vita beati Gilii Sanctarenensis’ of Baltazar de
Sao Joao. This was followed in 1995 by the critical edition of the ‘De conversione
miranda D. Aegidii Lusitani’ of André de Resende by Virginia Soares Pereira. The former editor is a medievalist with a firm interest in social and intellectual history, but
he makes no indepth study of the text; the latter is primarily interested in the early-modern context of the author and makes only a cursory study of the medieval basis of
the vita. These texts are probably
the most important sources for the life of Giles of
Santarem and considerable effort is taken to establish the reliability of such late
sources and examine the complex process of legend-building that they reveal. Other
recent work on Giles of Santarem has largely been carried out by local historians,
particularly of Santarem and Vouzela, Giles' traditional place of birth. The most
significant, and scholarly, of these is the aforementioned exhibition catalogue ‘S. Frei
Gile a sua
Época’. This very recent interest suggests that there has been a realization
that Giles of Santarem had far more importance in medieval Portugal than has hitherto
been accorded him. His life, as will be shown, opens a window onto many vistas:
early Dominican settlement, genealogy, education, medical treatment, dissemination
of texts, the politics of the civil war, hagiography, and historiography... Historians need to realize that the study of
medieval Iberia makes little sense without an appreciation of all the Iberian kingdoms.
Portugal may have been in extremis mundi in the Middle Ages, but it was certainly
very much part of the medieval world and needs to be studied, both for its own
contribution to European history and for the influence the wider world had on the
development of its society and institutions. The following in-depth study of the life
and legend of Giles of Santarem seeks to provide a key to this approach." -- from the Introduction
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15713
The life and legend of Giles of Santarem, Dominican friar and physician (d.1265) : a perspective on medieval Portugal
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/146112019-03-29T16:05:28Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Haliczer, Stephen Herschel
author
1968-05
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14611
The Spanish monarchy, 1475-1492: crisis of policy in the years leading up to the first Columbian expedition
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/69532022-10-11T02:01:09Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Thornborough, Joanna
author
2015-06-25
The subject of this thesis is the relationship between hagiography and cult in the early medieval west taken through the example of the Passiones of St. Kilian of Würzburg († 689) in the period from circa 700 to circa 1000 AD. Through examining a cult which developed east of the Rhine, this thesis will assess these developments taking place in a region without a strong Christian-Roman history. Thuringia produced new saints and cults in this period, yet they all operated within the overarching framework of the well-established religious phenomenon of saints’ cults. In its approach, this thesis builds upon the insights of Ian Wood, James Palmer and others, in which saints’ Lives are viewed as ‘textual arguments’ which could operate beyond cultic contexts. This is combined with the cultural context approaches advocated in geographically specific studies by the likes of Julia Smith, Thomas Head and Raymond Van Dam. By paying particular attention to the impact of updating saints’ Lives this thesis provides an in depth comparison of the relatively overlooked two earliest passiones of St. Kilian and their place in the history of the Würzburg community. It therefore addresses the nature and function of hagiography and its relationship with the institutional memory and identity of that community. The spread of cult through texts and relics is compared with the distribution of the hagiography in order to form a picture of the relationship between these different facets of cult. The question of the way in which these passiones engaged with their wider political and religious contexts is also addressed in order to demonstrate the functions of hagiography outwith an immediate cultic context.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6953
Cult
Hagiography
Würzburg
Carolingian
Ottonian
Kilian
Mission
Jezebels
Saints
Early Middle Ages
Thuringia
Memory and identity
The 'Passiones' of St. Kilian : cult, politics and society in the Carolingian and Ottonian worlds
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/94822019-03-29T16:05:28Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Currie, Tegan N.
author
2015
This thesis explores textual depictions of the burial of leaders in Snorri Sturluson’s
Heimskringla. Central to my argument is the close connection between representations of
burial and the broader qualities of good/bad kingship, and the relationship between kingship,
Christianity, and legitimacy. Snorri himself encourages his readers to concentrate on burial,
since his universal history is introduced by a Prologus dividing the ages of man into distinct
phases marked out by forms of burial which is then reinforced in the early chapters of
Ynglinga saga. My focus is upon the representations of burial in the pagan period – covered
in the first six sagas of the text – because such representations, covering as they do the distant
pagan past, allowed Snorri considerable licence to comment on the qualities of good and bad
rulership. I explore cremation burials and inhumation burials, noting the convergences and
ambiguities within Snorri’s accounts of such practices, and I raise in particular the tensions
between ‘correct’ Christian practices and pagan practices, and how to assess kingly qualities
of certain individuals based on their burial rites. My final chapter continues exploring such
themes by making a case for viewing hall burnings as a sort of ‘negative burial’, rich with
associations of bad kinship and instability. This discussion of the representations of death and
burial practice contributes new means of assessing and reading a particularly rich, but
difficult text.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9482
Representations of death and burial in the first six sagas of Snorri Sturluson's 'Heimskringla'
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/27252019-03-29T16:05:29Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Rasheed, Nasser Saad
author
1971
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2725
Slave girls under the early Abassids : a study of the role of slave-women and courtesans in social and literary life in the first two centuries of the Abasid Caliphate, based on original sources
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/145822019-03-29T16:05:33Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Tougher, Shaun F.
author
1994-07
Leo VI (886-912) is an emperor who has suffered from a hostile and inadequate press. He has been portrayed as a weak and careless emperor, known mainly for his dubious parentage and marital exploits. This thesis questions these popular perceptions of Leo, and attempts to present a more realistic account of the emperor and the politics of his age. The aspects of the reign tackled focus on essential elements of Leo's life and rule, presented in a rough chronological framework, and the themes of personal relationships and political ideologies are recurrent. Chapter One examines Leo's relationship with Basil I and his attitude to his Macedonian heritage. Chapter Two considers the fate of the monumental figure of Photios at the emperor's hands. Chapter Three deals with the position and role of the 'all powerful' Stylianos Zaoutzes during the first half of the reign. Chapter Four ponders the origin and meaning of Leo's 'wise' epithet. Chapter Five focuses on the emperor's four marriages. Chapter Six turns to the course of foreign affairs during the reign, concentrating on Bulgaria and the Arab navy, and considers the emperor's attitude towards these military problems. Chapter Seven examines the emperor's relationship with his senatorial officials, focusing on two distinct groups, eunuchs and the generals who originated from families of the eastern frontier. Finally Chapter Eight addresses the tense relationship that existed between Leo and his brother and co-emperor Alexander. What emerges from a consideration of these aspects of Leo and his reign is that this is an emperor who does not deserve the popular perceptions that still persist about him. He was an emperor who forged a 'new' and distinctive imperial style, a style that should not deceive us; he may have been literate, sedentary and city-based, but he was also forceful, strong-willed and conscientious.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14582
The reign of Leo VI (886-912) : personal relationships and political ideologies
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/152872019-03-29T16:05:39Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Story, Rosemary A.
author
1973
The purpose of this work is to describe the system of administration which existed on the estates of a megnatic of the fifteenth century, using mainly the estate records, the accounts, as source materials. To set the period and the estates themselves in context, the first two chapters have been devoted to a consideration of the life and career of the magnate, Humfrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, and to a description of the estates, their history and their extent. The various types of accounts themselves as working documents are then described. From them it is possible to build up a picture of the estate administration based on the units of the manor or village and the receivership, and the scope and importance of the Receiver-General and the Auditor. The actual work of the memorial officers, the receivers and the auditors is also dealt with insofar as the running of the estates is concerned. Following from the organization of the administration of extensive estates is the secondary consideration of the men who ran the estates, their origins, their connexions with Stafford, their use to Stafford outwith the purely routine affairs of administration and their expectations of advancement within his service. As far as is possible, a study is made of these men and of the men who were supported from the estates by retaining fees, in order to discover their political importance to Stafford, and whether he used them as a means of increasing his own influence and power in national or local politics. These points are covered in the two final chapters and the conclusion.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15287
Administration on the estates of Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, 1402-1460
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/3742019-03-29T16:05:39Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Eckersley, Ben
author
2007
The history of the Iberian Peninsula is intricate and complex. Like most regions of
Western Europe in the Middle Ages, it suffered invasion, occupation, political change and an almost constant re–alignment of social alliances. Yet the thirteenth century saw one of the most massive shifts in the balance of power recorded in western history. In the space of fifty years, Islamic rule within the peninsula was ended for good, with the last vestiges of Muslim territory erased from the southern peninsula by the fifteenth century. Christian ascendancy heralded the arrival of a mixed policy of tolerance, as questions began to be asked about the nature of living together with other cultures and religions and whether this new rule – this new Christian rule – needed to tolerate the existence of others in its midst.
The most dramatic shift in policy occurred in the middle of the thirteenth century, as the campaigns of the two great northern kingdoms of Leon–Castile and Aragon–Catalonia moved southwards. The most dramatic outcome – due to the size of the Muslim population – was the relatively swift conquest of, in the case of Ferdinand III, the main towns of Andalucia and, in the case of James I, king of Aragon, the region of Valencia by 1245. Yet it is important when examining the campaigns of these great warrior kings not
to be overwhelmed by the idea of the religious ethos for the conquest. Some historians have chosen to interpret the thirteenth–century conquests as the Christian reaction for the centuries of subjugation under Muslim rule. The reasoning behind the conquests was far more complex than that of a mere idealistic crusade. In the case of thirteenth–century Christian expansion, desire for territory, sovereignty, inheritance, taxation and inter-territorial rivalry had just as much of a part to play as a desire to overcome the Muslim ‘infidel.’ It is the conquest of Valencia which will form the major focal point of this paper, examining the historical precedent for conquest, the nature of Muslim rule, the ulterior motives of the Christians, the
position of Muslims and Jews in existing Christian society (as well as under the
conquerors) and the role of James I in both consolidating and changing that culture.
The programme of this thesis is divided into two main parts. In the first part, the paper will explore the impact of historical events up to the birth of James; how these events both shaped him as a king and as a warrior; and how domestic concerns may have provided a greater incentive than religious missionaries spreading Crusading fever amongst Western kingdoms. It will review the impact of those close to the king; on the nature of his conquest; on his ideology; and how his attitude towards his conquered subjects was shaped. External political and geographical pressures impacted both upon the king’s campaigning and, ultimately, how complete the conquest was.
In the second part, the thesis will focus on the communities themselves and the changes that occurred as the conquests progressed further and further southwards. It will
contrast the circumstances and fortunes of those conquered with the lives of minority
cultures who were already subjects in the Christian realms. It will examine the idea of
hierarchy within minority culture and the social mores that had an even more direct
impact upon community life than the military campaigning. Most important of all, it will
question the idea of convivencia and the concept of tolerance and ‘living together.’
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/374
Minority
Valencia
Aragon
James I
Llibre del Fets
Thirteenth century
Cultural change
Spain
Reconquest
al-Azraq
Surrender treaties
Convivencia
Muslims
Jews
Christians
Historiography
The myth of minority : cultural change in Valencia in the thirteenth century at the time of the conquests of James I of Aragon
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/164102021-09-09T02:01:36Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Zornetta, Giulia
author
2019-06-27
This thesis focuses on Lombard Southern Italy during the early middle ages and it analyses the history of
political and social conflicts between the eighth and ninth century, taking into account the transformation
of Lombard political power and social practices in this area. Starting from the eight-century judicial
sources, this work explores political and social competition in the Beneventan region by taking into
account its geographical position at the center of the Mediterranean see. Southern Italy was considered
as a periphery, and sometimes as a frontier, by both the Carolingian and Byzantine empires, and endured
almost a century of Muslims’ attempts to conquer the peninsula.
The first chapter focuses on the ducal period and investigates the formation and consolidation of the duke of Benevento’s political authority before 774. During the seventh and eight centuries, the
dukes developed a military and political autonomy in Southern Italy. This was due to the geographical
position of the Duchy of Benevento in the Lombard Kingdom: it was far from Pavia, the king’s capital
city, and it was relatively isolated from other Lombard territories. Since a dynasty was established here as
early as the seventh century, these dukes developed a strong and precocious political consciousness. As
a result, they were particularly concerned with the formal representation of their authority, which is early
attested in both coinage and diplomas. In this chapter, the analysis of the eight-century judicial records
opens two important perspectives on the duke of Benevento’s practices of power. Firstly, judicial
assemblies were one of the most important occasions for the duke to demonstrate and exercise his
authority in a public context. In contrast to all other Lombard dukes, who rendered judgement together
with a group of officers, the duke of Benevento acted alone before the competing parties. By behaving
exactly as the Lombard king would in Pavia, the duke was able to utilise the judicial domain as a sort of
theatre in which to practice, legitimise and represent his own public authority in front of the local
aristocracy. Secondly, the analysis of seven judicial case-studies suggests that the duke was not simply the
sole political authority in Benevento but also the leading social agent in the whole Lombard southern
Italy. Almost all the disputes transmitted by the twelfth-century cartularies implied a ducal action,
donation or decision in the past, which became the main cause for later conflicts between the members
of the lay élite and the monastic foundations of the region. Consequently, the analysis of judicial conflicts
reveals more about the duke of Benevento’s strategies and practices of power than about the lay and
ecclesiastical élites’ competition for power.
Since there are no judicial records between 774 and the last decade of the ninth century, both conflicts
and representations of authority in Lombard Southern Italy are analysed through other kinds of sources
for this period. Chronicles, hagiographies, diplomas, and material sources are rich in clues about political
and social competition in Benevento. By contrast, the late-ninth-century judicial records transmitted by
cartularies and archives are quite different from the eighth-century documents: they have a bare and
simple structure, which often hides the peculiarities of the single dispute by telling only the essentials of
each conflict and a concise final judgement. In contrast to the sources of the ducal period, the ninth- and
tenth-century judicial records often convey a flattened image of Lombard society. Their basic structure
certainly prevents a focus on the representation of authority and the practices of power in southern Italy.
On the contrary, these fields of inquiry are crucial to research both competition within the Beneventan
aristocracy during the ninth century, and the relationship between Lombards and Carolingian after 774.
After the fall of the Lombard Kingdom in 774, Charlemagne did not complete the military conquest of
the Italian peninsula: the Duchy of Benevento was left under the control of Arechis (758-787), who
proclaimed himself princeps gentis Langobardorum and continued to rule mostly independently. The
confrontation and competition with the Frankish empire are key to understanding both the strengthening
of Lombard identity in southern Italy and the formation of a princely political authority. The second
account the historiography on the Regnum Italiae, the third section of this chapter focuses precisely on
the ambitions of Louis II in Southern Italy and it analyses the implication that the projection of his
rulership over this area had in shaping his imperial authority. Despite Louis II’s efforts to control the
Lombard principalities, his military and political experience soon revealed its limits. After the conquest
of Bari in 871, Prince Adelchi imprisoned the emperor in his palace until he obtained a promise: Louis
II swore not to return to Benevento anymore. Although the pope soon liberated the emperor from this
oath, he never regained a political role in Southern Italy. Nevertheless, his prolonged presence in the
region during the ninth century radically changed the political equilibrium of both the Lombard
principalities and the Tyrrhenian duchies (i.e. Napoli, Gaeta, Amalfi). The fourth section focuses firstly
on the competition between Louis II and Adelchi of Benevento, who obstinately defined his public
authority in a direct competition with the Carolingian emperor. At the same time, the competition within
the local aristocracy in Benevento radically changed into a small-scale struggle between the members of
Adelchi’s kingroup, the Radelchids. At the same time, some local officers expanded their power and acted
more and more autonomously in their district, such as in Capua. When Louis II left Benevento in 871,
both the Tyrrhenian duchies and the Lombard principalities in Southern Italy were profoundly affected
by a sudden change in their mutual relations and even in their inner stability. The competition for power
and authority in Salerno and Capua-Benevento also changed and two different political systems were
gradually established in these principalities. Despite the radical transformation of internal competition
and the Byzantine conquest of a large part of Puglia and Basilicata at the end of the ninth century, the
Lombard principalities remained independent until the eleventh century, when Southern Italy was finally
seized by Norman invaders. // --- // RIASSUNTO:
La presente tesi si occupa dell’Italia meridionale longobarda durante l’alto medioevo e analizza la
storia dei conflitti politici e sociali tra l’VIII e il IX secolo tenendo in considerazione le trasformazioni
del potere politico longobardo e delle pratiche sociali in quest’area. Partendo dalle fonti giudiziarie di
secolo VIII, questa tesi esplora dunque la competizione politica e sociale nella regione beneventana senza
prescindere dalla sua posizione al centro del Mediterraneo. L’Italia meridionale fu considerata una
periferia, talvolta una vera e propria frontiera, sia dall’impero carolingio sia da quello bizantino, e resistette
per oltre un secolo ai tentativi musulmani di conquistare la penisola.
Il primo capitolo si occupa del periodo ducale e indaga la formazione e il consolidamento
dell’autorità politica del duca di Benevento prima del 774. Durante i secoli VII e VIII, i duchi
svilupparono un’ampia autonomia militare e politica in Italia meridionale. Ciò era legato alla posizione
geografica di Benevento nel quadro del regno longobardo: il ducato era lontano da Pavia, la capitale del
re, ed era relativamente isolato dagli altri territori longobardi. I duchi di Benevento svilupparono una
forte e precoce coscienza politica, forse anche in conseguenza dello stabilirsi di una dinastia al potere già
a partire dal VII secolo. Essi erano conseguentemente particolarmente interessati nella rappresentazione
formale della loro autorità pubblica, che è attestata precocemente sia nella monetazione sia nei diplomi.
L’analisi dei documenti giudiziari di secolo VIII apre due importanti prospettive di ricerca sulle pratiche
del potere nel ducato beneventano. In primo luogo, le assemblee giudiziarie erano per il duca una delle
occasioni più importanti per dimostrare e esercitare la sua autorità in un contesto pubblico.
Contrariamente agli altri duchi longobardi, che vagliavano le ragioni della disputa ed emettevano un
giudizio insieme a un gruppo di ufficiali, quello beneventano agiva da solo di fronte alle parti.
Comportandosi allo stesso modo dei sovrani longobardi a Pavia, il duca utilizzava l’ambito giudiziario
come una sorta di teatro in cui praticare, legittimare e rappresentare la sua autorità pubblica di fronte
all’aristocrazia locale. In secondo luogo, l’analisi di sette casi giudiziari permette di ipotizzare che il duca
non fosse solo l’unica autorità politica a Benevento, ma anche il principale agente sociale in tutto il
Mezzogiorno longobardo. Tutte le dispute riguardanti il secolo VIII e trasmesse dai cartulari del secolo
XII implicano infatti un’azione del duca, una donazione o una decisione nel passato che in seguito diventa
causa di conflitto tra i membri dell’élite laica e le fondazioni monastiche della regione. Conseguentemente,
l’analisi dei conflitti giudiziari è capace di rivelare molto di più sulle strategie e le pratiche del potere dei
duchi di Benevento che sulla competizione per il potere nelle élite laiche ed ecclesiastiche della capitale e
del territorio.
Poiché non vi sono documenti giudiziari riguardanti il periodo che va dal 774 alla fine del secolo
IX, sia la conflittualità sia la rappresentazione dell’autorità pubblica nell’Italia meridionale longobarda
sono analizzate per il periodo successivo attraverso altre tipologie di fonti. La cronachistica, i testi
agiografici, i diplomi principeschi e le fonti materiali sono infatti ricchissimi di elementi sulla
competizione politica e sociale a Benevento. I documenti giudiziari del tardo secolo IX trasmessi dai
cartulari e dagli archivi meridionali sono però molto differenti dai documenti di secolo VIII. Essi
presentano una struttura semplice e formalizzata, che spesso nasconde le peculiarità della singola disputa
esprimendo solo l’essenziale di ciascun conflitto insieme ad un coinciso giudizio finale. Contrariamente
alle fonti del periodo ducale, i giudicati dei secoli IX e X offrono spesso solamente un’immagine appiattita
della società longobarda. La loro struttura e il loro contenuto formalizzato impediscono pertanto di
portare avanti un’indagine della rappresentazione dell’autorità e delle pratiche di potere longobardo in
Italia meridionale. Questi temi rimangono invece centrali per una ricerca sulla competizione all’interno
dell’aristocrazia beneventana durante la metà del IX secolo e sulla relazione tra Longobardi e Carolingi
dopo il 774.
8
Dopo la caduta di re Desiderio nel 774, Carlo Magno non completò la conquista militare della
penisola italiana: il ducato di Benevento fu lasciato al controllo di Arechi (758-787), che nello stesso anno
si proclamò princeps gentis Langobardorum e continuò a regnare in Italia meridionale pressoché
indipendentemente. Il confronto e la competizione con l’impero franco sono una delle chiavi per
comprendere sia il rafforzamento dell’identità longobarda in Italia meridionale sia la formazione
dell’autorità politica principesca. Il secondo capitolo si concentra precisamente sulla transizione dal
ducato al principato di Benevento e sul conflitto con i Carolingi tra il secolo VIII e IX. Da un lato Carlo
Magno utilizzò il titolo di rex Langobardorum, implicando con quest’ultimo un’autorità politica che si
estendeva sull’intero regno longobardo, quindi anche su Benevento. Dall’altro lato, Arechi present sè
stesso come l’erede della tradizione longobarda agendo come un vero e proprio sovrano longobardo,
totalmente autonomo, in Italia meridionale. Ciononostante, le relazioni tra il principe di Benevento e il
re franco rimasero ambigue fino alla sottomissione formale di Arechi nel 787. Una nuova autorità politica,
quella principesca, fu plasmata tra 774 e 787 sia in continuità con la tradizione beneventana di autonomia
politica sia in opposizione a quella dei sovrani carolingi. La monetazione e i diplomi insieme con l’attività
edilizia ebbero un ruolo di primo piano nel dare forma e affermare questo nuovo tipo di autorità politica
in Italia meridionale. La seconda e la terza sezione del capitolo si concentrano specificatamente sul
progetto politico di Arechi e di suo figlio, Grimoaldo III (787-806). Le fondazioni monastiche di Santa
Sofia di Benevento e San Salvatore in Alife furono al centro della strategia di distinzione messa in atto da
Arechia prima e dopo il 774. La storiografia ha già da tempo individuato la somiglianza tra la fondazione
regia di San Salvatore di Brescia e quella di Santa Sofia di Benevento. Tuttavia, Santa Sofia è stata
identificata non solo come una fondazione familiare ma anche come il “santuario nazionale dei
longobardi” in Italia meridionale. Prendendo in considerazione il progetto politico di Arechi e la
rappresentazione della sua autorità pubblica, la seconda sezione del secondo capitolo si pone come
obiettivo quello di riconsiderare sia la dimensione familiare e politica sia il ruolo religioso di Santa Sofia
nel principato di Benevento. La stessa sezione analizza anche la ri-fondazione della città di Salerno, che
ebbe un ruolo davvero rilevante nel dare forma all’autorità politica di Arechi. Dopo il 774, Salerno
divenne sostanzialmente una capitale alternativa a Benevento, in cui il principe poté rappresentare il suo
nuovo ruolo politico in Italia meridionale in una cornice differente. Le ricerche archeologiche relative
all’area del palazzo salernitano, del quale è sopravvissuta solamente la chiesa di San Pietro a Corte, hanno
rivelato alcune importanti caratteristiche della rappresentazione pubblica a Salerno: l’autorità politica di
Arechi intendeva combinare la tradizione longobarda con una dimensione locale e anche con il passato
classico. Inoltre, sia Arechi sia Grimoaldo III affidarono a Salerno – e non a Benevento – la propria
memoria familiare decidendo di essere seppelliti nella cattedrale di questa città. Una delle più importanti
opere cronachistiche del Mezzogiorno longobardo, il Chronicon Salernitanum, pone peraltro in evidenza
come la città di Salerno abbia conservato fino al secolo X (e oltre) la memoria della prima dinastia
principesca nonché quella della nascita del principato longobardo, integrandola come parte della propria
identità cittadina.
Tra i secoli VIII e IX, le due abbazie più prestigiose dell’Italia meridionale longobarda – San
Benedetto di Montecassino e San Vincenzo al Volturno – si ritrovarono nella zona di frontiera con i
territori ora sotto l’autorità carolingia e furono gradualmente influenzate dal nuovo quadro politico.
Entrambe le fondazioni incrementarono il loro prestigio durante il periodo di instabilità che seguì la
conquista franca del regno longobardo (774-787). A cavallo tra i secoli VIII e IX i monasteri di
Montecassino e San Vincenzo agirono in modo ampiamente autonomo, relazionandosi sia con le autorità
politiche carolingie sia con la società e le autorità longobarde. In alcuni casi ciò portò a delle tensioni e a
dei conflitti aperti all’interno delle comunità monastiche, come nel caso dell’indagine a carico dell’abate
Poto di San Vincenzo al Volturno. L’ultima sezione del secondo capitolo si concentra su queste due
comunità monastiche e su come si rivolsero alla protezione carolingia come una delle possibilità per
attraversare questo periodo di incertezza politica mantenendo un ruolo prestigioso e rilevante. La
relazione con i sovrani carolingi coesistette comunque sempre con il legame con la società longobarda,
che rimase una parte essenziale nella vita e nella memoria dell’abbazia. Fu però solo alla fine del secolo
VIII che queste fondazioni iniziarono a ricevere un numero di donazioni davvero ragguardevole da parte
9
longobarda. Dal canto loro i sovrani franchi cercarono di diventare il punto di riferimento politico per
quest’area di frontiera conferendo diplomi di conferma e immunità a entrambe le abbazie, diplomi che
in Italia meridionale avevano però un ruolo prevalentemente performativo: essi creavano,
rappresentavano e memorializzavano l’autorità pubblica e il prestigio di coloro che emettevano questi
documenti e di coloro che li ricevevano. La relazione instaurata da Carlo Magno e dai suoi successori con
questi monasteri ebbe però conseguenze sul lungo termine sull’immagine che le comunità intesero dare
di sé, che gradualmente si spostò dal passato longobardo al prestigio dei sovrani carolingi, quindi
dell’impero.
Dopo la morte di Arechi nel 787, gli ambasciatori longobardi richiesero il ritorno a Benevento di
suo figlio, Grimoaldo, che era tenuto in ostaggio alla corte carolingia. Carlo Magno impose però due
condizioni a questo proposito: i Longobardi meridionali dovevano tagliarsi barba e capelli ovvero liberarsi
dei loro tratti identitari, e includere il nome del re franco nella monetazione e nella datazione dei diplomi.
Grimoaldo III mise in atto quest’ultima richiesta, ma dopo un breve lasso di tempo iniziò a comportarsi
come un sovrano indipendente. Le campagne militari condotte dal Pipino, figlio di Carlo Magno e re
d’Italia, non riuscirono a portare il principato di Benevento sotto l’autorità franca e l’interesse dei
Carolingi verso l’area scemò, perlomeno temporaneamente. L’Italia meridionale poté dunque rafforzare
la propria identità longobarda e portare avanti politiche autonome. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sulla
competizione politica all’interno dell’aristocrazia beneventana durante la prima metà del secolo IX. Dopo
l’accordo con i Carolingi dell’812, l’élite locale rafforzò la propria posizione nella capitale espandendo la
propria influenza sul palatium del principe. probabilmente, i membri dell’aristocrazia beneventana non
intesero mai ottenere il titolo principesco per sé, almeno non in questo periodo. Essi preferirono cercare
di influenzare le scelte del principe così da ottenere uffici pubblici e rendite, che avevano l’obiettivo di
confermare lo status sociale dei membri dell’élite, di mantenere e di espandere il loro potere nel cuore del
principato. La prima sezione si occupa del principato di Grimoaldo IV (806-817) e sottolinea la debolezza
dell’autorità pubblica di quest’ultima a fronte delle pressioni e delle ambizioni dell’aristocrazia locale. Una
congiura pose fine al suo regno nell’817, ma la competizione all’interno dell’élite beneventana continuò
anche durante i principati di Sicone (817-832) e Sicardo (832-839), diventando peraltro più violenta. La
seconda sezione di questo capitolo ha l’obiettivo di identificare le strategie familiari e la rete di relazioni
attivata da questi due principi allo scopo di rafforzare il loro potere politico su Benevento e di bilanciare
le aspirazioni delle aristocrazie locali. Il legame familiare di Sicardo con uno dei più importanti gruppi
parentali di Benevento, quello dei Dauferidi, creò indubbiamente un’asimmetria significativa nell’arena
politica dell’Italia meridionale longobarda. il suo matrimonio con Adelchisa fu cruciale nello stabilizzare
il suo potere e anche nel legittimare la sua autorità nella capitale. Il sistema di alleanze di Sicardo cambiò
però radicalmente le modalità della competizione politica locale: esso impediva a tutti i membri
dell’aristocrazia beneventana che non facessero parte del network familiare principesco di accedere al
potere. In tal senso, le alleanze ricercate da Sicardo furono direttamente responsabili della successiva
guerra civile (839-849). Non fu comunque solo la lotta di fazioni longobarda a portare alla divisione del
principato di Benevento nell’849, ma anche un rinnovato interesse dei Carolingi per il Mezzogiorno, che
è al centro del quarto e ultimo capitolo della tesi.
La terza sezione del terzo capitolo analizza la rappresentazione dell’autorità pubblica dei Siconidi
e si interessa in particolare delle strategie di distinzione messe in atto da questi due principi nella città
capitale. Contrariamente alla precedente dinastia di duchi e principi, Sicone e Sicardo costruirono una
relazione privilegiata con la cattedrale di Santa Maria in Episcopio, che precedentemente aveva invece un
ruolo politico limitatissimo a Benevento e anche religioso. Entrambi questi principi traslarono nella
cattedrale tutte le reliquie che sottrassero a Napoli e ad Amalfi durante le loro campagne militari. Inoltre,
Siconde decise di essere inumato in questa chiesa, che ospitò anche le sepolture dei principi successivi
fino alla fine del secolo IX. I furta sacra compiuti dai Siconidi e la relazione stabilita con Santa Maria in
Episcopio produsse una trasformazione devozionale nella capitale. Conseguentemente, anche il ruolo
della fondazione arechiana, Santa Sofia di Benevento, cambiò tanto che questo monastero femminile
perse parte della sua funzione sociale e religiosa a Benevento. Al contrario, la cattedrale accrebbe in potere
e ambizioni, iniziando a presentarsi in associazione con il potere pubblico beneventano. Un testo
10
agiografico composto nella prima metà del IX secolo, la Vita Barbati episcopi Beneventani, sembra voler
esprimere e affermare precisamente questo nuovo ruolo sociale e religioso del vescovo nell’Italia
meridionale longobarda. L’ultima sezione del capitolo esamina brevemente l’ascesa di Landolfo di Capua
e dei suoi discendenti secondo quanto già messo in evidenza dalla recente storiografia. Landolfo
approfittò della debolezza principesca e della competitività propria di Benevento per costruire un potere
locale autonomo nella circoscrizione da esso amministrata.
Il quarto e ultimo capitolo completa l’esame della competizione politica beneventana analizzando
nel dettaglio le dinamiche del conflitto di fazioni longobardo. La prima sezione presenta il contesto
politico che l’imperatore Ludovico II dovette affrontare la prima volta che scese in Italia meridionale
mentre il secondo si concentra sul progetto di conquista portato avanti durante il secolo IX nella penisola
italiana da gruppi di guerrieri musulmani. Dopo il sacco di Roma dell’842, Ludovico II diresse cinque
campagne in Italia meridionale per eliminare l’emirato di Bari e prevenire nuovi attacchi da parte
musulmana via mare. Supportato dal papa e dall’aristocrazia romana, l’imperatore carolingio costruì la
sua nuova autorità imperiale sul ruolo di protettore della Cristianità contro i musulmani. Le campagne
militari di Ludovico II furono però connesse anche alle sue ambizioni politiche in Italia meridionale.
Dopo essere intervenuto nella guerra civile longobarda e aver stabilito la divisione del principato di
Benevento nell’849, egli volle esercitare un controllo maggiore su entrambi i principati longobardi
imponendo la propria autorità politica attraverso la sua presenza fisica nel Mezzogiorno. Partendo da
quanto già messo in evidenza dalla storiografia per quanto riguarda il Regnum Italiae, la terza sezione del
capitolo prende in considerazione precisamente le ambizioni di Ludovico II in Italia meridionale e
analizza le implicazioni che esse ebbero nella costruzione ideologica sottesa alla sua autorità imperiale.
Nonostante gli sforzi di Ludovico II per controllare i principati longobardi, l’esperienza militare e politica
del sovrano franco rivelò ben presto i propri limiti. Dopo la conquista di Bari nell’871, il principe Adelchi
di Benevento imprigionò l’imperatore nel suo palazzo fino a che non ottenne da parte di quest’ultimo la
promessa di non ritornare mai più a Benevento. Nonostante il papa liberò ben presto Ludovico II dal
suo giuramento, quest’ultimo non riuscì più ad aver un ruolo politico rilevante nel Mezzogiorno. La sua
prolungata presenza in questa regione durante il secolo IX cambiò radicalmente gli equilibri politici che
governavano sia i principati longobardi sia i ducati tirrenici (Napoli, Gaeta, Amalfi). La quarta sezione si
occupa in primo luogo del conflitto tra Ludovico II e Adelchi di Benevento, che cercò ostinatamente di
definire la sua autorità pubblica in questa competizione con l’imperatore carolingio. Allo stesso tempo,
la competizione interna all’aristocrazia beneventana cambiò radicalmente, approdando a un dissidio di
piccola scala tra i membri del gruppo parentale di Adelchi, i Radelchidi. In questo stesso periodo alcuni
ufficiali locali espansero il loro potere agendo in modo sempre più autonomo nel loro distretto, così come
era già successo a Capua. Quando Ludovico II lasciò Benevento nell’871, sia i ducati tirrenici sia i
principati longobardi in Italia meridionale subirono le conseguenze dell’uscita di scena dell’imperatore,
sia per quanto riguarda le loro relazioni reciproche sia per la loro stabilità interna. La competizione per il
potere e l’autorità a Salerno e Capua-Benevento cambiò a sua volta e due differenti sistemi politici furono
gradualmente stabiliti in questi principati. nonostante la trasformazione radicale della competizione
interna e la conquista bizantina di una larga parte di Puglia e Basilicata alla fine del secolo IX, i principati
longobardi rimasero indipendenti fino al secolo XI, quando l’Italia meridionale fu infine conquistata dai
Normanni.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16410
Principality of Benevento
Lombard Italy
Carolingian empire
Early Middle Ages
Medieval frontier
Representation of public authority
Competition and power
Urban elites
Settlement of disputes
Montecassino
San Vincenzo al Volturno
Santa Sofia di Benevento
Italia meridionale longobarda (secoli VIII-IX) : competizione,
conflittualità e potere politico
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/63132019-10-18T09:20:31Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Trombley, Justine Lida
author
2015-06-25
This thesis examines three manuscripts which demonstrate negative attitudes towards the Latin translation of the fourteenth-century Old French mystical work The Mirror of Simple Souls, written by Marguerite Porete. Marguerite was burned at the stake for heresy in Paris in 1310, and her Mirror was also condemned and meant to be destroyed. The Mirror survived inquisitorial efforts to exterminate it, was translated into Italian, Middle English, and Latin, and became accepted and valued by many religious circles in the later fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. Examination of the Latin manuscripts, however, demonstrates that there was also a continuing trend of opposition towards and condemnation of the Mirror, even after its original Parisian condemnation was forgotten. This level of opposition is not seen in the Mirror’s other vernacular circulations, making the Latin tradition unique in the amount of censure it received. This demonstrates a multi-faceted tradition in the Mirror’s circulation, showing that the Mirror, rather than entering definitively into either the realm of orthodoxy or heresy, instead had a place in both, occupying a grey area between the two. This thesis provides new and detailed information on manuscripts which have never been studied in their own right by Mirror scholars, and examines these codices’ implications both for the circulation of the Latin tradition and for the history of the Mirror’s post-condemnation circulation as a whole.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6313
Marguerite Porete
Heretical texts
Manuscripts
'Mirror of simple souls'
Germany
Italy
The mirror broken anew : the manuscript evidence for opposition to Marguerite Porete's Latin 'Mirror of simple souls' in the later Middle Ages
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/27312019-03-29T16:05:41Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Hagger, Mark
author
1998
This thesis is composed of an introduction and five chapters. The introduction
examines the various sources which can be used in establishing the actions of the
family (chronicles, charters, central government rolls and so on) and attempts to
make some general remarks about them. From this discussion of the sources,
chapters one and two move on to examine the careers of the ten members of the
family who, over the course of nine generations, ruled over the lands which were
acquired between 1066 and 1316. The composition of these estates and the ways
in which they came into the family's possession is also considered here. Chapter
three looks at the family's demesne manors, examining the various franchises which
the family held, the revenues these estates produced - in so far as they can be
recovered - and the location and economic structure of the demesne manors in
England, Ireland and Wales. Chapter four examines the household officials
employed by the family and identifies those who formed the most prominent
members of the de Verduns' following. The chapter also discusses the tenantry,
seeking to establish why individuals were granted lands by the family and
identifying any relationships between the tenants of their English estates and those
found living in their Irish lordships. Chapter five looks at the family as a unit. The
various cadet lines are identified where possible, and the patronage and role of
younger sons or siblings is discussed. The identities of the de Verduns' wives or
husbands are examined and the treatment meted out to widows is explored. So too
are the family's possible views of its own identity. This has been done by looking
at, for example, naming patterns and the various marriages which were made.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2731
The de Verdun family in England, Ireland and Wales, 1066-1316: a study
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/264062023-10-17T02:01:07Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Armstrong, Daniel Fraser
author
2022-11-30
This thesis examines the relationship between the kingdom of England and the papacy during the reigns of William the Conqueror and his sons. It will act as the first comprehensive reconsideration of Anglo-papal relations between 1066 and 1135 since Z.N. Brooke’s 1931 The English Church and the Papacy. Despite being dismantled in the wider field of papal studies, the grand narrative of conflict between Church and State continues to provide the main interpretative framework for Anglo-papal relations. This thesis aims to tear down this anachronistic scaffolding, to bring our understanding of Anglo-papal relations in-line with developments in the wider field. In considering the relationship between England and the curia, this work is part of a recent scholarly trend in studying the papacy’s dynamic relations with specific places. The study is divided into two parts, designed to give an impression of how the relationship worked and how it changed over time. Part I considers the ideals and practice of the relationship. It addresses the various claims of popes, kings, and prelates and how these were negotiated and balanced in practice. It emphasises the very personal nature of these negotiations and how they were shaped by a set of rules of the game: spielregeln. Part II then turns to the jurisdictional relationship, and how negotiations organised the sharing of authority between popes, kings, and prelates. It demonstrates how England was more firmly located in the papacy’s orbit by the end of Henry I’s reign. Our conclusions then point to the possible directions of future study and calls for a more comparative approach.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/26406
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/223
740611
Papacy
Medieval
Diplomacy
Church and state
Anglo-papal
Anglo-Norman England
Anglo-papal relations, c.1066-c.1135
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/45972019-07-01T10:10:08Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Briggs, Brian
author
2004-03
Osbert of Clare was an English monastic writer, whose works extended from
the mid-1120s to the mid-1150s. His Latin hagiography reflects a deep admiration for
Anglo-Saxon saints and spirituality, while his letters provide a personal perspective
on his turbulent career. As prior of Westminster Abbey, Osbert of Clare worked to
strengthen the rights and prestige of his monastery. His production of forged or
altered charters makes him one of England's most prolific medieval forgers. At times
his passion for reform put him at odds with his abbots, and he was sent into exile
under both Abbot Herbert (1121-c.1136) and Abbot Gervase (1138-c.1157). Also
Osbert, as one of the first proponents of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, wrote
about the feast, worked to legitimize its celebration, and provided us with the only
significant narration of its introduction to England.
This thesis is divided into two sections. The first section is principally
historical and the second is principally literary. In the first section, I provide an
overview of Osbert of Clare's career and examine in greater detail two of his most
significant undertaking: his promotion of Westminster Abbey and his attempted
canonization of Edward the Confessor. In the second section, I give a philological
study of Osbert Latin style and examine themes that nm throughout his writings, such
as virginity, exile and kingship. Osbert's promotion of the feast of the Immaculate
Conception is included in the second section of the thesis because of its ties to the
themes of virginity and femininity within his writings. There are also two appendices:
the first is a survey of the extant manuscripts of Osbert's writings, and the second is
an edition of Osbert's unpublished Life of St Ethelbert from Gotha,
Forschungsbibliothek MS Memb. i. 8l.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4597
The life and works of Osbert of Clare
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/78292019-07-01T10:14:18Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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McGuigan, Neil
author
2015-11-30
In and around the 870s, Britain was transformed dramatically by the campaigns and settlements of the Great Army and its allies. Some pre-existing political communities suffered less than others, and in hindsight the process helped Scotland and England achieve their later positions. By the twelfth century, the rulers of these countries had partitioned the former kingdom of Northumbria.
This thesis is about what happened in the intervening period, the fate of Northumbria’s political structures, and how the settlement that defined Britain for the remainder of the Middle Ages came about. Modern reconstructions of the era have tended to be limited in scope and based on unreliable post-1100 sources. The aim is to use contemporary material to overcome such limitations, and reach positive conclusions that will make more sense of the evidence and make the region easier to understand for a wider audience, particularly in regard to its shadowy polities and ecclesiastical structures.
After an overview of the most important evidence, two chapters will review Northumbria’s alleged dissolution, testing existing historiographic beliefs (based largely on Anglo-Norman-era evidence) about the fate of the monarchy, political community, and episcopate. The impact and nature of ‘Southenglish’ hegemony on the region’s political communities will be the focus of the fourth chapter, while the fifth will look at evidence for the expansion of Scottish political power. The sixth chapter will try to draw positive conclusions about the episcopate, leaving the final chapter to look in more detail at the institutions that produced the final settlement.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7829
Northumbria
Lothian
Medieval Scotland
Anglo-Scottish Border
Bamburgh
Viking Age
Symeon of Durham
Anglo-Normans
Uí Ímair
Eadwulfings
Kingdom of Strathclyde
Historia Regum
Libellus de Exordio
Historia de Sancto Cuthberto
Norham
Celtic Studies
Anglo-Saxon studies
Historical writing
St Cuthbert
Durham
Northern England
Scottish Borders
Galloway
Cumbria
Ecclesiastical history
Scottish Church
Scoto-Normans
Forth
Tweed Basin
Teviotdale
Flemings
Henry I
David I
William Rufus
Gall-Ghàidheil
Westmoringas
State formation
British history
Neither Scotland nor England : Middle Britain, c.850–1150
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/38402019-03-29T16:05:43Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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El-Gazar, Zein El-Abedeen Mohammed
author
2001
This thesis examines the 'Long Parliament' of 1406 as an example of politics
and legislation in England during the early fifteenth century. It is based on a wide
range of government sources, including manuscripts from the Public Record Office
and the British Library, chronicles, printed chancery rolls and literary works. The idea
behind this thesis is to shed light both on some aspects of Henry IV's rule and on the
significance of the English parliament during the later middle ages. It also takes into
account England's relations with France and its other neighbours in Henry IV's reign.
As will be seen, these had a more significant effect on the course of the 1406
parliament than has previously been realized. They also influenced one of the most
famous legislative acts of the 1406 parliament, the act for the inheritance of the
throne. The thesis begins with an introduction analysing the main events of Henry
IV's early years and the most important issues raised in his early parliaments (1399 to
1404). Without this analysis, the significance of the 1406 parliament cannot be
understood. The first section of the thesis then discusses the backgrounds, political
affiliations and connections of the members of the 1406 parliament and the factors
that might have influenced their attitudes. The second part of the thesis establishes the
chronology of the parliament and examines the main issues debated during its course.
The third part of the thesis is directed towards an examination of the petitions and the
petitioning process, and of the legislation enacted by this parliament. This section is
largely based on the class of Ancient Petitions (SC 8) in the Public Record Office,
London, which is the major primary source for unenrolled parliamentary petitions.
Fifty-four additional private petitions submitted to/or during the parliament of 1406
have been discovered, and these are used to analyse the process of parliamentary
petitioning. The final chapter discusses the consequences and aftermath of the
1406 parliament, to see the extent to which Henry's concessions in 1406 were
implemented during the first ten months of 1407, and why the king was able
to resume power during the Gloucester parliament of October 1407.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3840
Politics and legislation in England in the early fifteenth century : the Parliament of 1406
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/10172021-10-14T15:05:40Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Maddox, Melanie C.
author
2010-06-24
This thesis examines the ideal of the Anglo-Saxon and Irish ciuitas, c. 500-1050, by considering what Anglo-Saxon and Irish ecclesiastics understood a ciuitas to be, how they used the term in their own writings and what terms were its vernacular equivalent. When looking at early Insular history, there can be no doubt that the locations that were called ciuitates by Anglo-Saxon and Irish ecclesiastics are some of the most important sites in forming a better understanding of the time period. Ciuitates like Armagh, Canterbury, Clonmacnoise, Iona, Kildare, London and Winchester were settlements that attracted large numbers of people, as well as being centres of both secular and religious power. These ecclesiastical centres had a diversity of individuals within their boundaries, from the ecclesiastics of the sacred centre to monastic tenants and various types of visitors. The importance of Anglo-Saxon and Irish ciuitates cannot only be seen in the frequency of the term's use in primary sources, but also in the great extent to which these sites are mentioned in secondary sources on the time period. Although these communities are often used by scholars to prove or disprove different points of history, the term ciuitas has not been examined in a study devoted to the subject. This thesis has been divided into three chapters. Chapter one considers biblical inspiration in the ideal of the ciuitas, chapter two analyzes the Anglo-Saxon ciuitas and word usage, while chapter three reviews the Irish ciuitas and word use. By the end of this study it will become clear what Anglo-Saxon and Irish ecclesiastics thought a ciuitas to be, as well as the different definitions they understood to apply to these sites.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1017
Civitas
Anglo-Saxon
Irish
The Anglo-Saxon and Irish ideal of the Ciuitas, c. 500-1050
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/70802019-03-29T16:05:44Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Schriwer, Charlotte
author
2006
This work explores the role of the watermill in the history and society of Jordan, Syria and Cyprus from the 12th to the 19th century. Previous studies in this area have been limited, and have usually assumed the watermills in the Levant to date from the Ottoman period. This work aims to suggest that many of the mills still extant today in fact date from an earlier period. A review of the historical documentation and archaeological material is the main background of this study, while an examination of the watermills themselves aims to provide a permanent record of these before they disappear due to rural and urban development. A review of available reference material regarding the role of the mill in Levantine economy and society from the medieval to late Ottoman periods emphasises the importance of the watermill in rural and urban areas of the Levant in a historical period of fluctuating economic stability. The reference material consists mainly of historical accounts by travellers and chroniclers, legal documents such as treaties, charters and waqf documents, as well as archaeological, environmental and socioeconomic studies of the Levant from the medieval to the early modem period. The broad nature of this study aims to form a basis for future research with a more detailed focus in these disciplines.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7080
"From water every living thing" : water mills, irrigation and agriculture in the Bilād al-Shām : perspectives on history, architecture, landscape and society, 1100-1850AD
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/4572019-03-29T16:05:44Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Zafeiris, Konstantinos
author
2007-11-30
The subject of this thesis is the Synopsis Chronike (or Synopsis Sathas), a Byzantine chronicle of the thirteenth century that conveys the history of the world, starting from Adam and concluding with the recapture of Constantinople in 1261. The study focuses on the first part of the text (Adam – Nikephoros Botaneiates), and more specifically on the comprehensive presentation and analysis of the whole corpus of its sources, passage by passage, in order to reconstruct the background of the chronicle and to determine its place in the Byzantine chronicle tradition.
Following the introductory first chapter, which sets out the aims of the thesis and establishes its methodology, chapter two offers an overview of the chronicle itself, and a first discussion of the main issues it presents: the key characteristics of its narrative structure, its manuscript tradition, and – mainly – the problem of its authorship, with special reference to the commonly supposed author, Theodore Skoutariotes, bishop of Kyzikos. Chapter three conveys a detailed presentation of the results of our research; following the discussion of the sources and influences of the proem, it attempts to place each passage of the Synopsis Chronike in the context of any related texts, which are then identified as 'main sources', 'other sources' and 'parallel passages', depending on their link to the Synopsis Chronike. Chapter four discusses individually each text that appears as a source of the Synopsis Chronike, and locates its place amongst the whole corpus of the sources. Furthermore, it examines the passages for which we were not able to identify a main source, and suggests possible sources that have not survived. Finally, the concluding chapter of the thesis summarises the earlier discussion, and attempts to combine the different pieces of information, and to provide an overall picture of the background of the Synopsis Chronike in order to establish – to the degree that it is possible – its position in the Byzantine chronicle tradition.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/457
Synopsis Chronike
Synopsis Sathas
Theodore Skoutariotes
Byzantine chronicles
The 'Synopsis Chronike' and its place in the Byzantine chronicle tradition: its sources (Creation – 1081 CE)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/29652019-03-29T16:05:47Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Thomson, Ian
author
1969
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2965
Studies in the life, scholarship, and educational achievement of Guarino Da Verona (1374-1460)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/283402023-10-15T02:01:13Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Van de Voorde, Gert-Jan
author
2023-11-29
In recent years the debate on state formation has shifted to focus more on lordship. This new attention to lordship emerged as the discussion moved away from the hypothesis that the crown could only acquire power at the detriment of competing forces in France. In its stead, historians have proposed that France was a realm wherein power was polycentric, i.e., shared between the crown and other political actors, and based on extensive cooperation, even though conflict remained possible and common. To gain a better understanding of this polycentricity, historians such as Bisson, suggested the use of lordship. In this new scholarly tradition, lordship comes in two forms, the first is – in Bisson’s words – the “the exercise and sufferance of power”, and the second is the institutional container of lordship, which can be defined as the privately held claims to the management of public order, which in this dissertation I refer to as seigneurie. Despite these suggested definitions, lordship and seigneurie are protean terms that are difficult to define. Furthermore, recent research has shown that the crown and the royal administration often cooperated with the holders of lordship in extreme circumstances, such as seigneurial wars and noble feuds, to broker peace between parties. Nevertheless, the royal administration retained the ability to act forcefully.
In this dissertation I analyse these two key lines of inquiry for lay seigneuries in the seneschalsy of Toulouse in the fifteenth- and early-sixteenth century, which up to the present had not been subject to a survey analysis. First, it is necessary to analyse the local contemporary definitions of seigneurie. A survey of dénombrements (a document that outlined the rights, duties, and possessions a person held as a fief from the king) shows that lords and ladies stressed the strong association between seigneurie and the exercise of justice. Other terms, such as the directe (rights related to the possession of land), but also a small number of rents, were described as seigneurial rights and were associated with seigneurie to a considerably lesser extent. Nevertheless, both the possession of rights of justice and of a directe allowed a person to style themselves a lord or a lady.
This brings me to the second key line of inquiry. The understanding that France was a polycentric realm, begged the question of whether collaboration or conflict dominated the interactions between groups. Lords and ladies were powerful actors within their seigneurie. They could appoint and dismiss seigneurial officers, raise seigneurial dues, and as other scholars pointed out, use their courts to their own advantage. Their power was not, however, unchecked. Seigneuries were polycentric arenas in which other political actors, such as the seigneurial subjects had a powerful voice and could curb seigneurial whims. In the fifteenth- and early-sixteenth century a division of power within the seigneurie had taken form. Lords and ladies had to organise the court and the defence of the seigneurie, while the representatives of the seigneurial subjects (consuls) had to allocate the seigneurial resources to the benefit of the community. Lords and ladies and their consuls had to cooperate to ensure the proper functioning of the seigneurie.
When conflicts emerged between different actors within a seigneurie, the royal administration acted to broker peace between parties in a conflict. Research done by Firnhaber-Baker has shown that the royal administration did so in cases of seigneurial wars, and this dissertation shows that the royal administration, and specifically the Parlement of Toulouse (i.e., the supreme court of Languedoc), used a similar approach in more mundane or non-violent conflicts. Cooperation was deeply engrained in the functioning of the Parlement since its procedures often placed much of the initiative with the litigants. This allowed lords and ladies to benefit from sometimes intrusive royal procedures that allowed them to safeguard their positions in critical moments of seigneurial weakness. In turn, the cooperative interactions between the crown, on one side, and lords and ladies, on the other, show that they recognised each other as institutions and political actors that were legitimate.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/28340
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/604
677502
Lordship
Mediaeval France
Fifteenth century
Sixteenth century
State formation
Dénombrements
Parlement of Toulouse
Sénéchaussée of Toulouse
Lords and lordship in Languedoc (1400-1541)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/44632019-03-29T16:05:48Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Kay, William
author
2013
This thesis analyses four different aspects of devotional life at one of England’s largest and
wealthiest medieval cathedrals between the years 1092 and 1235. Each of these is associated with
the remembrance of the dead. It is an area of religious practice that was subject to momentous
change over the course of the period. These changes would have a profound effect on the
organization of Christian worship for centuries to come. The thesis assesses how contrasting
approaches to the practice of remembrance were able to enhance and shape the composition of
the church, and explores what they reveal about the distinctive fellowship of a secular cathedral.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4463
Living stones : the practice of remembrance at Lincoln Cathedral, (1092-1235)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/26382019-03-29T16:05:49Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Oram, Richard D.
author
1989
The recorded history of the lordship under the House of Fergus
lasted from only e. 1130 to 1231, but its origins lie in the fusion of
the various peoples settled there by c. 1000. A blend of Celtic and
Germanic groups created a hybrid culture that had more in common with
Man and the Isles than mainland Scotland. Galwegian attitudes to and
relationship with Scotland before c. 1130 are unclear, but ties with
York and Man had greater value than Scottish claims to overlordship.
The emergence of a powerful line of rulers kept the ambitions of the
Crown in check, but any divisions in their ranks were exploited by the
Scots. Close family links with the Plantagenet kings provided a
counterbalance to Scottish interference, but brought English
overlordship instead. This had the side-effect of securing the
separation of the see of Whithorn from the Scottish Church.
Marriage and kinship ties brought the lords political power in
Scotland, England and Man, and control of estates outwith the
lordship. This in turn led to the closer integration of Galloway into
Scotland as its rulers gained high office in the kingdom. Thus the
lords developed a dual character as Anglo-Scottish baron and Celtic
chieftain. Introduction of Normanised colonists and the development
of 'feudal' military tenures fostered this transition and eroded
regional particularism. Integration was accelerated by elimination of
the male line and partition between heiresses married into
Anglo-Norman families. Division broke the power of Galloway, weakened
the influence of its new rulers over the Galwegians and gave the Crown
the control for which it had long striven.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2638
The lordship of Galloway c. 1000 to c. 1250
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/30962019-03-29T16:05:50Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Hunter, Linsey
author
2012-06-21
This thesis closely analyses the linguistic forms of aspects of non-royal charters produced c.1066-c.1250 in the north-east of England and the south-east of Scotland, namely, consent, joint grants, separate confirmations, inheritance language, leaseholds and warranty. This study identifies the preferred forms of each studied aspect as well as variants, developments and alternatives and analyses them according to a clear chronological framework and other potential causal factors such as the status and gender of participants, location and grant type. Additionally, the spread of linguistic patterns throughout the studied region, Stringer’s “diplomatic transplant”, is examined.
Firstly, the charter underwent tremendous development across this period of study becoming trusted evidence of landholding transactions routine at most levels of society and subjected to sophisticated scrutiny by legal professionals in landholding disputes. Secondly, charter language was introduced, modified or abandoned according to many influences, e.g. the emergence of early Common Law systems in both Scotland and England, the rise of the legal profession and the growth in written culture evidenced partly through the spread of monastic houses and increasing trust in the written word. Indeed, the introduction of significant legal reforms – in England from the 1160s and in Scotland during the second quarter of the thirteenth century – are repeatedly revealed to be the point at which linguistic patterns became noticeably more settled and variants became much rarer. Notably, the fact that the language patterns of the Northumberland houses better mirror the patterns seen in south-east Scotland demonstrates the contrast in the level of bureaucratic organisation against the neighbouring shires of Durham and Yorkshire. Thirdly, this thesis highlights the existence of preferred linguistic forms by individual religious houses, religious orders, families or groups of people within localities or larger geographical regions. In particular, religious houses were especially influential in the widespread adoption of some forms of language. Overall, developments and changes to charter language were streamlined, revised or modified with the dual aims of providing greater clarity and thus maximum legal protection; before legal reform the latter was much more dependent upon familial and seignorial ties, a factor reflected in the greater variety of linguistic forms.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3096
Law
Landholding
Lordship
Language
Charter diplomatics and norms of landholding and lordship between the Humber and Forth, c.1066-c.1250
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/122192019-03-29T16:25:28Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Mattioli, Vittorio
author
2018-06-28
The purpose of this thesis is an in-depth analysis of the Eddic poem Grímnismál found in the manuscript known as Codex Regius (GKS 2365 4to), located in Reykjavík, dated to c. 1270 and a fragment (AM 748 I 4to), located in Copenhagen, dated to c. 1300. While a great deal of work has been done on Grímnismál as part of the Elder Edda, there is yet no specific edition focusing on it alone.
New studies on Germanic paganism and mythology show its shifting nature and the absence of specific tenets or uniform beliefs throughout the Germanic speaking world and in time. The relatively absent sources are similarly scattered. As such, the thesis suggests a new method of study, following a focused historical approach in which only Grímnismál is analysed in an attempt to understand the beliefs of the people that composed it. The nature of pagan belief itself prevents one from drawing more general conclusions on ‘Norse mythology’ as a whole.
Part 1 is divided into two chapters and deals with my approach, the nature of Germanic belief, and the sources available as well as techniques of interpretation for them, all relevant to the production of the arguments made in the thesis. Part 2 deals with Grímnismál itself: Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the manuscripts, Chapter 2 contains my editing notes and Chapter 3 analyses the contents of the poem, Chapter 4 consists of my conclusions to this study, focusing on the cosmology and the dating of the poem. Part 3 contains the edition of Grímnismál and is followed by Part 4 which is the commentary to the poem. The thesis is followed by two appendices, one containing a facing transcription of the manuscripts and the other being a glossary to all words used in Grímnismál. Finally, this thesis includes a digital edition worked on xml. This is available in the following link: https://starescomp.github.io/grimnismal/#idm140518410334752
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12219
Old Norse
History
Mediaeval
Scandinavian
Icelandic
Mythology
Poetry
Edition
Commentary
Eddic
Grímnismál : a critical edition
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/270022023-11-18T03:01:30Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Fassler, Guy
author
2023-06-15
This thesis examines conflict management on the streets in early fourteenth century Bologna with brief comparative reference to other Italian communes, Pistoia in particular. It asks how small-scale conflicts were managed in the medieval city – both between authorities and neighbours and between neighbours and their peers – and identifies the social and legal mechanisms which governed these interactions. It builds on previous scholarship on medieval legal systems and conflict (Blanshei, Milani, Vallerani, Lantschner, et al.) but focuses on administrative and social aspects of non- violent conflicts. The thesis follows the surveillance efforts of communal officials, how they were met by inhabitants, and how the communal surveillance apparatus built around the gaze was utilised by neighbours against each other in local conflicts. Cooperation, resistance, and solidarities are therefore recurring themes. The thesis offers qualitative and quantitative analyses of the records from the Bolognese fango office as well as urban legislation in the form of statutes and in response to petitions recorded in the registers of provvisioni from Pistoia. The picture that emerges from this study is that of a highly complex, dynamic, and intricate system of managing, resolving, or escalating small-scale conflicts. It shows the importance of social and political connections to navigating through the legal and social system that governed the medieval commune. The final chapter of this thesis also draws some parallels between the principles demonstrated in the material from Bologna and that of Pistoia as well as other Italian communes.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/27002
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/289
Bologna
Conflict management
Streets
Resistance
Solidarity
Pistoia
Privileges
Fango
Conflict management on the streets in the fourteenth century : a case study of Bologna in context
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/29502019-03-29T16:05:51Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Johnston, Anne R.
author
1991
The thesis aims to elucidate the form, extent and chronological
development of Norse colonial settlement in the Inner Hebridean islands of Mull, Coll,
Thee and Lismore in the period ca 800-1300. Tiree, Coll and Lismore are studied in
their entirety while an area from each of the parochial divisions on Mull is selected.
Historically Mull, Coll and Tiree have an essential territorial unity in
that they formed part of the territory of the cenel Loairn within the kingdom of Dalriada
in the pre-Norse period. With the division of the Isles in 1156 all three islands fell into
the hands of Somerled of Argyll and in the immediate post-Norse period remained as a
unit in the possession of the MacDougals.
Geographically the islands differ greatly from one another and show a
wide range of geological structures, landforms, soil types and vegetation, and climatic
conditions. They thus offer an opportunity for analysing settlement location,
development and expansion within a relatively small geographical area and yet one
which encompasses a variety of natural incentives and constraints. Lismore, lying to
the north-west of the above group and strategically situated at the mouth of the Great
Glen was important in the pre-Norse period as a major Celtic monastic centre. The
island is included by way of contrast, for its site and situation and close proximity to
mainland Scotland suggested that the Norse settlement of the island may have been of a
different character to that found on Mull, Coll and Tiree.
An area of the Norwegain 'homeland', the Sunnmore islands lying off
the west coast of Norway is looked at for comparative purposes. This allows an
investigation of the evolution of Norse settlement and the coining of names within a
purely Norse environment. This helps clarify the process of settlement development
and expansion and the accompanying naming practices in a colonial setting where,
particularly on Mull and Lismore, a dense Gaelic overlay often obscures salient features
of the Norse settlement pattern.
The methodology employed is both inter-disciplinary and retrospective
allowing successive layers of settlement to be 'peeled back' in order to expose the
pattern of settlement as it may have existed in the Norse period.
The thesis divides into two parts. The first analyses settlement by
settlement, the islands in question. The second concentrates on the major issues
pertinent to settlement evolution. Norse and Gaelic settlement names are discussed
together with the administrative and ecclesiastical organisation of the Isles. This leads to
the formulation of a 'model for Norse settlement' for the Inner Hebrides.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2950
Norse settlement in the Inner Hebrides ca. 800-1300; with special reference to the islands of Mull, Coll and Tiree
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/45942019-07-01T10:18:52Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Barrie, Derek A.
author
1991-09
The second half of the reign of Edward I saw the
Emergence of a parliamentary peerage in embryo. The
maiores
barones
comprising it owed their position to
regular
individual summonses to parliament and
to
major military
campaigns of the period, particularly in Scotland. This was
coupled
with either substantial wealth based on
landholdings, though not a particular type of tenure, or a
lengthy record of loyal service to the Crown either in one
particular area of local or national government or over a
range of activities.
Service to the Crown, outwith provision of advice and
counsel in parliament and cavalry service in major
campaigns, was not as widespread as many historians have
argued. Such service was primarily, though not exclusively,
local, performed in counties where
maiores barones
had their
principal estates. It covered military activity outwith
major campaigns; keeperships of castles; preparations for
war; the administration of justice; dependency government;
diplomatic service overseas and the royal household.
The majority of barons who provided such service to the
Crown were adequately rewarded by Edward
I whose system of patronage can be described as prudent, rather than
niggardly, the commonly accepted view. Rewards were mainly
in the form of grants of land, particularly in conquered
territories; grants of wardships and marriages; financial
benefits in the form of respites and cancellation of debts,
wages and fees; preferential treatment in judicial matters;
royal appointments constituting rewards in themselves, and
elevation in social status and prominence.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4594
The 'maiores barones' in the second half of the reign of Edward I, (1290-1307)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/63662019-07-01T10:08:57Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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McHaffie, Matthew
author
2014-06-26
This thesis explores the relationship between lordship and landholding in Anjou, from c.1000 to c.1150, focussing specifically on the effects of power upon that relationship. I consider questions central to lordship: how closely connected was lordship with control of land; to what extent was the exercise of seignorial power characterised by the use of force; what influence, if any, did legal norms have upon the exercise of power? I address these questions over four chapters. In chapter 1, I focus on the consent of lords to grants of land, emphasising the close relationship between lordship and landholding. Chapter 2 looks at claims for services lords brought on their tenants of ecclesiastical lands, and highlights the remedies contemporaries possessed against lordly heavy-handedness. In chapter 3, I explore lordship from the perspective of the tenant by outlining warranty of land, and suggest that warranty ensured the tenant considerable security of tenure. Chapter 4 rounds off the thesis through a detailed discussion of five cases, which I use to elucidate the workings of seignorial power, drawing attention to the interactions between lords and their lay followers. I situate these issues within a framework emphasising competition for control of land and resources, and stress the importance of legal norms in relation to such competition. The thrust of my argument is twofold. First, whilst I stress an environment of intense, sometimes violent, competition over resources, I suggest that the exercise of lordly power was not unlimited, nor was it arbitrary. Instead, ideals of good lordship, together with legal norms, served to act as important restraints upon power. Secondly, I emphasise the need to look at both the short-term and long-term consequences of competition over land, and stress that legal norms were influenced by the former, with an eye to the latter. I therefore stress the capacity for legal innovation and change in eleventh- and early twelfth-century society.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6366
Anjou
Feudalism
Law
Lordship
Landholding
Power, lordship, and landholding in Anjou, c.1000-c.1150
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/76072019-07-01T10:03:52Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Watson, W. Graham
author
2015-11-30
This thesis looks at a period of Northumbrian history when the king was a part Irish, Iona trained scholar. Some have suggested that Aldfrith was assisted to the kingship by the northern victors of the battle of Nechtansmere. It examines processes in the late seventh century to try to identify changes that might have happened during the reign of this king.
The study begins with a wide overview of previous research to establish a basis from which to look for processes and change and also examines the sources available to us, written and archaeological. It then looks at the kingdoms to the north and west and at Aldfrith and the period of his reign. The suggestion is made that Aldfrith acted, with the Church, to cult saints that were Northumbrian and Romanist, as opposed to other options that might have been available. It proposes that the Northumbrians rejected opportunities to develop links with the north and west that may have been open to them. The following chapters then examine processes underway in Northumbria in three general areas; in the use of power, in society, and in the economy.
It concludes that although many processes continued as before, these sped up and in certain areas such as the production of coins, and the consequential development of trade, it was a period of innovation. There is no evidence of a focus to the north and west during Aldfrith’s reign and this has implications for how Aldfrith got to the throne, suggesting that it was with the support of the Northumbrian elite and not through the military strength of the Dál Riata or the Picts. The evidence is that Northumbria increasingly looked south for its influences and is prepared to absorb and implement processes and approaches from southern England, Gaul and Rome.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7607
Aldfrith
Northumbria
Early medieval
Picts
Dal Riada
West Saxons
Cuthbert
Wilfrid
Theodore
Archaeology
Change in Northumbria : was Aldfrith of Northumbria's reign a period of innovation or did it merely reflect the development of processes already underway in the late seventh century?
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/27282019-03-29T16:05:53Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Macgregor, Lindsay
author
1987
This thesis provides detailed studies of settlement on four Faroese islands
and in four districts of Shetland in order to isolate and explain
differences and similarities between the two island groups. These studies
examine topography, place-names, relationships with previous settlements,
church distribution, settlement expansion, inter-relationship of settlements
and land assessments.
The range of sources and methods are set out in the Introduction. The first
Regional Study presents two districts of Western Norway, Fjaler and Gaular,
which are discussed to illustrate some of the major trends of settlement in
the homeland. Detailed studies are then made of settlements on the four
Faroese islands of Fugloy, Streymoy, Sandoy and Suduroy and in the four
Shetland districts of Fetlar, Delting, Walls and Sandness, and Tingwall. A
section arranged thematically follows, bringing together results from the
Regional Studies and referring more generally to the whole of Shetland and
Faroe. This section examines three themes: firstly, the relationship
between the Norse settlers and pre-Norse populations; secondly, the
development of the Scattalds and bygdir; -and thirdly, naming patterns.
Despite very great differences in the extent of settlement prior to the
arrival of the Norse in Faroe and Shetland, primary settlement patterns are
essentially similar. The Scattalds and bygdir represent comparable
settlement districts and reflect similar agricultural requirements and
responses to the landscape while primary settlement sites in both island
groups generally feature good harbours and extensive cultivable land with
topographical names descriptive of their coastal location.
Secondary settlement expansion takes different forms in Faroe and Shetland,
however, and this is reflected in nomenclature, in particular the absence of
the habitative elements stadir, bolstadr and setr from Faroe. It is
concluded that the absence or presence of habitative place-name elements is
dependent on the nature of settlement expansion.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2728
The Norse settlement of Shetland and Faroe, c.800-c.1500: a comparative study
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/7412019-07-01T10:14:34Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Prescott, Joshua
author
2009-06
In this thesis I argue that Earl Rögnvaldr Kali, lacking a patrilinial claim to the earldom of Orkney, used the cult of St Magnús, his maternal uncle, to create a new religiously based legitimacy for himself. Furthermore, I argue that the process of propagating this new ideology lead to a strengthening of both the Orcadian Church and the earl. In constructing this thesis I utilize both narrative sources, especially the Orkneyinga saga, and none written sources, i.e. archeological and place name studies. I have also used such documentary evidence as exists for twelfth-century Orkney, though this is fairly scant. I also relate the changes in ecclesiastical and political organization and administration to pan-European reforms of twelfth century to illustrate Orkney's movement from a chieftaincy to a high mediaeval ‘state’.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/741
Orkney
Earl of Orkney
Orkneyinga saga
St Magnus
Rognvaldr
Ouncelands
Pennylands
Earlship
Earl Rognvaldr Kali: crisis and development in twelfth-century Orkney
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/70442019-03-29T16:05:53Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Hutchin-Bellur, Elizabeth A.
author
2014
Spanish demography was permanently altered when Los Reyes Católicos expelled all
Jewish inhabitants from Castile in 1492. Earlier that same year, the last vestiges of Muslim power had disappeared with the full political absorption of Andalusia into the Crown of Castile. Only ostensibly willing converts (conversos) remained, yet both conversos and moriscos – Muslims converts to Christianity, following a similar edict in 1502 – projected façades masking attempts to maintain inherited traditions when faced by growing cultural and religious homogeneity. The interaction between Castilian faith communities, both prior to and following 1492, has been the subject of in-depth and, at times, controversial debate for decades, following the mid-twentieth-century introduction of the term ‘convivencia’ by the Spanish scholar Castro. Since then, study addressing interaction between relevant groups in Castile – Old Christians, conversos and moriscos – has largely failed to take account of the specific ways in which women met each other, as well as often neglecting to include analysis of the varied slave population, although Castile’s trade in slaves increased, creating a class of people who were both disempowered and stripped of their identities. This thesis is the first full Anglophone study to examine relationships between women of differing faiths in Castile; it employs an interdisciplinary approach to the subject informed by theoretical frameworks grounded in feminist, women’s and gender history, social anthropology and identity studies, as well as the histories of peoples oppressed on religious and racial grounds.
Most women’s roles remained the same – they were defined by their relationships to men, cared for their families and tended their homes – yet analysis here shows how the forced intimacy of such a setting highlights the dissimilarities of social status and lineage, while also paradoxically blurring those differences through the shared lives of its inhabitants. Primary sources that situate this analysis not only within a matrix of interfaith relationships, but also illuminate the distinctly female discourses inherent to their construction, include Inquisitorial records, wills and letters of manumission from cities in Castile-La Mancha and Andalusia, adjoining regions within the Crown of Castile, which describe events between the years 1440 and 1571. The author’s aim is to furnish the reader with an original approach to the intersection of social relationships, religious beliefs, ethnic identities and gender expectations in late mediaeval and early modern Castile, through which she might view extant evidence of an ongoing climate of fluid identity in response to the imposition of external regulations and a societal structure centred on the household as its basic unit of economy and relationship. What results are memorable profiles of women whose ethnicities, faiths and classes differed and the situations in which they interacted with each other, both inside of and outwith their homes, but always within hierarchies of power predicated on such differences.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7044
Convivencia femenina? : the interfaith interactions of women in late mediaeval and early modern Castile, c.1440-1571
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/9042019-09-30T13:34:09Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Graham, Emily E.
author
2009-11-30
The survival and success of religious reform groups in the late medieval period was often due to the efforts of an ecclesiastical patron, a powerful and often wealthy individual who exerted their influence on behalf of the group or their leaders and spokesmen. This thesis uses the wealth of documentation available on the Spiritual Franciscans to explore the origin, development and wider effect of the relationships between the most powerful ecclesiastical patrons of the reformers and their clients, spokesmen for the Italian Spirituals at the papal court who were taken into the patrons’ households for years or even decades. During that time, the political fortunes of the different groups of Spiritual Franciscans fluctuated dramatically: in only a handful of years they went from hopeful expectation at the Council of Vienne c. 1311 to heresy trials, imprisoned spokesmen and friars burned at the stake c.1317-1318. Using testaments from the patrons’ families and the patrons themselves, the thesis explores the possible reasons for the patrons’ initial attraction to their Spiritual Franciscan clients. Letters, chronicles and exegetical texts written by the clients during and after their time in the patrons’ households are examined along with papal registers and other narrative and epistolary sources to develop models of the nature and progression of the patronage relationship, and how it survived in the face of periods of intense disapproval and harassment from the papacy, other prelates and some members of the Franciscan hierarchy. After establishing a framework for the progression of the patronage relationship, evidence of art patronage and other religious and patronage interests that the patrons and clients shared is used to develop a deeper understanding of how the patrons’ choice to involve themselves with the Spiritual Franciscans positively or negatively affected others in their orbit, especially their other clients.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/904
Spiritual Franciscans
Napoleone Orsini
Giacomo Colonna
Clare of Montefalco
Angela of Foligno
Margherita Colonna
Margaret of Cortona
Simone Martini
Angelo Clareno
Ubertino da Casale
Philip of Majorca
Patronage
The patronage of the Spiritual Franciscans: the roles of the Orsini and Colonna cardinals, key lay patrons and their patronage networks
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/253862023-06-22T14:46:07Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Bernardazzi, Laura Giorgia
author
2022-06-16
This thesis offers a new and interdisciplinary approach to depictions of fighting in late medieval chivalric romances by combining Arthurian literary studies with the emergent field of Historical European Martial Arts studies. Introducing sources and disparate scholarship of the latter brings the attention to new research opportunities. Reading Arthurian romances produced in England, Languedoc, and Italy with the knowledge that emerges from (mostly German) medieval Fight Books is a rewarding approach with relevance for historians and literary scholars alike.
From a historical perspective, the coded violence that emerges from connecting Arthurian texts with Fight Books demonstrates that there was a shared late medieval pan-European fighting practice. Its accurate technical knowledge was present both in romances from earlier in the period and in the somewhat later genre of Fight Books. Both genres circulated not only among the knightly class but also the middle urban class, thus demonstrating that not only nobles were privy to this information and that skilled fighting is much more than an aspect of chivalry.
From a literary perspective, my research shows that how a fictional knight fights and the connection that this has to actual practical knowledge (as evinced from Fight Books) is essential for understanding the romances. Through portrayals of fighting and its aftermath, Off Arthour and of Merlin proves to be a romance about legitimacy and supremacy aimed at an audience of young fighters; attention to combat scenes completely overturns the accepted interpretation of Jaufre as a simple parody of Arthurian romances; and Tavola Ritonda portrays Tristan as the best knight through subtle and accurate combat descriptions that go beyond the common technical digressions of the romance.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/25386
Medieval history
Comparative literature
HEMA studies
Fight books
Off Arthour and of Merlin
Middle English literature
Jaufre
Occitan literature
Tavola Ritonda
Medieval Italian literature
Medieval German literature
How Arthurian knights fought : reading late medieval romances with fight books
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/215902021-08-06T14:42:31Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Ayton, Alastair Iain
author
2020-12-01
This thesis is a study of Marcher lords between 1254 and 1272. Those studied include: the Bigod earls of Norfolk; the de Clare earls of Gloucester and Hertford; the de Bohun earls of Hereford and Essex; the Mortimer lords of Wigmore; and William de Valence, the newly appointed lord of Pembroke. This thesis provides an original assessment of their respective lordships, focusing primarily on their landholdings within the March and English border shires (Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire and Gloucestershire), highlighting the importance of these estates in shaping their overall position as political elites. It assesses the extent to which their territorial concerns determined their contribution to events within the March and England during a period of widespread volatility. The nexus of their respective lands, tenants and followers is considered, as are the different patterns of patronage and networks of power pertinent to each Marcher lord.
This research also draws on original evidence to highlight the increased involvement of the English crown in the March before, during, and after the Second Barons’ War (1264-1267). It highlights the creation of both the Lord Edward and the Lord Edmund as Marcher lords of the first rank, albeit with different rights and obligations, as part of a wider impetus to consolidate and protect the crown’s estates in Wales. Their interactions with the Marcher lords and the shifting fortunes of their careers are analysed alongside their fellow Marchers’ own respective allegiances to the crown, to provide a more comprehensive study of the nature and extent of Marcher lordship. The main aim here is to highlight the increased and evolving role of the crown in the March in the late Thirteenth Century, and to demonstrate the extent to which developments in the March were interwoven with events in England.
Overall, this thesis contributes to studies concerned with borderlands. It does this because of the understanding that in studying a society’s peripheries alongside its centre, the outer fringes of its border zones alongside its localities, a better understanding of that society is achieved. This thesis therefore ultimately provides an original contribution to several other historiographies, namely those of Medieval Wales, the Welsh March, thirteenth-century England and aristocratic society, and to studies of medieval noble identity more broadly.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21590
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/39
Marcher lords
Medieval Wales
Second Barons' War
Henry III
March of Wales
Welsh Marches
Royal government
Duchy of Lancaster
Lord Edward
Lord Edmund
Simon de Montfort
Baronial reforms
Medieval kingship
Medieval lordship
Thirteenth century
Medieval English earldoms
Politics, policy and power : the Marcher lords and the English crown in the March of Wales, 1254-1272
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39402020-11-17T03:02:29Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Hammond, Catherine
author
2013-11
This thesis focuses on conflict within families in Normandy, c. 1025 to 1135. Despite the occurrence of several acute struggles within the ducal house during this period, and a number of lesser known but significant disputes within aristocratic families, this topic has attracted little attention from historians. Kin conflict was cast by medieval commentators as a paradox, and indeed, it is often still regarded in these terms today: the family was a bastion of solidarity, and its members the very individuals to whom one turned for support in the face of an external threat, so for a family group to turn against itself was aberrant and abhorrent. In this thesis, I draw on significant narrative and documentary evidence to consider the practice and perception of family discord. When considered in its broader setting, it emerges that kin disputes were an expected and accepted part of Norman society at this time. I begin by introducing the topic, justifying my approach, considering the relevant historiography, and providing an overview of the sources. In chapter one, I examine the representations of family and conflict in a range of primary sources to glean contemporary views. In chapters two and three, I focus on the practice of conflict within the ducal family, considering the causes of disputes, and then the place of internal ducal dissension in the Norman world. Chapter four analyses the same issues in relation to discord within aristocratic families, before chapter five explores family disputes which arose from patronage of the Church. In the conclusion, I consider the Norman example within its comparative contemporary milieu and ponder the broader themes of family conflict.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3940
Normandy
Politics
Law
Family
Family conflict in ducal Normandy, c. 1025-1135
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/231742021-07-21T14:49:00Zcom_10023_448com_10023_39com_10023_74com_10023_25com_10023_445col_10023_450col_10023_77col_10023_447
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Westerhof Nyman, Perin Joy
author
2021-07-01
This thesis examines the use of meaningful and symbolic dress at the late medieval Scottish royal court, arguing that group displays of colour-coded clothing, exemplified by livery and mourning dress, played key political roles both in the day-to-day functioning of the court and royal household and at large-scale ceremonial events. The discussion takes an interdisciplinary approach to a wide body of source types, and considers evidence from the fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries, concluding with the funeral of James V in 1543. Although a number of Scottish historians have considered the political implications of individual sixteenth-century monarchs’ wardrobes, there has been little focused discussion of the dress of the wider household and court before the mid-sixteenth century. This thesis shows that dress was employed throughout the late medieval period and the early sixteenth century as a means of visually defining the structures of the household and parts of the court, the roles of the people within them, and their relationships to each other and to the monarch. It argues that clothing’s ability to express constructed meaning and identity made it a powerful and versatile tool. Examinations of livery and heraldic dress, funereal dress and textile displays, and mourning dress are used to explore the employment of clothing by the Scottish crown, nobility, and household officials. These discussions culminate in three case studies of the finely-tuned displays of liveries and mourning that were organised for the funerals of Scottish monarchs Madeleine de Valois, Margaret Tudor, and James V. By showing that meaningful dress was a core element in the expression of interpersonal and political discourse at all levels of court life, and by making the technical definitions, forms, functions, and associated meanings of late medieval Scottish dress more accessible, this thesis seeks to facilitate the wider integration of dress evidence into Scottish historical research.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/23174
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/64
Dress history
Court culture
Clothing
Pageantry
Royal administration
Funerals
Scottish kingship
James IV
James V
Margaret Tudor
David Lindsay of the Mount
Livery and dule : dressing life and death in the late medieval Scottish royal household
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/114142019-03-29T16:05:58Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Beebe, Bruce
author
1971
[This thesis has] “…attempted to define and discuss as many aspects of English crusade policy in the late thirteenth century as the source material will allow. Following a brief chronological summary of Edward’s involvement in the defence of the Holy Land, three sections form the framework of this examination of English crusading practice. The first consists of a narrative history of the Lord Edward’s crusade of 1270-1272; the second deals with political factors which had relevance to English crusading activity throughout the period 1264-1307; and the final section includes a detailed examination of three important aspects of thirteenth-century crusading history: the contemporary relationship between theory and practice exemplified by English policies; the legatine authority and use of canonistic doctrines underling English preaching and recruitment; and the machinery through which English policies were financed.”
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11414
Edward I and the Crusades
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/156272019-09-23T11:54:37Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Hitt, Cory
author
2018
The texts that comprise the corpus of Old French and Anglo-Norman literature of the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries feature numerous portrayals of courtly life. The rules
of that life, as they are presented in the literature, are contradictory, fluid, and open to
interpretation. The tangle of courtly etiquette in Old French and Anglo-Norman
literature, however, possesses certain recognizable recurring elements. These
elements form something approaching a corpus of normative behaviours,
expectations, and roles. We might even say, as Gadi Algazi and Stephen D. White
have suggested, that medieval literature contains templates of various social and legal
strategies of which the reader could have availed himself. This thesis seeks to study
these norms and templates and how they are communicated. A detailed study of the
ways they are transmitted within each text, coupled with an examination of their
content, reveals much about authorial voice and stylistic technique. This dual study of
form and content also illuminates the author’s understanding of honour, gender, the
law, and justice.
The literature also offers a glimpse into the psychology and strategy of the
medieval legal process. This thesis seeks to build on this thematic connection between
legal and literary texts. I therefore compare paradigms of norm transmission not only
between individual literary texts, but also with paradigms in law books; specifically,
the twelfth- and thirteenth-century coutumiers of Northern France, Glanvill, and
Bracton’s De Legibus. The law books are analysed from a stylistic, literary angle, and
the ideals of the “law book author” are proposed. Broadly, this thesis considers the
process of storytelling, seeking to explain how legal texts tell the story of the law
alongside contemporary literary conteurs.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15627
"Establishing justice and telling stories" : paradigms of norm transmission in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Anglo-Norman and Old French literary and legal texts
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/126812022-09-16T11:07:22Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Veneziani, Enrico
author
2018-06-28
This thesis analyses the idea of the Church adopted by the papacy of Honorius II (1124-1130), a pontificate hitherto overlooked by most historians. The main sources, examined with a particular focus on language and context, are the extant letters produced by the papal chancery, which present the official Roman view. A preliminary calendar of the letters is compiled here for the first time and is intended as a tool for future research. Chronicles and other sources are also used to expand the analysis. The first section explores the papacy’s theoretical assertions of primacy over the whole Church and the innovations of the chancery led by Haimeric (1123-1141). It argues that this pontificate added a degree of novelty to ideas already in use (such as the maternal role of the Roman church) but also made new and stronger claims for the papal office. Chapter two considers the consequences of these claims on papal relations with other ecclesiastical institutions and the tools Honorius resorted to when asserting his primacy. It concludes that some of these – especially papal legates – were adapted to the pope’s needs or achieved an even more significant role during this papacy, allowing Honorius to exercise a certain pragmatic primacy over the whole Church. Chapter three deals with relations with secular powers. Although this is afflicted by a serious dearth of letters – the silences of Honorius - the chapter demonstrates that it is still possible to recreate some sense of the modus operandi towards secular powers. It argues that the papacy was usually responsive and its actual power quite limited. The last section offers a case study of Honorius’s relations with Montecassino. Compared with two almost contemporary cases at Cluny and Farfa, this exposes how the ecclesiology of this papacy worked in detail. It argues that these episodes should be read together as a papal attempt to assert primacy over institutions which had always pursued a policy independent from Rome.
The image emerging from this analysis frames Honorius’s papacy more effectively, overturning the idea of a transitional and colourless pope. This was a vital pontificate, during which some significant innovations and claims were made. In particular, by adapting the content of each letter to addressee and context, Honorius’s chancery, led by Haimeric, played a decisive role in extending the ecclesiology of the papacy.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12681
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-12681
Medieval papacy
Ecclesiology
Roman primacy
Letter-writing
Papal chancery
Honorius II
Lamberto
The ecclesiology of the papacy of Honorius II (1124-1130), with a preliminary calendar of letters
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/136182019-03-29T16:05:59Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Freeburn, Ryan P.
author
2005
Throughout the course a long life in which he served as a cleric, a Cluniac monk, and an archbishop, Hugh of Amiens (c. 1085-1164) wrote a number of works including poems, biblical exegesis, anti-heretical polemics, and one of the early collections of systematic theology. This dissertation aims to provide an intellectual biography of Hugh which grants a better understanding not only of his motivations and ideals, but also some of those of the wider clerical and monastic world of the twelfth century. It examines each of Hugh's theological and literary compositions with their manuscript distribution, chronology, and contemporary setting, giving an in-depth exegesis of the texts including their concerns, sources of material, and their meaning within the context of their day. So too does it compare him with contemporaries who were writing similar works, from the compilers of sentences to biblical versifiers. Many themes surface in this work. One of these is the influence that both the scholastic and the monastic worlds had on Hugh. His writings show that he, along with many of his contemporaries, was secure in drawing inspiration from the contemplative spirit of the cloister as well as the methodical and disputatious endeavours of the schools. Another key theme is the extensive influence of St. Augustine, not just upon Hugh's thought, but also upon the thought of most of Hugh's contemporaries. The role of Hugh's works in the origin of systematic theology also emerges, as does their relation to events in the larger religious, social, and political scene, such as the rise of popular heresies and new religious movements, the condemnation of Gilbert de la Porree (c. 1076-1154), and the schism under Pope Alexander III (c. 1100-81). It concludes that Hugh was not only an intriguing individual, but also a representative of many of the important and widespread trends of his day.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13618
The work and thought of Hugh of Amiens (c. 1085-1164)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/26642019-03-29T16:06:01Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Towson, Kris
author
2005
This thesis examines the political career of Henry Percy, 1st earl of
Northumberland. Chapter one examines the background of the Percy
family, and Henry Percy's career in the years leading to his elevation to
the earldom of Northumberland. Chapter two considers his
relationships with John of Gaunt and the Neville family both at times of
crisis and during times of relative stability. It also examines his
relationship with the wider political community in the north of England
and his role on the Scottish border during the late fourteenth century.
Chapter three focuses on the turbulent years of 1399-1403. It offers
new interpretations of Percy's participation in the revolution of 1399
and in the events leading to the 1403 rebellion led by his son Henry
'Hotspur'. Chapter four traces the final years of Percy's life from 1404-8.
It re-interprets the events leading to his flight to Scotland in 1405, his
years there, in Wales and on the continent and his final, fatal return to
England in 1408.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2664
Henry Percy, first earl of Northumberland: ambition, conflict and cooperation in late mediaeval England
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/101362022-02-16T03:02:54Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Greer, Sarah Louise
author
2017-06-22
This thesis examines the relationships between royal convents and rulers in Saxony from 852 to 1024. The spate of female monasteries founded in Saxony in the ninth and tenth centuries, alongside the close relationships of major convents to the Ottonian dynasty, has led to Saxon female monasticism being described as unique. As such, Saxony’s apparently peculiar experience has been used to make comparisons with other regions about the nature of female monasticism, commemoration and the role of women in early medieval societies. This thesis interrogates these ideas by tracking the development of two major royal convents: Gandersheim and Quedlinburg. By reassessing the origins of these convents, and their later rewriting in sources produced by these monasteries, we can consider how their relationships with the rulers of Saxony developed over time, and how their identity and function as royal monasteries evolved as the tenth century progressed. In doing so, this thesis challenges the dominant understanding of these convents as homes of the Ottonian memoria and provides a detailed view of how these institutions became so prominent in Saxony. The thesis is divided into four sections. After introducing the historiographical importance of this topic in the first chapter, in chapter two I assess the origins of the convent of Gandersheim in Carolingian Saxony. Chapter three turns to the rewriting of these origins by Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim in the 970s. Chapter four reconsiders the early history of the convent of Quedlinburg from 936 to 966. Chapter five tracks how the origins of Quedlinburg evolved into a new narrative across the tenth century, culminating in the version provided by the Quedlinburg Annals in 1008. Finally, the concluding section outlines the significance of this thesis for our understanding of early medieval female monasticism and the history of the Ottonian Empire.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10136
Grant Agreement Number 316732
Monastic history
Memory
Medieval historiography
German history
Female monasticism
Hagiography
Ottonian Empire
Carolingian Empire
Early medieval history
Gandersheim and Quedlinburg, c. 852-1024: the development of royal female monasteries in Saxony
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/275862023-05-12T02:03:05Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Hartman, Abigail
author
2023-06-15
Analysing archival material from their major late medieval urban centres, including Cologne, Frankfurt-am-Main, and Hildesheim, this thesis provides a fresh examination of communities of lay voluntary poor called Cellites. Known for visiting the sick and burying the dead, they were once thought to have existed in conflict with the institutional Church. Tensions indeed persisted through the fifteenth century between proponents of a religious life lived outside of vows, and those who believed such a practice ran contrary to the very nature of religio. However, this thesis argues that Cellites were typically embraced by ecclesiastical and secular authorities because of their material and spiritual usefulness—specifically through the aid they provided body and soul by burying the dead and exhorting the dying. Drawing out the interactions between ecclesiastics, magistrates, and individual Cellite houses contributes to scholarship in two main ways. First, it supports the growing consensus that later medieval religion was far richer than the dichotomies of lay/clerical or secular/religious have allowed us to see. Second, it adds to the lively discussion about the space ‘in between’ heresy and order by demonstrating how the Cellites, rather than being regularised or repressed, carved out an identity for themselves while making their own choices regarding forms of the religious life.
The thesis proceeds chronologically in the first two chapters, and thematically in the last two. Examining a legal case from the Council of Constance (1414-18), Chapter One shows how clerics framed Cellite communities as fostering virtue rather than usurping the prerogatives of religious. Chapter Two demonstrates that in the following decades, the ways in which individual houses negotiated their status was shaped by their local contexts, but that corporately the Cellites faced no existential threat; houses chose to adopt the Augustinian Rule in the 1460s-70s not to avoid dissolution but to gain additional privileges. The second portion of the thesis turns to the ways in which the Cellites contributed to the maintenance of a Christian society. Chapter Three argues that clergy and magistrates regarded Cellite burial of the dead as beneficial to the common good because it ensured the poor as well as the rich were treated with dignity. Chapter Four shows that this social benefit was not only physical: secular and ecclesiastical authorities also praised the Cellites for aiding their broader communities spiritually, by providing exhortations at the deathbed about the basics of the faith. Taken together, these chapters push us beyond seeing lay religious as mere subjects of reform, illuminating instead how they could be active participants in it.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/27586
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/450
Ars moriendi
Cellites
Death
Charity
Semireligious
Lay religious
Alexians
Alexian Brothers
The Cellites and their death charity in the later Middle Ages
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/145472019-03-29T16:06:03Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Harpster, Matthew
author
1997-06
This thesis examines the change in shipbuilding techniques from the mortice and tenon method common in antiquity, to the frame first method, specifically when the former method disappeared, in the 7th century AD. It approaches this change, which is documented in the archaeological record, from a historical point of view, creating a context around the archaeological material, a context which was previously missing. As it does so, it arrives at the conclusion that the Muslim invasion brought a new economic and political atmosphere to the eastern Mediterranean which, in contrast to the Byzantine Empire, was conducive to an expansion in independent mercantilism and a change in shipbuilding techniques.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14547
Shipbuilding and trade in the Eastern Mediterranean during the 7th century : possible effects of the Muslim invasion
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/101542021-11-17T09:59:08Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Watts, Steven Edra
author
2016-10-20
In this thesis I argue that Jordan of Saxony (d. 1237), Master of the Order of Preachers, fostered a culture of openness toward the participation of women in the religious life of the Dominican order. This is demonstrated, in part, through the study of the nature of Jordan's support for Diana d'Andalò (d. 1236) and her convent of Sant'Agnese and his presentation of female pastoral care in the Libellus, his history of the order. The argument is also developed by means of a chronologically-informed reading of Jordan's letters, which explores his use of familial language, his employment of the topoi of spiritual friendship, and the significance he attributes to the role of religious women's prayer in the order's evangelical mission.
Jordan's friendship with Diana d'Andalò and her convent of Sant'Agnese is well-known, if not necessarily well-explored. It is usually treated as a case apart from the order's increasing hostility to the pastoral care of religious and devout women, which gained momentum over the course of Jordan's tenure. This thesis seeks to break down this compartmentalized view by articulating not only the close parallels between Jordan's perception of friars and nuns within the order, but also the way in which he extended bonds of mutual religious commitment to religious women outside the order. As such, this study also intends to contribute to a growing historiography that explores the various ways in which medieval men and women participated together in religious life.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10154
Medieval religion
Order of Preachers (Dominican)
Jordan of Saxony (d. 1237)
Diana d'Andalò (d. 1236)
Family
Spiritual friendship
Prayer
Pedagogy
Canon law
'Let us run in love together' : Master Jordan of Saxony (d. 1237) and participation of women in the religious life of the Order of Preachers
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/9152019-03-29T16:06:03Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Harding, Christian
author
2010-06-24
In the ninth century, the community of St Filibert, which was established on the island of Noirmoutier in the late-seventh century, relocated five times reportedly due to pressures caused by the invasions of the Northmen. The community produced texts during the period of relocations which emphasised the agency of the Northmen and whose testimony has been readily accepted in most subsequent historical analysis. The twofold aim of this thesis is to re-examine the body of literature produced by the community in order first to measure the narrative it provides against the paradigm of flight from the Northmen, and second to understand the nature of the texts themselves. It will argue that rather than being a community in flight, the Filibertines were involved in some of the most important concerns in the ninth-century kingdoms of Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald. They were not only at the centre of successive royal patronage circles, but they developed the cult of their patron, St Filibert, through the process of relocation in both architectural and devotional spheres. Moreover, their economic activity, which had always been a concern of theirs since the late-seventh century, developed through the use of salt-pans and vineyards as well as through the donation of exemptions from taxation on the transit of goods. Overall this thesis proposes that the ninth century was, for the community of St Filibert, a period largely dominated by growth on a number of levels and argues that the texts that put flight from the Northmen at their heart were written as a method of defining an identity for a community in flux.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/915
Carolingians
Monasticism
Charles the Bald
Politics
Cults of saints
Vikings
Bretons
Ermentarius
Community, cult and politics : the history of the monks of St Filibert in the ninth century.
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/266472023-03-21T10:10:25Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Brzezinska, Dominika Katarzyna
author
2022-06-15
This thesis examines how those who were considered bastards by the society of England in the period ca. 1200 – 1350 were affected by their birth status, by seeking answers to questions about the place illegitimates had within the family and local community, the way they were perceived by the locals and the society at large, the career paths and means of improving their prospects in life that were available to them. This study explores the legal, social and financial limitations and possibilities that were tied to the changing understanding of the concept of illegitimacy, as well as the cultural image of real and imaginary bastards. Contrary to the trends popular among the researchers of the subject, the thesis does not focus primarily on the legal aspects and nuances of illegitimacy, nor does it examine in detail the high-born and popular figures of bastards; instead, the analysis concerns itself first and foremost with the family and social relations of mediaeval bastards by applying the anthropological and sociological approach to the interpretation of both legal and narrative sources. The primary source materials include legal sources, like Curia Regis Rolls, year books, manorial records; ecclesiastical records, such as papal and bishops’ registers; as well as narrative sources – chronicles and popular romances. The thesis is divided into five chapters that explore different aspects of the concept of illegitimacy – how it was understood and put into practice by the English society, taking into consideration the differences between individual social strata – landed society, peasantry, and clergy –, and in what areas and to what extent the status of a bastard affected the lives of those considered illegitimate and their closest relatives. The final chapter explores literary portrayals of bastardy and the cultural perception of and the attitudes towards illegitimates among the English society of the Central Middle Ages.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/26647
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/240
Middle Ages
Social history
Legal history
Canon law
Illegitimacy
Common law
Living with the burden of illegitimacy in the society of mediaeval England in the late twelfth – early fourteenth century
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/44982019-09-30T11:23:02Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Roberts, Edward
author
2014-06-26
This thesis is a study of the works of the historian Flodoard of Rheims (893/4–966), author of two substantial prose narratives (Annales and Historia Remensis ecclesiae) and an epic verse history (De triumphis Christi). Flodoard is the only major Frankish chronicler of his day, so his accounts of the political history of the West Frankish, Ottonian and Italian kingdoms are of paramount importance to modern scholars. Flodoard’s Annales have been considered a reliable and neutral account of contemporary affairs, so historians have been content to mine them for ‘facts’ informing wider debates concerning the history of late Carolingian Europe. Additionally, he has been judged a conscientious, source-driven archivist: his Historia Remensis ecclesiae preserves an abundance of otherwise-lost documentary sources which has been used by scholars to illuminate the church of Rheims’ illustrious history. However, Flodoard was an actor on the highest political stage. He spent time at royal courts, travelled to Rome, and regularly communicated with the leading political and intellectual figures of his day. He was also deeply enmeshed in the affairs of the powerful archbishopric of Rheims. This study demonstrates that Flodoard’s histories are not easily extricated from the context of his own turbulent career. It argues that Flodoard cannot be understood without reference to the vicissitudes of the complex political environment in which he operated. By taking Flodoard on his own terms and situating his historical works in their appropriate political and intellectual contexts, this thesis challenges the conventional way we read Flodoard, asking what kind of information we can reliably interrogate him for, whom his audiences were, why he wrote history at all and whether he is truly representative of his age.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4498
Flodoard of Rheims
Rheims
West Francia
Frankish history
France
Carolingian history
Historiography
Historical writing
Ottonian history
Flodoard of Rheims and the tenth century
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40372023-11-15T03:02:35Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25com_10023_445com_10023_39col_10023_77col_10023_447
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Page, Jamie
author
2013-11-30
This thesis is a study of the problem of subjectivity and prostitution in the Middle Ages. Three legal case studies of unpublished archival material and one chapter focussing on fictional texts from late mediaeval Germany and Switzerland are used to investigate the conditions of prostitutes’ subjectification in law and literature. The thesis takes impetus from Ruth Karras’s recent articulation of the problem of prostitution and sexuality, seeking to engage critically with her notion of “prostitute” as a medieval sexual identity that might be applied to any woman who had extra-marital sex. In dealing with trial records, it also aims to make a methodological contribution to the study of crime and the problem of locating the individual.
Chapters I-III examine the records of criminal cases featuring the testimony of prostitutes, or women who risked such categorisation, to consider the available subject positions both within and outwith the context of municipal regulation. Whilst acknowledging the force of normative ideas about prostitutes as lustful women, these chapters argue that prostitutes’ subject positions in legal cases were adopted according to local conditions, and depended upon the immediate circumstances of the women involved. They also consider trial records as a form of masculine discourse, arguing that an anxious masculine subject can be seen to emerge in response to the phenomenon of prostitution. Chapter IV expands this discussion by drawing on literary texts showing how prostitutes prompted concern on the part of male poets and audiences, for whom their sexual agency was a threat which belied their theoretical status as sexual objects.
Note: Transcriptions of the legal cases making up chapters I-III are provided in Appendices A, B, and C.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4037
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-4037
Prostitution
Medieval
Germany
Switzerland
Sexuality
Gender
Sex
Brothels
Middle Ages
Court records
Testimony
Subjectivity
Prostitution and subjectivity in late mediaeval Germany and Switzerland
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/202952023-07-04T02:02:21Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Ivarsen, Ingrid
author
2020-07-30
This thesis examines the production of written law in Anglo-Saxon England by asking some basic questions. What is ‘an Anglo-Saxon law’? Where and when were surviving laws made? Who wrote them? What characterizes the laws as texts? These questions are answered using the laws’ language, text and form as evidence. In the first part of the thesis, I argue that the modern idea of what makes ‘an Anglo-Saxon law’ is adopted from editions, specifically Felix Liebermann’s 1903 Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. I show that the corpus presented in this edition is not just a product of Liebermann’s own political, academic and legal contexts, but also those of his editorial predecessors. By relying on such a corpus we have constructed our view of Anglo-Saxon law and legislation on unstable foundations. Therefore, I offer a new corpus of laws and set out the criteria for texts’ inclusion. I also propose a new way in which to categorize surviving legislation, arguing that there are two main categories: law codes and decrees. The second half of the thesis examines the production of the texts belonging to each of these categories. A key finding is that not all laws were produced in the same way. Some texts fit into the traditional model for the production of legislation, namely that it was done in relation to meetings between the king and witan. Some surviving texts may even be records of oral assembly proceedings. However, other texts appear to have been produced outwith an assembly context, including some that must have been made through long processes of research, compilation and juridical thinking. The evidence provided by language, text and form thus suggests that the production of Anglo-Saxon law was flexible and that the relationship between writing and law was complex and varied.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/20295
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-20295
Law
Anglo-Saxon history
The production of the Anglo-Saxon laws : from Alfred to Cnut
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/27592023-07-05T02:02:44Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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James, Thomas Beaumont
author
1977
Migration, which is becoming the most important branch of demography is the central theme of this thesis. The introduction covers the sources and methods employed and surveys the political and economic milieu in which Southampton developed between 1400 and 1600. The demographic fluctuations in the town at the period are charted and set in the context of other towns. Southampton did not grow in the early modern period by natural increase but through immigration. Study of mid-19th-century censuses has been undertaken in England but pre-industrial migration remains largely uncharted although scholars have studied individual sources such as consistory court deposition books or freemen's rolls. The originality of this thesis lies in its multi-source approach to the study of migration. The investigation of a single town enables the careers of the immigrants to be traced to see how they progressed. The two central sections of the thesis examines the origins and mobility of various groups in Southampton during the 15th and 16th centuries - royal officials, mayors, HPs, burgesses, non-burgesses and the poor. Three lists, for 1454, 1524 and 1585, have been analysed by nominal record linkage. These lists provide 'snapshots' of society and provide a basis for discussion of topics not mentioned elsewhere such as the origins and connections of property owners in 1454. The 1524 discussion examines Southampton society by wealth group and the 1585 muster provides an opportunity for discussion of apprenticeship and occupational patronage, the passing of skills from masters to servants, who were often immigrants. The fourth section deals with overseas immigrants to the town. An Italian became mayor in the 15th century and foreigners penetrated town society at all levels, bringing new skills to the town such as glazing and the manufacture of the 'new draperies'. Channel Islanders also migrated to Southampton, being identified in all walks of life from mayors to paupers. The study concludes that immigration and emigration were of great importance to the life of the town between 1400 and 1600, and that with patronage, or money, outsiders were welcomed into town society: indeed town dynasties were rare. An estimated 50% of the population of renaissance Southampton were immigrants who not only swelled its numbers but also provided new capital and ideas. This novel attempt to tackle the formerly intractable problem of migration within an urban community provides a methodological framework for future studies.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2759
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-2759
The geographical origins and mobility of the inhabitants of Southampton, 1400-1600
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/270922023-11-23T03:03:15Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Houston, Cameron
author
2023-06-15
This thesis examines the relationship between politics and the writing of institutional history (cartularies and gesta) after the end of the Carolingian Empire (888) from the perspective of Folcuin of St-Bertin and Lobbes (fl. 948-90). After the empire collapsed, long-form narrative histories were mainly written about other centres of power than the royal court, such as religious institutions, and reflected local historical horizons as institutional identities became stronger nodes around which to write history in response to political fragmentation. This thesis nuances this view by placing Folcuin and his histories in as broad a context as possible for the first time. Chapters I and II explore how the politics of Folcuin’s oblation to the Flemish abbey of St-Bertin related to the writing of what many consider to be the first cartulary-chronicle, the Gesta abbatum Sithiensium. Folcuin’s partisanship in a hitherto unknown conflict between certain Baldwinid counts and their Unruoching relatives for power in St-Bertin and Flanders permeated the text, thus challenging the view that the earliest west Frankish cartularies necessarily created shared institutional identities in relation to reform. Chapters III and IV examine how the politics of Folcuin’s promotion to the abbacy of Lobbes and Ottonian rule in Lower Lotharingia related to the composition of the Gesta abbatum Lobiensium. Folcuin’s argument in favour of members of the Ottonian dynasty against their (pro-)Reginarid rivals for power over the abbey and region shaped his representation of monastic history, thus challenging the view that he initially wrote in response to his relations with Rather of Verona. Institutional history could offer contemporaries a means to situate themselves and their communities in a changed political landscape, not by re-establishing their identities around shared institutional pasts, but by aligning them with members of rival families, competing relatives, and still-inchoate political orders in the turbulent world of post-Carolingian politics.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/27092
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/323
Folcuin
Abbey of Saint-Bertin
Abbey of Lobbes
Flanders
West Francia
Lotharingia
Carolingian Empire
Ottonian Empire
Baldwinids
Unruochings
Reginarids
Medieval historiography
Institutional history
Gesta abbatum
Cartulary
Cartulary-chronicle
Charters
Medieval politics
Monastic reform
Monastic history
Folcuin and the politics of writing institutional history after the end of the Carolingian Empire
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/136412019-03-29T16:06:05Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Foulser, Nicholas E.
author
2005
This thesis explores the potential influence of 'Lollardy' and reformist ideas on English legislation in the period c.1376 to c.1422. It focuses on a comparison between the ideas expressed in a variety of Wycliffite works, most especially the tracts that were reportedly presented to parliament, and the ideas contained within parliamentary legislative activity. The aim of the thesis is to shed light on the extent to which the political community shared the ideas expressed in 'heterodox' works and the extent to which the debate over 'Lollardy' informed the debates over other issues within parliament. It begins with an introductory section which explores the nature of 'Lollardy', the potential of the parliamentary and statute rolls as sources for the impact of reformist ideas, and an examination of what can be gleaned from other sources as regards the attitudes of the political community to reform. It then moves on to explore legislative activity on a variety of issues including papal provisions, vagrancy, appropriation, non-residence and pluralism, hospitals and fraternal recruitment practices - on a primarily chapter by chapter basis, exploring the ideas and arguments as they developed chronologically and mapping these, as far as possible, against the known chronology of 'Lollardy'. It also makes comparisons between the petitions and the government's response, in order to determine the dynamics of 'Lollardy's' influence. Did the commons have an underlying programme of reform? If so, did this programme bear any relationship to the programme of reform advocated by the Wycliffites and the protagonists of disendowment? How committed were the commons to the ideas they espoused? Did the Church accept a level of parliamentary interference to stave off the threat of 'Lollardy'? What was the government's attitude to reform? These are some of the central questions of this thesis.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13641
The influence of 'Lollardy' and reformist ideas on English legislation, c.1376 - c.1422
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/138452019-03-29T16:06:06Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Skoglund, Fredrik Kvarme
author
2003
This thesis sets out to examine the coastal defence in Scandinavia in the Viking and early middle ages, with main emphasis on Norway, the organisation and the elements' level of co-existence. The idea is that the military organisation consisted of three main elements. First and foremost the levy system, based on ships being mustered from the various administrative districts in the countries, in order to protect the land from seaborne attacks. Secondly a signalling system, consisting of several sites, to be lit and warn the settlements of approaching fleets or other danger, so that a defence could be mustered. Thirdly, underwater fortifications, man made defensive constructions positioned in water at favourable locations to prevent enemy vessels from using fjords and inlets as inroads. As the latter category has only been researched in Denmark and Sweden, special interest will be put in studying this element and to evaluate the possibilities for it having been employed in Norway. A study of the various available, and valid, sources in order to obtain knowledge regarding each of the elements will be presented, emphasising on the ramifications involved when applying them in research. The study will be multi-disciplinary, for though the basis being archaeological, the lack of archaeological material will in many cases, make the use of other sources necessary. Additionally will various sources make the picture more complete and a better understanding can be reached. Especially will place-names be regarded as a valuable source.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13845
The coastal defence in Scandinavia : the role and composition of the military organisation in the Viking and early Middle Ages
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/29302019-03-29T16:06:07Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Harvey, Bridget R.
author
1989
This thesis is a study of the Berkeley family through five generations
from 1281 to 1417 and attempts to study in depth all the aspects of their
lives for which material is available. This is far more abundant for the
Berkeley family than for many others in a similar position in the late
middle ages which makes them a suitable subject for such study.
The first lord in the series is Thomas II (lord 1281-1321) who had a
personal association with Edward I manifested in his close involvement in
all the most important events of the reign. He virtually retired from
active public life during the reign of Edward II and his heir, Maurice III
(1321-26), took over as representative of the family. He benefited from the
lordship of the earl of Pembroke which brought him several important posts
between 1312 and 1318, but he then broke with Pembroke to join the Marcher
opposition to the king. He was one of the leaders of the rebels in the
Despenser War of 1321-2 and spent the rest of his life imprisoned at
Wallingford.
His son, Thomas III (1326-61), was married to Mortimer's daughter and
consequently played an important role during the Mortimer regime, but suffered
an eclipse during the 1330s while undergoing his parliamentary trial
for the death of Edward II. He re-emerged onto the national stage in the
1340s but was principally concerned with domestic and estate matters. His
heir, Maurice IV (1361-68) was retained by the Black Prince and was wounded
and captured while in the Prince's service at Poitiers. The wound made him
an invalid for the rest of his life and he was further hampered by the
burden of paying off his ransom. His son Thomas IV (1368-1417) was a
minor until 1374 and then was severely restricted financially by the claims
on the estate of two long-lived dowagers until 1390. This was to ascertain
extent mitigated by the fortuitous inheritence by his wife of the Lisle
estate but he played no important role in the affairs of Richard II's reign.
He was prominent, however, in the establishment of Henry IV in 1399 and was
a Privy Councillor of that king until 1406 when he appears to have been
dropped when Prince Henry's influence at court became important.
These activities at court were influenced principally by the lords'
personal associations with the current ruler and in normal circumstances
they did, not have the status consonant with the right to involvement in
affairs of the highest importance. They were, however, at the highest end
of the peerage since their income rose to almost comital size and this
position was enhanced by marriage alliances with other peerage families
of similar high incomes and long establishment. The daughters of the family,
however, occasionally married men of lesser status. Portions, jointures and
dowers were distributed and received in conformity with the general rules
governing such matters but the most prominent and important of their family
relations was the loyalty shown by the cadets to Gloucestershire and the
main line. This was occasionally of particular importance, such as the
alliance between Thomas III and his courtier brother, Maurice (of Stoke
Giffard), but was at all times a source of great strength to the lords whose
influence in their "country" was thereby greatly extended.
A second major factor in the Berkeley lords' dominance of their "country"
(which appears to have been, in most respects, the county of Gloucestershire)
was the concentration of their estate in that area. This was improved by the
acquisition of new lands in the same area and although most of these lands
were subsequently granted to younger sons, these cadet branches only served
to strengthen the lords' position further. The income derived from that
part of the estate which descended with the main line rose from around £900
per annum in the late 13th century to £1,150 per annum by 1360 but on occasions
it was considerably higher than this, notably after the Lisle lands
came to Thomas IV in 1382 and 1392.
Although the, lords' resources, and their ability to concentrate all of
them on the one area, was an important element of their influence in the
county, a more important factor, perhaps, was the lack of any serious
rivals within Gloucestershire. This enabled the Berkeleys to have what
amounted to almost a monopoly of lordship and a great deal of influence
over appointments to local offices. Their increasing stature is reflected
in the changing methods they adopted to impose their will in the area,
these growing in sophistication over the period. Their lordship was
reciprocated-by the members of their affinity who assisted and supported
them in their various endeavours.
Detailed study of the manor of Ham (the largest of those making up
the honour of Berkeley) showed that there was a huge increase in the number
of tenements held by free tenants, and in the rents paid by them, under
the lordship of Thomas II. He also cut down the number of villein tenements,
the profit from which was restricted by custom, but the principal change
in this respect occured after the Black Death when many tenements came to
be "held freely" for a greatly increased cash rent. The adverse effects
of the Black Death were quickly corrected in the short term but long term
effects are apparent in the static nature of the rent-roll from 1360. The
use and type of labour changed over the period since Thomas II was content
to have a smaller number of famuli and make greater use of villein labour
services, while Thomas III used much of the villein labour obligation to
support famuli (thus increasing the numbers employed) and making up the
deficit with casual labour. Most of the stock on the manor were draught
animals and, although many went to the household, sale became more important
after 1360 as policy changed it into more of a "cash" manor. There was a
large demesne which produced great quantities of wheat and oats and smaller
quantities of beans, most of which went to the household. The lords' followed
most of the agricultural techniques advised in the treatises but on matters
not covered by them, the local wisdom which predominated was not as helpful
as it could have been.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2930
The Berkeleys of Berkeley, 1281-1417: a study in the lesser peerage of late medieval England
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/30682022-02-11T03:03:16Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Meneghin, Alessia
author
2011-11
This thesis examines virtually unstudied sources, the ricordanze of a wage-earner, Piero
Puro di Francesco da Vicchio of Florence, and the account book of a small tradesman, a
rigattiere, Taddeo di Chello of Prato. It also expands the framework of the information
available in these sources using records of property assets, taxes and commercial
transactions in the Florentine Catasto and Estimo. The thesis exploits the vast amount of
data available from and through these books of account to approach the theme of
clothing consumption in its various aspects – cultural and social as well as economic. It
also argues that clothing was one of the foremost indicators of one‟s improved status,
and that social mobility could be achieved through networking, and by projecting the
best image of oneself to the outer world. The thesis is structured in three parts. The first
reconstructs the clientele of a Pratese rigattiere, Taddeo, outlining the clothing,
materials and accessories sold, their cost and diffusion, primarily in an attempt to
establish their destination and use. The second part of the thesis is then dedicated to the
social and, especially, the economic significance of the accessories purchased. This was
possible thanks to the wealth of data provided by the case of Piero, whose consumption
practices are exceptionally well-documented in his extant books. The third part, a
comparative analysis of the cases of Piero and Taddeo's customers, demonstrates, as we
might expect, that different individual financial capacities determined different patterns
of consumption, but that these also depended on the individual's access to different
payment facilities, such as credit. Piero, thanks to his active, gradual and astute
penetration into a system of patronage and power relations, alongside a dense social
network – which played a fundamental role in his life – ultimately managed to improve
his and his family's living standards. Taddeo on the contrary, because of his inability
fully to develop a social network, ultimately compromised his professional
achievements.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3068
The unglamorous side of shopping in late medieval Prato and Florence : the Ricordanze of Taddeo di Chello (1341-1408), and Piero Puro di Francesco da Vicchio (1397-1465)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/156052022-10-14T08:46:27Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Hey, Joshua
author
2018
This thesis is a study of the oaths sworn by subjects to kings of England between c. 870
and c. 1200. Who swore oaths to the king? When did they swear? What sorts of oaths
were sworn? What commitments did swearing lead to? Where were oaths sworn, and
what rituals were involved in swearing? These are some of the questions asked of the
evidence, a combination of narrative and legal sources. This material is examined over
four thematic chapters. The first three look at oaths sworn ordinarily at the time of
accessions, as part of succession planning, and within the confines of reigns themselves,
respectively. The final chapter examines oaths sworn outside of this process—oaths
sworn in non-normal, extraordinary circumstances.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15605
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-15605
Oaths, kings and subjects : a study of the oaths sworn to kings by subjects in England, c.870-c,1200
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/76082019-07-01T10:12:04Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Mincin, Elisabeth C.
author
2015-11
This thesis explores the literary topos in which heresy is defined in terms of disease, focusing particular attention on the reign of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118). By examining the portrayals of two heretics – the philosopher Ioannes Italos and the dualist Bogomil heresiarch Basileios – in a body of interrelated source material, conclusions are drawn related to the contemporary thought-world, which influenced the authors, their works and their understanding of the heterodox threat. This, in turn, is used to gain insight into the contemporary dynamics of imperial propaganda and power.
There are four main chapters, the first of which discusses the methodological approach adopted throughout this study. This section treats various questions related to the problems inherent in heresy scholarship, such as the ever-changing definition of ‘heresy’ and the use of source material that is fundamentally antagonistic towards the heretical subject. The second chapter traces the transmission of the focal topos, ‘heresy as disease’, within heresiology from its origins in the fourth-century Panarion of the bishop Epiphanios of Salamis up to the twelfth century, where it is found used prevalently by the court of Alexios I. Chapter three then offers a detailed analysis of the primary sources that are employed in the case studies of Italos and Basileios: Anna Komnene’s Alexias, Euthymios Zygabenos’s Panoplia Dogmatike, the Synodikon of Orthodoxy and trial proceedings preserved from the synodal examination of Italos. The final chapter explores the surviving presentations of both men – their depictions as ‘outsiders’ and the specific association developed between their teachings and disease – within the context of the newly emerging and insecure Komnenian dynasty. ‘Heresy as disease’ is found to transmit an ideological framework, allowing Alexios to reinforce his unstable position by capitalising on the image of the great Orthodox doctor, providing a cure for the common soul.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7608
Byzantium
Heresy
Politics
Religion
Curing the common soul : rethinking Byzantine heresy through the literary motif of disease (11th-12th centuries)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40742019-07-01T10:18:57Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Harding, Vanessa A.
author
1983
The port of London in the 14th century accommodated a wide range of activities and interests, several important aspects of which are considered here.The first part of the thesis looks successively at the general topography of the port, at the authorities which administered it, and at trade and shipping in London. It is clear that the port was effectively only the city waterfront, but within this stretch were several areas with different characteristics. Certain well-established 'ports' or inlets for general merchandise, especially victuals, contrasted with areas where there was little or no mercantile activity, and with areas like the Vintry and the Wool Wharf where major overseas trades were located. Waterfront structures were very varied in type and use. Both the City and the Crown exercised jurisdiction in the port. The City collected local customs and legislated to preserve the port's facilities and control wholesale and retail trade. The royal Customs accounts provide information for the operation of that system, which had some shortcomings, and also for trade itself, showing the range of London's trading contacts, and changes in the major trades in wool, woollen cloth, and wine. Ships of widely differing sizes, types, and origins visited London, and an estimate of the annual volume of shipping is made. Ownership and contractual arrangements are considered. The second part of the thesis returns to more detailed examination of the topography of the waterfront, in gazetteer form. The first attempt to study such a large area of the City through topographical reconstruction, it shows,through brief accounts of all the properties to the south of Thames Street, what the area was like in physical terms, and who owned it, aspects which were clearly related to the way in which the waterfront was used.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4074
The port of London in the fourteenth century : its topography, administration, and trade
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/145632019-03-29T16:06:12Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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Weiler, Björn K. U.
author
1999-03
This thesis charts the development of the political and diplomatic relations between England and the Holy Roman, Medieval or German Empire during the reign of Henry III of England, 1216-1272. This will be done before the wider background of contemporary European politics. Therefore, relations between the two realms have been viewed in the context of events and developments such as the papal-imperial conflict, the Mongol invasions, and the crusades. The actions of either Henry III or his Imperial counterpart cannot be understood without this background in mind, and without a comparison to the actions and undertakings of their contemporaries. As a result, it emerges that Henry III's policies towards the Holy Roman Empire did not differ greatly from those of other rulers, such as Louis IX of France or Ferdinand of Castile, and that in his case, as in theirs, the immediate pressing needs of Henry's own kingdom formed and moulded the direction of his relations with the rulers of the Empire. As far as the Emperor was concerned, on the other hand, England was perceived to be a potential source of fiscal and diplomatic support, but was not considered worth any risks. At the same time, the dangers and challenges facing both rulers also forced them over and over again to confront each other's needs and ambitions.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14563
England and the Empire, 1216-1272 : Anglo-German relations during the reign of Henry III
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/152922019-03-29T16:06:19Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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English, Barbara
author
1977
The counts of Aumale, who held the land of Holderness for two hundred years, came into England at the end of the Conqueror's reign. They came from Aumale in the north-eastern corner of Normandy, a small county grouped around a little town, a castle and a church. The counts lost their Norman lands in 1204, but kept their continental title until the last Aumale heiress, died in 1274. Holderness is a flat, low-lying and marshy district of eastern Yorkshire, between the River Hull and the sea. It has always been isolated from the rest of Yorkshire and England, by its river boundaries of Humber, Hull and Earl's Dyke. In the early middle ages it was of strategic importance in the struggle against Danish invasions, and the Conqueror, probably for this reason, treated Holderness as a special case, and instead of perpetuating the multiple tenancies of the Anglo-Saxon era, gave all the land there (except the church's fee) to his brother-in-law, Odo. The isolation of the district and the consolidation of land holdings in Holderness affected its development. The area became a highly privileged lordship, with many of the powers of the greatest palatinates of England. Holderness had, for instance, a private sheriff and a private coroner, and could exclude all royal officers except the justices of the eyre. Within the liberty (as it came to be called) there developed an efficient administrative system under a number of able men. Most of the counts' lands lay in Yorkshire. In Holderness there were only ten knights' fees, but they were of exceptionally large size, and some of the knights who in Holderness held one fee or less were elsewhere in England tenants-in-chief with many knights of their own. The revenues on which both counts and knights lived came from' the work of the ordinary people in their fields and pastures, and the counts too involved themselves in agriculture and particularly in sheep-farming. They also established three towns in Holderness, but only one (Hedon) proved successful. Like most of their contemporaries, they endowed many religious houses, the largest and richest in Holderness being Cistercian Meaux, founded in 1151 by William, count of Aumale, on the site of his hunting park.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15292
The counts of Aumale and Holderness, 1086-1260
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/20012019-03-29T16:06:19Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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Thomas, Elizabeth
author
2010
That kings throughout the entire Middle Ages used the marriages of themselves and their children to further their political agendas has never been in question. What this thesis examines is the significance these marriage alliances truly had to domestic and foreign politics in England from the accession of Henry II in 1154 until the death of his grandson Henry III in 1272. Chronicle and record sources shed valuable light upon the various aspects of royal marriage at this time: firstly, they show that the marriages of the royal family at this time were geographically diverse, ranging from Scotland and England to as far abroad as the Empire, Spain, and Sicily, Most of these marriages were based around one primary principle, that being control over Angevin land-holdings on the continent. Further examination of the ages at which children were married demonstrates a practicality to the policy, in that often at least the bride was young, certainly young enough to bear children and assimilate into whatever land she may travel to. Sons were also married to secure their future, either as heir to the throne or the husband of a wealthy heiress. Henry II and his sons were almost always closely involved in the negotiations for the marriages, and were often the initiators of marriage alliances, showing a strong interest in the promotion of marriage as a political tool. Dowries were often the centre of alliances, demonstrating how much the bride, or the alliance, was worth, in land, money, or a combination of the two. One of the most important aspects for consideration though, was the outcome of the alliances. Though a number were never confirmed, and most royal children had at least one broken proposal or betrothal before their marriage, many of the marriages made were indeed successful in terms of gaining from the alliance what had originally been desired.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2001
'We have nothing more valuable in our treasury' : royal marriage in England, 1154-1272
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/68112020-02-29T03:02:59Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25com_10023_445com_10023_39col_10023_77col_10023_447
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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Howie, Catriona V
author
2015-06-25
This thesis examines a series of documents described as electoral charters, produced in monastic institutions of the Loire Valley from the late tenth to late eleventh centuries. By considering the variations in the formulas used for each charter, the study considers what the charters were saying about power or wanted to project about the powers at play in the events they described. Through this, the thesis demonstrates that the power of lordship projected by such documents was of a very traditional nature throughout the period in which they were being produced. The count’s role on each occasion showed him to be a dominant force with a power of lordship composed of possession and rights of property ownership, but also intangible elements, including a sacral interest.
By considering the context of events surrounding each charter of election, the thesis demonstrates that elements of this lordship could be more or less projected at different times in order that different statements might be made about the count. Thus, the symbolic expressions of power appear to have been bigger elements or more strongly emphasised in periods when the count’s political or military power was under pressure.
The differences in formulas used throughout the period of the charters’ production demonstrate that, despite the appearance of new elements that may appear to have been important novelties, these processes were likely to have been original to proceedings, and therefore the notions of a reform of investitures taking place in the mid-eleventh century must be nuanced. Instead of demonstrating a mutation in relationships between lord and Church, the documents demonstrate an alteration in style and content, becoming more narrative and verbose and in these ways revealing elements of the process of abbatial elevations that had previously been hidden from view.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6811
Abbot
Monastery
Loire
Charter
Lordship
Power
Mutation féodale
Mutation documentaire
Abbatial elections : the case of the Loire Valley in the eleventh century
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/119842017-11-10T10:46:58Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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Esser, Maxine Kristy
author
2017-12-08
The aim of this thesis is to consider the knowledge and use of law by John of Salisbury,
evaluating what he thought law should be, whence it originated and how it related to
aspects of society, for example the institutions of the monarch and the church. For this
purpose, the main evidence used will be Historia Pontificalis, Policraticus and the large
corpus of letters. Chapter One is entitled Types of Law and gives an outline of the main
types of law as John saw them. Chapter Two is entitled Canon Law. This chapter is
devoted entirely to the study of John’s knowledge and use of canon law. In this chapter,
consideration will be made to what canon law John appears to have known and how
John used this knowledge within his written work. Chapter Three, entitled King and Law,
focuses upon John of Salisbury’s opinion of the relationship between the monarch and
the law. Chapter Four, Theory of Law: Church and King considers John’s ideas on the
relationship between church and monarch. Attention will also be paid to how he conveyed
his ideas during the papal schism and the Becket dispute as well as John’s ideas on judges.
Chapter Five is entitled Law in Practice: Church and King, whereby analysis will be made
of how John sees the monarch’s involvement in issues such as church elections.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11984
John of Salisbury
Law
Church
Twelfth century
Papal schism
Becket dispute
Letters
John of Salisbury and law
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/5242019-07-01T10:02:43Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Roche, Jason T.
author
2008
This thesis aims to revise the established history of the passage of the Second Crusade through the Byzantine Empire and Anatolia in 1147. In particular, it seeks to readdress the ill-fated advance of the army nominally headed by King Conrad III Staufen of Germany towards Ikonion, the fledging Seljuk capital of Rūm.
The work consists of four mutually supportive parts. Part I serves to introduce the thesis, the historiographical trends of the current scholarship, and the Byzantine notion of the Latin 'barbarian', a stock, literary representation of the non-Greek other which distorts the Greek textual evidence.
Part II analyses the source portrayal of particular incidents as the army marched through the Byzantine Empire, provides analyses of those events based on new approaches to interpreting the sources and a consideration of the army's logistical arrangements, and argues that the traditional historiography has been and continues to be subject to textual misrepresentation.
An understanding of the topology of Anatolia is required to appreciate why the army failed to reach Ikonion. Part III therefore consists of chapters devoted to the geography of Anatolia, the form, function and the population density of the typical twelfth-century town, the country's changeable medieval geopolitical landscape, and the settlement patterns and the way of life of western Anatolia's pastoral-nomadic warriors.
Part IV revisits the Latin, Syriac and Greek sources which constitute the written history of the crusade in Anatolia, analyses the concerns of the army's executive decision makers within geopolitical, logistical, topographical and tactical frameworks, and offers a reconsideration of the established location of where the army ceased to advance on Ikonion, and a new version of the circumstances which led to the decision to retreat.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/524
Conrad III and the Second Crusade in the Byzantine Empire and Anatolia, 1147
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/26412019-03-29T16:06:21Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Murray, Alan V.
author
1988
The starting-point of this thesis is the question of the origin of the
nobility in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem up to 1131. This is discussed in
parallel with the question of the origins of the monarchy itself and that
of relations between the two institutions.
Chapter 1 discusses the European origins of the monarchy which derived
from two distinct dynastic traditions, the House of Ardennes-Verdun whose
power had declined in the later eleventh century and was extinguished on the
eve of the crusade, and the House of Boulogne which was in an ascendant.
Chapter 2 examines Godfrey of Bouillon's crusading army between 1096
and 1099. Originally almost exclusively Lotharingian in composition, the
army absorbed numerous elements from other contingents in the course of
the march. The minority who remained in Outremer after 1099 were of
diverse origin and had developed strong ties to the Ardennes-Boulogne
family.
Chapter 3 re-assesses the generally accepted nature of the state
established in Palestine by the First Crusade, arguing that this was a
secular monarchy headed by a princeps whose authority derived from God.
Chapter 4 deals with the origins of the nobility and is an analysis of
prosopographical material presented in the Appendix, while Chapter 5 is a
chronologically-based analysis of relations between monarchy and nobility.
The nobility comprised four main groups: Lotharingians and Germans;
Normans; Flemings, and Picards; and men from the Ile-de-France and the
surrounding areas. The last group increased in numbers and influence after
the accession of a new dynasty in the person of Baldwin II. Resentment
against his policies, and a growing factionalism based on dynastic
loyalties and geographical origins enabled sections of the nobilty to
threaten the monarchy in this and the next reign.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2641
Monarchy and nobility in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-113: establishment and origins
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/7092019-07-01T10:11:42Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Mitton, Nancy Leigh
author
2009-06-25
Stigand occupied a place in or near power for at least fifty years and yet has only been studied very peripherally and in reference to others. He has been vilified or lauded by historians ever since the Conquest. His wealth and methods of acquisition of wealth as well as his political activity have been used to paint him as an ambitious prelate interested only in power and motivated by greed. His unusual advancement to the see of Canterbury and apparent disregard for papal strictures caused him to be used as representative of all of the faults of the Anglo-Saxon Church. Other commentators took the opposite approach and portrayed him as a hero and patriot who resisted the Conqueror until he could no longer put off defeat. Neither of these interpretations is likely to be accurate and neither is wholly supported by the surviving evidence. Much of Stigand’s early life is undocumented and must be inferred within reasonable limits. Most of the sources in which extensive comment about Stigand can be found are post-Conquest and contribute their own particular challenges to discovering the facts about a largely pre-Conquest life. Based on monastic chronicles, Domesday Book, legal documents and the writings of Mediæval historians and commentators, in order to define the context in which he lived and worked including the politics of the English church, the kingdom, the Apostolic See and his lay associates this study is an attempt to clarify the life and career of Stigand, the last and extremely controversial Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/709
Stigand
Archbishop of Canterbury
Bishop of Winchester
Bishop of Elmham
Grasping schemer or hostage to fortune: the life and career of Stigand, last Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/97502016-11-02T14:18:28Zcom_10023_67com_10023_23com_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_70col_10023_77
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Hanna, Elizabeth H.
author
2015
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9750
Arthur and the Scots : narratives, nations, and sovereignty in the later Middle Ages
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/70932019-03-29T16:06:26Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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Ahola, Judith
author
2005
The biographical details
of the 7828 individuals listed in the biographical dictionary
known
as the Ta'rikh Baghdad
were entered
in
a
database
and used to create a profile
of the hadith
community of
Baghdad. The thesis explains
how the database
was
constructed and shows
how the data
can
be
used.
Evidence derived from the many
references
to colleagues and relatives
in the biographies
made
it
possible
to date
most
of
the undated
biographies,
and to construct a chronological
framework
within which
information
on
the origins, occupations, tribes and other personal attributes of the
Khatib's
subjects could
be
analysed.
Changes in the frequency
of these attributes over
time were related
to conversion rates,
immigration,
and
the
popular appeal of
hadith study.
The thesis also
demonstrates the usefulness of
the fortuitously dated
topographical references
found in the biographies. These
were used with maps to
show changes
in
residence patterns over the 320
years covered
by the Ta'rikh Baghdad.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7093
The community of scholars : an analysis of the biographical data from the Taʻrīkh Baghdād
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/218402021-10-26T08:49:54Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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Correa, Alicia Michelle Harting
author
1984
This study focuses on the development of Christian education in the late Anglo-Saxon period, 991-1020. It examines Abbot AElfric's and Archbishop Wulfstan's three methods of communication among Christian educators: vernacular language, pastoral letters, and homilies. Evidence suggests that they used each method with a critical regard for their source material. Further, by developing the skills involved, they made two contributions to Christian education, providing a large body of educational material in the vernacular and adapting much of this material into sermons heard by a lay congregation. Thus most of the pastoral letters, homilies, legal codes, and Old Testament narratives now appeared in a vernacular version, a response to Latin illiteracy among clergy and laity. In lieu of the study of Latin, the pastoral letters concentrated on explanations of the Creed and Lord's Prayer, simple exegesis of the Gospel readings, and basic advice on proper Christian behaviour. Particularly remarkable is the parallel between the pastoral letter and the Rule of St. Benedict, regarding guidance for daily living among monks. In the secular church, the pastoral letter was used similarly to discipline the clergy and to provide guidance for novice clerics. AElfric's attempt to reform and reorganize older Anglo-Saxon homiliaries gave the homily itself new impetus. Pastoral letters indicate that homilies were to form a major part of the priests' bodunge or preaching activity, which would instruct his congregation. Thus efforts by church leaders to educate the priesthood paralleled their concern for the layman, many of whom reminded the abbot and archbishop, through patronage, of the cleric's duty to meet the basic devotional needs of the Anglo-Saxon Christian.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21840
Teaching and preaching in late Anglo-Saxon England, 991-1020
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/70462021-11-11T03:05:43Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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Knight, Kimberley-Joy
author
2014-06-26
Hagiographies and canonisation processes from the thirteenth century are
frequently saturated with descriptions of tears. The tears of holy men and women
were both the means to, and apex of, spiritual perfection. Using hagiographical
sources from the new Mendicant Orders emerging in Italy, France and the Low
Countries, but drawing on other important examples when appropriate, this thesis
demonstrates the complexity and importance of tears in thirteenth-century
religious life. It makes significant contributions to understanding the construction of sainthood and the history of emotions during this critical period. Case studies of the beguine Marie d’Oignies (d.1213), and the founder of the preaching friars Dominic of Caleruega (d.1221), developed in chapters one and two allow for the meaning of tears to be explored fully and contextualised within the broader
themes of devotional piety, gender, medicine and physiology, and the cult of
saints. The hypotheses raised in these case studies are tested in chapter three using
an extensive sample of vitae to demonstrate the importance of tears. In order to
navigate the sea of tears, the study offers a bipartite conceptual framework that
takes into account both a charismatic experience of tears (often known as gratia
lacrymarum) and a progressive, transformative journey through tears. Building on
Piroska Nagy’s seminal work Le Don des Larmes, this thesis presents a
comprehensive analysis of tears in thirteenth-century hagiographies. It argues that they were not devalued in light of other forms of bodily piety nor did they become mere virtues in light of their proliferation; on the contrary, tears were highly valued and saturated religious life, traversing boundaries of what was to be
imitated and admired.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7046
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-7046
Blessed are those who weep : gratia lacrymarum in thirteenth-century hagiographies
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/70392023-03-28T09:53:51Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Buncombe, Miriam
author
2015
This thesis addresses the function of the depiction of ritualised acts in late medieval mystical
narratives through the use of four case studies, those of Mechthild of Magdeburg’s Flowing
Light of the Godhead (c. 1260), Angela of Foligno’s Memorial (c. 1270), the Vita et
Revelationes of Agnes Blannbekin (c. 1315), and the Adelhausen sister-book (1318). The
rituals of the Church appear throughout these texts, for instance in the celebration of saints’
feasts and daily masses, to which these women devoted much of their time. Sacramental and
liturgical practice portrayed within these accounts has been incorporated into the spiritual and
mystical lives of women in various imaginative ways. Yet participation within such rites was
not only a common and pious act, but also reinforced a social and religious hierarchy and
offered access to the real presence of God. This discussion proposes that mystical texts are
carefully constructed narratives which employ ritual acts as a strategy to frame and authorise
their subjects. Positioning the mystic and their voice within, or interwoven with, both the
performed rite, such as communion, or references to these rituals, for instance in the use of
sacred spaces like the altar or objects such as the chalice, such texts can use such ritualised
elements to embed the unusual or unstable mystical element in the familiar and orthodox.
These ritual structures, which were theologically complex, are also integrated in order to
explain and express aspects of the mystic’s task and message. Through close study of the
placement of ritual, the way in which it is described, and how it is changed or appropriated
within the narrative’s depiction, this thesis seeks to understand the ways in which rituals and
references to rituals are deliberately considered and purposefully included within these
spiritual texts.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7039
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-7039
The use of ritualised acts in late medieval mystical narratives
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/72962019-03-29T16:06:26Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Le Bon, Elizabeth
author
1997
Pictorial graffiti representing ships from prehistory, protohistory and the early medieval period are frequently examined by nautical historians and archaeologists seeking information about ancient ship technology. Examples of the academic discussion and interpretation of these images may be found from the nineteenth century to the present day, in a wide range of studies. Many of these works reflect their writers' casual, even disdainful attitudes to ancient graffiti. This may be seen in their approach to the information which these images appear to contain, which may concentrate, for example, on the certain aspects of particular subjects without reference to details in their immediate or wider contexts, which may have a bearing on the images' form and meaning. In a similar vein, other writers have interpreted ancient ship graffiti using concepts of art, such as the assumption of realism of depiction, which may be inappropriate to some early visual imagery. This thesis argues that ancient ship graffiti need a more detailed and systematic interpretation as both art and artefact before their contribution to nautical history may be more reliably evaluated. In order to explore the many challenges which these graffiti offer, a multi-disciplinary approach is used, to consider aspects of the relationship between formal art and graffiti, the psychology of image making, symbolism, the philosophy of interpretation, archaeology, and the social meaning of physical context. Following these theoretical discussions, five case studies from a number of different regional and chronological groups have been chosen to provide some examples of many of the issues which were considered. It is hoped that this study demonstrates that an approach to the interpretation of ancient ship graffiti which avoids a narrow concentration on nautical technology may reveal more of their potential as evidence, not only for the form and use of early ships, but also for other aspects of life in the past.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7296
Images out of water : aspects of the interpretation of Ancient maritime grafitti
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/26812019-07-01T10:19:39Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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Cardew, Anne
author
1974
The thesis is a detailed descriptive survey of the society of
the Anglo-Scottish borders in the second half of the fifteenth century.
The survey is divided into three sections, the first providing a
background to border society, the second examining the structure of
that society, and the third describing how the society was governed.
As an introduction to the study of border society, the geography
and economy of the frontier region are briefly described; a short
survey of border towns is attempted; and the role of the Church in
border society is examined, although this is mainly confined to a
description of the ecclesiastical institutions in the area.
In analysing the structure of border society in the later fifteenth
century a division is made between, on the one hand, the levels of
society, and, on the other, the interconnections which bound the
border population together. The lower ranks of border society, both
urban and rural, are examined in as uuch detail as is permitted by the
scarcity of surviving evidence. The leading families on each side of
the frontier are described and their role in border society is examined.
Interconnections within border society are investigated from
three aspects: the bond of kinship; connections and ties of dependency
among leading border families; and relationships across the frontier.
The topic of kinship bonds raises the question of the origin of
border surnames, and an attempt is made to contribute to this controversy
by examining the state of development of the surnames by the mid-fifteenth century. Connections between leading border families are
examined under the categories of land-holding relationships, connections
formed through marriage, and bonds based on employment or the more
formal contracts of retainer manrent. Interconnections, so far
as they existed, between English and Scottish borderers are described
as a conclusion to the survey of the ways in which border society was
knit together.
The final section of the thesis is concerned with the government
of border society. As a means of introduction, the background of the
political relations between the kingdoms of England and Scotland is
established by a detailed analysis of events during the half-century. Following this survey of how the two countries alternated between
truce and open war during the period, an analysis is made or the terms
of the truces signed between 1455 and 1502. This examination of truce
terms, which were mainly concerned with frontier control, leads on to a
survey of the operation of law-enforcement on the borders. The
machine of law-enforcement, involving the imposition of both the international
frontier law control and the national laws of the respective
countries is described, and standards of efficiency among judicial
officers are touched upon.
Aspects of law-enforcement on the borders which are of particular interest are subsequently exanined, and both the
general character and the causes of border lawlessness are discussed.
In the examination of law-enforcement machinery the function of
officials are described, but as a conclusion to the survey of law and
order on the borders the holders of the various offices are investigated.
In the conclusion to the thesis a brief generalised description
is attempted of the characteristics of border people and their society
in the later fifteenth century.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2681
A study of society in the Anglo-Scottish borders, 1455-1502
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/264222024-03-12T12:36:13Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
00925njm 22002777a 4500
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De Concilio, David
author
2022-06-16
This thesis examines the historical development and the significance of a legal literary genre, brocards, from its birth in the 1160s until the stabilisation of brocardic collections around 1215. In particular, this work reconsiders the historiographical understanding of brocards through a re-evaluation of the primary sources. In this regard, a significant case study is offered by the Perpendiculum, the most influential of the earliest collections of brocards. Through a careful textual analysis of the Perpendiculum and other brocardic works, this study draws some general conclusions on the development of brocards during the twelfth century, considered as a dynamic process with precise geographical and intellectual connotations. More specifically, I argue that the historical transformation of brocards during that timeframe corresponds to a path from the Anglo-Norman world to the school of Bologna, and from a technique based on rhetoric to one based on dialectic. For this reason, the twelfth-century collections of brocards shed valuable light upon various aspects of the learned legal milieu of the time. Firstly, they show the existence of a common Western European legal culture, from the British Isles to Sicily, where legal schools seem much more closely connected that conventionally thought. Furthermore, the historical development of brocards vividly exemplifies the impact that the changes in scholastic disputation techniques had on the twelfth-century legal world. The popularity of these argumentative tools can be also connected with the deep procedural changes of the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, and with the establishment of Romano-canonical procedure. Finally, it will be argued that the transformation of brocardic collections reflects the existence of two different attitudes towards law during the twelfth century: an old ecclesiastical, instrumental use of legal norms for practical purposes and a new Bolognese systematic approach.
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/26422
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/224
Legal history
Canon law
Roman law
Ius commune
Via brocardica : the development of brocards and the Western European legal tradition (c. 1160 - c. 1215)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/29322019-03-29T16:06:28Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Lawrence, Veronica J.
author
1988
This study examines the writings of Richard Whitford,
early sixteenth-century English Bridgettine Father and
author of devotional literature. Since a canon of his
writings has not yet been satisfactorily established, the
study begins by examining all works attributed to Whitford
and their claim to a place in the corpus of his writings.
The appearance of Whitfordts name as self-acknowledged
author within the text of a work and/or reference to the
work in another work known for the above reason to be his
are considered indisputable evidence of his authorship.
Chapters 2 and 3 examine the salient characteristics of all
works falling into this category. Chapter 4 looks at all
other works attributed to Whitford and, based on the
evidence provided by chapters 2 and 3, accepts or discounts
his authorship of the works. Chapter 5 provides a physical
description of most early printed editions of Whitford's
writings and traces their history as printed books. A
comparison of different editions of Whitford's works reveals
that his thought remained conservative throughout his life
but that he was constantly considering ways in which he
might best convey his message to his audience. Chapter 6 is
a detailed study of sources, such as contemporary writings,
the Bible, the writings of the Church Fathers and the pagan
writings of antiquity, used by Whitford in his works and the
ways in which he used them. Chapter 7 examines Whitford's
writings in the context of contemporary devotional
literature. It will be seen in this chapter that they hold
a peculiar place in the devotional literature of the early
sixteenth century, not so much because of their content but
because of their presentation. The appendix provides an
edition of Syon Ms. 18, A looking glace for the religious-,
quite possibly by Whitford and never previously edited.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2932
The life and writings of Richard Whitford
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/271122023-11-30T03:06:12Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Kecskés, Áron
author
2022-11-30
Based principally on the examination of surviving diplomatic material, this thesis argues that lordship determined societal organisation in the eastern Campania between c. 1053 and 1127. This provides the first systematic regional survey of pre-monarchical Norman lordship that builds on recent developments in the wider study of lordship and furnishes the first treatment of the region’s socio-political development in the pre-monarchical Norman era. The re-statement of what lordship was in a society dominated by it, presented here, advances our understanding of the socio-political transformation of eleventh- and twelfth-century Europe in two ways. Firstly, it reasserts the usefulness of the paradigm of ‘seigneurial transformation’ for interpreting new constellations of power in early twelfth-century Latin Europe. Secondly, it puts forward a comprehensive view on lordship’s nature, integrating recent historiography on seigneurial violence, mentality and legitimation in eleventh- and early twelfth-century Latin Europe with research on the role of lordship in the social, economic, and religious landscape of the eastern Campania. Drawing attention to a geographically central region and a time-period that saw the solidification of Norman rule in Italy, the thesis presents a systematic overview of lordship in the eastern Campania in four chapters. Chapter I shows that discourses of power within the diplomatic material came to assign lordship a conceptual and thematic centrality in place of Lombard princely rule. Chapter II demonstrates that seigneurial dominance and territorial lordship shaped the structures, spaces, and ways in which the society of the eastern Campania operated. Chapter III analyses of strategies of seigneurial resource accumulation which underwrote and reinforced seigneurial domination, showing the embedded and integral nature of lordship in the society of the region. Chapter IV surveys the relationship of ecclesiastical authority with lordship, demonstrating that that the exercise of territorial lordship was exclusively in lay hands in the eastern Campania, and that prelates nonetheless exercised immense influence through a combination of ecclesiastical and spiritual power and by drawing on vast temporal possessions.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/27112
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/330
Medieval history
History of Italy
Normans
Campania
Mezzogiorno
Charters
Benevento
Eleventh century
Twelfth century
Lordship in the eastern Campania, c. 1053-1127
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/28422019-03-29T16:06:28Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Al-Haideri, Salah Abdul Hadi Mustafa
author
1979
Under the Umayyads, Muslims came into direct contact with Turks
in their homeland which lay east of Khurasän and Transoxania. However,
after the Turks had submitted to the Islamic state, the Caliphs, in
particular the Abbasid Caliphs, began to employ them in various roles
such as guards and soldiers. They served alongside the veteran Arabs
and Iranians, because the Turks, unlike these others, did not so pride
themselves on their nationality that they behaved exclusively. The
Turks were valued for their bravery and fidelity. The Caliph Mu'tasim,
in fact, increased their number, and his reliance on them was a result
of his needs and of certain other circumstances.
After the death of Mu'tasim, the Turks rose to positions of
considerable importance in all the affairs of state. They had an
even greater influence on the running of the Caliphate when they began
to interfere in the appointing of the Caliph, which they did for the
first time in the case of Mutawakkil. Nevertheless, none of the
Abbasid Caliphs from Mutawakkil onwards seemed to acquiesce readily
in Turkish control, and indeed they resisted the Turks vigorously.
They tried to eliminate them and their power entirely, and to restore
the dignity of the Abbasid Caliphate.
As the first step in escaping the interference of the Turks,
the Caliphs decided to move the state capital. But when the Turks
realized the Caliphs' intentions, they began to plot against them and
to assassinate them. In the course of this struggle between the Turks
and the Caliphate the civil war of 251 H occurred. As a result,
government authority weakened, particularly in those outlying regions
furthest from its power and influence. Therefore, popular movements
and attempts to gain independence emerged in many provinces, such
as Hijaz, Armenia, Syria and Iran. In fact, most of these movements
were not aimed against the Caliphate itself, but against the
Turks who dominated affairs of state. At the same time the power
of the (Wazir) minister of state began to diminish, and his remaining
in office was closely linked with the desires of the Turks. In
addition, the Turks attempted to take over the Vizirate itself.
Therefore, some of them, such as Waif and Autamish, occupied this
office although they were quite unqualified for it.
In consequence, the Vizirate deteriorated and became powerless,
just as the Caliphate had done.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2842
The Caliphate and the Turks, 232-256 / 847-870 : a political study
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/25582019-03-29T16:06:29Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Cole, Margaret Wrenn
author
2012-06
Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (1173-1140) has long been considered one of the leading heroes of Wales. The life and rule of Llywelyn, known as Llywelyn the Great, is explored in detail in this thesis. The grandson of Owain Gwynedd, ruler of North Wales from 1137-1170, Llywelyn grew up during the period of turmoil following Owain’s death. After wresting control of Gwynedd from his rival family members in the latter decade of the 12th century, he proceeded to gain recognition as the foremost representative of Wales on the political stage.
Although viewed as a legendary hero in Welsh history, poetry and culture, Llywelyn's route to power is more complex than that. The thesis explores the development of the man from rebel and warlord, to leader and spokesman, to statesman, traces the expansion of his hegemony throughout Wales, and discusses the methods he used to gain and maintain power. Particular attention is paid to his use of family, marriage, allies, rivals and the church to achieve his goals. These insights can be derived from the surviving charters, letters, and other acta of Llywelyn and the Royal Chancery of England, the titles accorded therein, Welsh and English chronicles, as well as, occasionally, Venedotian Poetry. Finally, this thesis seeks to address the limitations on Llywelyn’s successes, in light of succeeding events and concludes with a discussion of Llywelyn’s legendary status in the modern world.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2558
Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
13th century Welsh politics
Biography
Gwynedd
Prince of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon
Joan
King John
Henry III
Llywelyn's relationships with Marcher Lords
Venedotian Government in 13th century Wales
Llywelyn ab Iorwerth : the making of a Welsh prince
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/31512019-03-29T16:06:29Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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McRobbie, Jennifer
author
2012
The Decem Libri Historiarum of Gregory of Tours, our only coherent narrative
source for the latter half of the sixth century in Gaul, has been the subject of much lively
scholarly debate as to its reliability and original purpose. Literary approaches have
proved useful; however, the findings of gender studies, applied so fruitfully in many
other areas of historical research, have thus far had virtually no impact on the study of
Gregory’s work.
For the first time, this thesis examines the role of gender in the DLH. Just as
gender assumptions were vital to the thought world of the writers of the books of the Old
Testament, so too they were vital to Gregory, who took these books as his main
inspiration. It will be shown that gender can offer a fresh and vital perspective on some of
the most contentious issues associated with the DLH, taking us closer than ever to a full
appreciation of Gregory’s objectives.
In exposing Gregory’s literary devices and strategies, this study goes beyond
Gregory’s viewpoint, with implications for the study of kingship, and particularly
queenship, in the sixth century. It will be shown that competing norms of elite masculine
and feminine behaviour were in flux over the period, and required careful negotiation.
This study also has repercussions for gender studies more widely. In
demonstrating the usefulness of gender approaches in analysing a text to which such
approaches have never before been applied, the thesis indicates that gender must be
considered an essential analytical tool in historical research.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3151
Gender and violence in Gregory of Tours' 'Decem libri historiarum'
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/36122019-01-16T11:39:56Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Houghton, Robert
author
2013
During the 1970s Keller codified a Ständeordnung (social order) in the cities of
Italy in the ninth to twelfth centuries dividing political society into three ordines: the capitanei (high nobility), valvassores (low nobility) and populus (non nobles). This model has had a great impact on historians’ presentation of urban society in the precommunal and communal period and much of the debate of the last thirty years has hinged around how extensively similar models can be applied throughout the cities of Italy. My thesis critiques this discussion, arguing that too much emphasis has been placed on identifying and defining social groups within this period without fully considering the political motivations, social preconceptions and rhetorical techniques of the authors of the medieval texts. I focus on Mantua and Parma and investigate a series of case studies looking at the political and rhetorical strategies pursued by the authors of the sources. This comparative approach is novel and balances a tendency to address the Italian communes either individually or as regional surveys. The use of case studies allows a deeper analysis than the general surveys common to this topic are able to provide. I have reassessed incidents in Mantua and Parma and demonstrated that a number of factors affected different authors’ choices during this period, and that these factors changed over time: most notably from rhetorical need to descriptions of politically activity. Furthermore, I argue that urban collective action was often undertaken by a conglomeration of those who could be defined as any of the ordines described by Keller and others. This has implications for the applicability of Ständeordnung in other cities in Northern Italy which share similar political situations and documentation with Mantua or Parma, suggesting that these social models may need to be redefined. My thesis does not overturn the concept of Ständeordnung but refines it in an original manner contributing a new aspect to the debate.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3612
Representations of collective action in Mantua and Parma, c.1000-c.1120
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/3402019-07-01T10:19:50Zcom_10023_280com_10023_39com_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_281col_10023_77
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Serradilla Avery, Dan Manuel
author
2007-06-21
The city of Seville and its port have had a prominent place in the history of early modern Europe and America. This city was not only the Gate of the Indies, but also the Gate of Europe for all the exotic goods and people that arrived in Europe via Seville's port. How this city achieved such a prominent place has traditionally been overshadowed by its post-1492 fame. This thesis demonstrates how, during the two hundred or so years before Columbus, different groups were able to shape this city into a commercial port that had made it the axis between the Mediterranean's commercial routes and those of the Atlantic Ocean. Beginning in 1248, with the Christian re-conquest, the monarchs set out to create an independent and powerful municipality, as well as a merchant class with distinctive city quarters and privileges. In turn, this merchant class affected the policies of both monarchy and city-council. Eventually, the policies of both merchants and the city-council led to the creation of an important exchange port that lay nearly between the two bodies of water. The Castilian monarchs, aware of this, also began the construction of the first Royal Ware houses and Dockyards, as well as determining the location of the Castilian Armada. It was those years between 1248 and 1492 that witnessed the birth of one of the most important naval ports of European history.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/340
Seville
Commerce
Italy
Trade
1248
1492
Seville : between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1248-1492 : pre-Columbus commercial routes from and to Seville
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/3582019-03-29T16:06:29Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Zimmern, Matthew
author
2007-06-21
This thesis takes the hagiographical texts written in the diocese of Liège between approximately 700 and 980 and examines them in their political, social and cultural context. It analyses the texts by paying particular attention to how the authors expressed their concerns about issues that were important to them through the medium of hagiography and the saints' cults, the purposes for which the texts were employed and how these aims were reflected in the retelling of saints' legends. By taking this approach, analysing a substantial body of valuable but under-studied source material over a period of 3 centuries, for an important region, it provides a new perspective on a range of issues, significant people and places. The regional approach helps to show the close interconnectedness between many of these people, places and texts, including those connections that exist over a period of centuries as well as those networks vital to early mediaeval society that existed between contemporaries. Close examination of the body of texts highlights the importance of the cult of saints at all levels of society and demonstrates the value and versatility of hagiography as a means of storytelling.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/358
Hagiography
Cult of saints
Hagiography and the cult of saints in the diocese of Liège, c. 700-980
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/145842019-03-29T16:06:31Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Koulouras, George A.
author
1995-07
The mediaeval town of Larisa and its immediate vicinity -the most important part of Thessaly- in central Greece have been generally viewed as one of the most remote and underdeveloped areas within the Byzantine Empire. By the examination of the sources under a new light and the exploitation of new archaeological evidence the present thesis challenges this traditional view and attempts to highlight the key role which Larisa played as one of the most prominent administrative and ecclesiastical centres in Greece. Chapter One deals with the invasions of the Slavs in the Thessalian territory during the 6th-7th centuries, their subsequent settlements and their final absorption in the Byzantine state through their hellenization and Christianisation. Chapter Two examines the changes within local society after the passing of the Dark Ages, and considers the fate of the town during the temporary Arab threat, and the invasions of Symeon and Samuel in the course of the 10th century. Chapter Three focuses on the important administrative changes, the architectural renaissance in the region of Ossa, the Thessalian revolt of 1066 and the presence of the Vlachs as a disdnct ethnic group. Chapter Four gives the clearest possible account of Alexios' I campaign in 1082 with a view to relieving Larisa from the Norman pressure. Chapter Five confirms in the region of Larisa the economic prosperity attested throughout the empire in the first three quarters of the 12th century, analyses the local administrative structures and studies the circumstances under which Larisa passed into Latin hands. Finally, Chapter Six provides a clear view of the ecclesiastical organisation of the area, attests the Bogomil threat during the 12th century, evaluates the important role of St. Achilleios' cult and summarises the monastic presence in the mountain of Kellia.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14584
Byzantine Larisa and its region from the 6th century to 1204
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/239722021-09-17T02:06:13Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Yarlett, Richard Paul
author
2007-06-21
This thesis examines the career of Robert II of Thurnham a high ranking curial
official, whose career in the royal service spanned the reigns of both Richard I [1189-1199] and John [1199-1216]. The thesis begins by examining Robert’s modest, if not
humble, family background, before moving on to examine his career in the royal
service. The thesis treats Robert’s curial career in broadly chronological order,
starting with his activities on the Third Crusade [1191-2], and then examining his
activities as seneschal of Anjou [1195-99], and later as seneschal of Poitou [1201-1204/5]. The thesis concludes by examining such factors as the rewards Robert
received for his services to the crown, and the way in which these rewards affected his
relationship with the wider Angevin society. This final chapter also attempts to
provide more accurate dates, than have hitherto been offered, for the foundations of
the religious houses that Robert established, by providing a detailed analysis of the
surviving charter evidence, not all of which has been published. It also examines his
controversial relationship with the Abbey of Meaux, and his relationship with his
brother Stephen, and other prominent curiales. Two appendices are included. The
first takes the form of an itinerary for Robert’s life, with the second examining the
value to a study of Robert’s life of Peter of Langtoft’s ‘Chronicle’ and Thomas
Burton’s ‘Meaux Chronicle’.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/23972
The career of Robert of Thurnham, 1191-1211
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/4062019-07-01T10:06:23Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Crumplin, Sally
author
2005
St Cuthbert's literary cult was conceived in the late seventh and early eighth century with the production of three vitae, most importantly Bede's prose Vita sancti Cuthberti. Over the ensuing centuries, the cult stimulated the production of a great wealth of hagiographic material: this thesis analyses the key Cuthbertine works that were written by his Church during a turbulent but also prosperous time, between the ninth century and the end of the twelfth. Each chapter takes as a specific focus one of these texts, using it as a basis for exploring a number of themes pertaining to the cult of St Cuthbert, wider developments in the cult of the saints, and the changing and variable uses of hagiographic and historical writing.
The first chapter takes the Historia de sancto Cuthberto as an example of a text combining property records with miracles, and written episodically over a period spanning more than a century, establishing the thesis' triumvirate of themes: the fluidity of texts and of the representation of saints, and the enduring power of the Cuthbertine Church. Chapter Two explores the multifaceted identity that the Cuthbertine Church sought to convey for itself in Symeon of Durhamâ s Libellus de exordio. The third and fourth chapters focus on two highly flexible and manipulated texts, Capitula de miraculis sancti Cuthberti and Brevis relatio de sancto Cuthberto, which appear in manuscripts together, and often amalgamated: they are used to examine how a saint's image could be changed, and to question our often static notion of a text' s identity. The final chapter takes Reginald's Libellus de admirandis beati Cuthberti virtutibus to compare the miracle profiles of all the Cuthbertine texts, contextualising them with formative studies in the cult of saints such as the work of Sigal (1985) and Vauchez (1981). The thesis ends by suggesting that Cuthbert's cult was still thriving at the end of the twelfth century, and continued to do so, in the semi-independent socio-political and cultural sphere of northern England and southern Scotland.
The discussions in these chapters are supplemented by four appendices: a table giving detailed synopses and a thematic breakdown of Reginald's Libellus, and a table categorising and comparing the miracles that appear in all these Cuthbertine works provide the basis for exploring Cuthbert' s changing miraculous persona; a map charting the locations pertinent to Reginald's Libellus shows the vibrant geographical extent of Cuthbert' s cult; a table of manuscripts illustrates the various permutations into which these texts may be worked.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/406
Rewriting history in the cult of St Cuthbert from the ninth to the twelfth centuries
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/145752019-03-29T16:06:35Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Hearn, Sarah Ann Louise
author
1982-07
The Pastons were a family of landed gentry living in Norfolk in the fifteenth century. During the years 1422-1470 they rose socially to the highest echelons of their rank, acquiring land and status as they rose. In order to understand the significance of this upward mobility it is necessary to examine the background of the period. Through a discussion of the legal machinery and social structure in the fifteenth century it becomes clear that the Pastons' rise was even more momentous because of the family profession. Involvement with the law was only just beginning to be regarded as acceptable. As the family rose in prominence in Norfolk society we see them adopting the behaviour and prejudices common to the more ancient landed gentry and the nobility. This is evidenced in their self-righteous indignation over persecution by the gangs which terrorized the countryside, and especially in their anger over the unacceptable marriage alliance of one of their daughters. By the time of the latter event, 1467, the Pastons were firmly established as leaders in Norfolk society. But they paid the price of their status almost daily. In 1459 John I inherited large tracts of land from Sir John Fastolf in a will written and signed two days before his death. So great were Paston's powers in this will that bitter animosity arose among the other executors. They and others attempted repeatedly to remove his powers and disseise him. Throughout the 1460's the Paston family's entire concern was to retain their inheritance. The fifteenth century is equated with and has been studied largely because of the skirmishes and battles which occupied the second half of the century. However, this study demonstrates that there was much more to the period than the 'Wars of the Roses'. Using the letters and papers of this stereotype landed-gentry family as the primary source, the succeeding pages attempt to illustrate law and order, not as exercised by a manipulative, dictatorial central administration, but used on the local level to combat disorder on a very narrow scale.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14575
Law and order in fifteenth-century England : with particular reference to the Paston family
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/218832021-11-17T11:06:39Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Stewart, Angus Donal
author
2000
This dissertation describes the history of the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia, and the relations between the Mamluks and the Armenians, especially during the period between 688AH/1289CE and 707/1307. The conflict between the Armenians and the Mamluks was part of a wider conflict between the latter and the Mongol Ilkhans. Therefore, this work also looks at the relationship between the Mongols and the Armenian kingdom, and Armenian involvement in the Mongol campaigns against Syria. To these ends, the thesis demonstrates the use of Arabic sources from the Mamluk Sultanate, in addition to those French and Armenian sources already well-known to historians of the kingdom. The Arabic sources can be used to correct, contrast or clarify these conventional sources, and also to give information on events not covered significantly by them. The Arabic historians tell us a surprisingly large amount about the turbulent internal affairs of the kingdom, and its relationship with the Ilkhans. The first part of the thesis is concerned with the period before 688/1289, introducing the region and its political units. It looks in more detail at the period following the rise to power of the Mamluks, and especially after their victory over the Mongols at 'Ayn Jalut in 658/1260. The Mamluk Sultans sought to punish the Armenian kingdom for its involvement with the Mongol invasions of Syria, until the Armenians agreed to a truce and, in effect, to subject status. The main section deals with the period of the several reigns of Het'um II, until his murder by a Mongol general in 707/1307. This period covers the end of the Crusader States; several attempts by the Ilkhans to conquer Syria; and the beginnings of the Mamluk conquest of the Armenian kingdom. The Armenians became increasingly dependent on the unreliable Mongols, and increasingly vulnerable to Mamluk interference.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21883
The Mamluks and the Armenian kingdom during the reigns of King Hetùm II (1289-1307)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/184382023-04-21T02:06:41Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25com_10023_75col_10023_77col_10023_79
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Hagedorn, Jan Hinrich
author
2019-12-04
This study investigates domestic slavery in Syrian and Egyptian society from the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century. It focuses on the agency of slaves in the context of master-slave relationships within households and in wider society. It argues that the ability of slaves to shape the world around them was underpinned by a constant process of negotiation within the master-slave relationship and that intermediaries such as the court system channelled the agency of slaves. The principal sources for this study are purchase contracts, listening certificates, marriage contracts, and estate inventories in combination with scribal, market inspection, and slave purchase manuals as well as chronicles.
The structure of the study broadly follows the life cycle of slaves from importation to integration, accommodation, procreation, the possibility of manumission, and death. The first chapter investigates the topography and the commercial practices of slave markets, where owners chose slaves and initiated a deeply unequal personal bond which assigned a new function and identity to newly imported slaves. The second chapter provides two case studies based on manuscript collections in order to historicize and problematize the patterns set out previously. The third chapter studies the social integration of slaves and freed slaves on the basis of listening certificates. It argues that the slave population consisted mainly of imported Ethiopian and Turkish slaves who were highly integrated into urban society. The fourth chapter discusses the sexual dimension of domestic slavery by focusing on concubinage, marriage, and slave procreation. It brings together a range of documentary and legal sources to provide case studies of strategies of accommodation and resistance. The fifth chapter investigates manumission and its impact on the household dynamics of slavery. The sixth and final chapter analyses a collection of estate inventories of freed slaves and discusses the continuity of master-slave relations after manumission.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/18438
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-18438
History
Islamic studies
Social history
Middle Ages
Middle East
Mediaeval history
Middle Eastern studies
Syria
Egypt
Mamluk
Mamluk studies
Mamluk Empire
Mamluk social history
Slavery
Slaves
Agency
Household
Manuscripts
Slave trade
Domestic slavery in Syria and Egypt, 1200-1500
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/23422019-07-01T10:18:46Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Mundill, Robin R.
author
1988
Edward I's Jewish policy attempted to curb usury and transform the lives and financial practices of the Jews. Historians have claimed that the policy, which is embodied in the Statutum de Judeismo of 1275, was a failure and resulted in the Expulsion of 1290. Although the Expulsion has received some attention from historians, very little work has been done on Edwardian Jewry as a whole and therefore it has not been possible to discern the exact effect of the Statutum within a general context. The best account and examination of the source material for the Expulsion still remains that of B.L.Abrahams. In the light of his work, the majority of historians have seen the Statute as an end to Jewish moneylending, a curtailing of Jewish livelihoods and an anti-semitic prelude to the Expulsion. It has not, however, always been clear how such historians have reached such conclusions. This thesis re-examines the Statutum de Judeismo and analyses, from the records of over 2000 bonds, the shift in Jewish financial interests that it brought about. In doing so, it highlights the way in which, in Edward's reign, certain Jews tempered their moneylending activities with commercial concerns. The method used to illustrate this change is tripartite. Firstly, Anglo-Jewish society and its relationship with the host community in the late thirteenth century is examined. Secondly, the specific histories of the three Jewish communities of Canterbury, Hereford and Lincoln are scrutinised. Finally, a discussion of Jewish financial practices after 1275 attempts to identify the changes brought about by the Edwardian Experiment.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2342
The Jews in England, 1272-1290
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/63152023-03-20T14:34:47Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Harris, Eilidh
author
2014-07-28
This thesis examines the depiction of saintly figures within the Latin vitae of twelfth-century England (1066–c.1215). It tests the extent to which these depictions are homogeneous and examines what factors may have shaped representations. Analysis focuses on vitae of twelfth-century saints, a sample of texts that have not previously been examined as a corpus in this way. By encompassing a range of different types of saint, authors and contexts, utilising this corpus allows a comparative examination of how different facets of sainthood could be expressed in hagiography.
The textual analysis at the heart of this study aims to unpick individual texts’ ideals of saintly behaviour. Whilst hagiographers functioned within a well-established genre, considering a wide range of saints’ vitae allows scrutiny of the impact of context in shaping depictions. It will be argued that these portrayals of saintly figures demonstrate thematic harmony which is tempered by individuality and context to form recognisable and yet distinctive depictions of sainthood.
The analysis is structured around four common hagiographical themes, each worthy of detailed examination: Outer Appearance, Sexuality and Chastity, Food and Fasting, and Death. Chapter 1 investigates how saintly figures are described in terms of physical appearance, deportment and demeanour, and clothing. Chapter 2 focuses upon sexuality, exploring the manifestations of chastity and virginity within the Lives and testing how this might vary from saint to saint and between the sexes. Chapter 3 examines food and food abstention, previously under-represented in secondary literature on twelfth-century hagiography and on male saints. The thesis ends with a consideration of death, a surprisingly understudied theme in Anglophone scholarship. By examining the process of dying and the moment of mortality, this chapter will fill an important analytical vacuum between lived sanctity and sanctity in death.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6315
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-6315
Saints
Hagiography
Twelfth-century
England
Anglo-Norman
Death
Chastity
Fasting
Appearance
Depictions of sainthood in the Latin saints' lives of twelfth-century England
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/118712018-02-09T11:48:38Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Gustaw, Chantal
author
2015-09
Given the importance of Paul for Dante’s characterization of the pilgrim, and his invocation of the Pauline Epistles throughout the Commedia, this thesis began by asking how important Paul was to Dante’s fourteenth-century readers. It examines the use of the Pauline Epistles by the Trecento commentators of Dante’s Commedia in order to contribute to our understanding of how both were read in late medieval Italy. Part One examines reading practices in the Middle Ages, and introduces commentary writing as a genre. The fourteenth century commentators are then described, with a focus on personal circumstances that may have influenced their interpretations. Part Two examines the use of Paul in the commentaries, differentiating between different forms of citation, such as when the commentators used Paul because they identified Pauline references or allusions in the poem, or when they included Paul in their interpretations for other reasons. This produced close readings of selected commentaries which reveal how the commentators read Paul and understood Dante. Jacopo della Lana used Paul when copying Aquinas, and his knowledge of the Epistles themselves, it is argued, was often confused and inaccurate. Pietro Alighieri repeatedly used Paul in combination with other sources in order implicitly to link canti. Guido da Pisa viewed the Commedia as a prophetic dream vision, and equated Dante with Biblical figures, including Paul. This comparison allowed Guido to justify his use of Dante as a life model for his dedicatee. The commentators acknowledge the importance of Paul when Dante clearly alludes to the Epistles, but in general, they simply use Paul as an authoritative voice. Finally, this thesis demonstrates their understanding of Dante not just as narrator/character, but also as reader.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11871
Reading Paul and Dante in the fourteenth century
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Martinson, Amanda M.
author
2008-06-26
The subject of this study is Henry II’s monastic patronage in England 1154-1189. Past studies have examined aspects of Henry II’s patronage but an in-depth survey of Henry’s support of the religious houses throughout his realm has never been completed. This study was therefore undertaken to address modern notions that Henry’s monastic patronage lacked obvious patterns and medieval notions that the motivations behind his patronage were vague. The thesis seeks to illustrate that Henry’s motivations for patronage may not have been driven by piety but rather influenced by a sense of duty and tradition. This hypothesis is supported by examining and analyzing both the chronology and nature of Henry’s patronage.
This thesis has integrated three important sources to assess Henry’s patronage: chronicles, charters, and Pipe Rolls. The charters and Pipe Rolls have been organized into two fully searchable databases. The charters form the core of the data and allow for analysis of the recipients of the king’s patronage as well as the extent of his favour. The Pipe Rolls provide extensive evidence of many neglected aspects of Henry’s patronage, enhancing, and sometimes surpassing, the charter data. The sources have allowed an examination of Henry’s patronage through gifts of land and money rents, privileges, pardons and non-payment of debt, confirmations and intervention in disputes. The value, geography and chronology of this patronage is discussed throughout the thesis as well as the different religious orders that benefited and the influences Henry’s predecessors and family had upon the king. Quantitative analysis has been included where possible.
Henry II was a steady patron throughout his reign and remained cautious with his favour. He maintained many of the benefactions of his predecessors but was not an enthusiastic founder of new monasteries in England. There is no sign that neither the killing of Thomas Becket, nor the approach of Henry’s own death, had a marked effect on his patronage.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/470
King Henry II
Monastic patronage
Royal patronage
England
The monastic patronage of King Henry II in England, 1154-1189
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Aitchison, Briony Louise
author
2010-06-24
Veterinary medicine in late-mediaeval England has thus far received little
attention. This study therefore aims to partly fill this gap by providing an insight into
English veterinary practices at this time. The introduction places the animals under
discussion into context, from the noble war-horse to the lowly pig. Also discussed are
the sources, with their intended audience and evidence for use. The first chapter
concentrates on those who were responsible for treating animals when ill, examining
the qualities sought in such people, and the source of their learning. In the second
chapter the ailments suffered by mediaeval animals are discussed, together with the
causes of illness and methods of diagnosis. The third, and final, chapter examines the
treatment meted out to animals. Firstly the factors influencing this are explored,
followed by surgical intervention, then therapeutic methods of treatment. The
precautions taken when treating animals are looked at, as too is the efficacy of the
remedies, whilst finally the preparation of medicines, the instruments used, and the
materia medica employed are discussed.
The aim of this study is not only to provide an insight into the state of
veterinary medicine in late-mediaeval England, but also to adopt a broader and more
comparative approach than has hitherto been undertaken. It therefore draws upon
veterinary texts, hawking and hunting manuals, husbandry treatises, and recipe
collections, in order to compare and contrast the ailments and treatment meted out to
a variety of animals. Another important facet is to examine the reality of care, which is
achieved through an examination of sources such as household and manorial
accounts. By marrying the actuality of care with the theory and recommendations of
treatises and recipe collections, our understanding of animal welfare is more greatly
enhanced.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1024
Mediaeval England
Veterinary medicine
Animals
"for to knowen here sicknesse and to do the lechecraft there fore" : animal ailments and their treatment in late-mediaeval England
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MacLellan, Rory
author
2019-06-27
This study examines what motivated donors to the Knights Hospitaller throughout the British Isles from 1291 to 1400. The Hospitallers, a military-religious order which fought in the crusades, came to Britain and Ireland in the twelfth century. It soon became, due to the generosity of donors from all levels of society, one of the archipelago’s largest ecclesiastical institutions. This thesis is the first study of donations to the Hospitallers in the British Isles, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the Order’s patronage and relations with societies throughout Britain and Ireland. Chapter One discusses the role of the Hospitallers’ crusading, knighthood, and hospitality in motivating donors, finding that these traditional explanations behind patronage, particularly crusading, played only a minor role. Chapter Two finds that their military support of England did influence patronage by alienating support, but only in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The remaining chapters show what really motivated most patrons: personal and professional ties, particularly familial, religious benefactions, and localism. At each stage, the Hospitallers’ patronage is compared with that of other religious orders, finding that there was little difference between what motivated donations to military and non-military orders. Such a conclusion has important implications for the treatment of the military orders in studies of medieval religion, many of which relegate these orders to a subfield of crusade studies rather than treating them as a full part of mainstream religious life. It also suggests that we should reconsider the place of the military orders within the societies of late medieval Britain and Ireland. They were not valued by most donors primarily as outposts of the crusade movement, but rather were treated firstly as professed religious offering much the same services as any other house: intercessory prayer, employment, trade, and acting as a source of prestige for those who patronised them.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/17791
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-17791
Knights Hospitaller
Military orders
Crusades
Religious patronage
Late medieval Britain and Ireland
Fourteenth century
Religious orders
Patronage of the Knights Hospitaller in Britain and Ireland, 1291-1400
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/156882021-08-17T16:15:47Zcom_10023_74com_10023_25col_10023_77
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Eves, William A.
author
2016
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15688
Title redacted
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Lang, Sheila J.
author
1998
This thesis is a study of two related surgical texts produced in England in the fifteenth
century. The Latin treatise entitled Philomena, British Library MS. Sloane 2272, was
compiled by a London surgeon, John Bradmore, who died in 1412. British Library MS.
Harley 1736 contains a Middle English version of part of Bradmore's treatise on ff.2-167.
The relationship of the texts is discussed in the Introduction. Bradmore's authorship of
the Latin text is established, and the mistaken attribution of the Middle English text, to
surgeon Thomas Morstede, is refuted. Details of Bradmore's life, status, wealth, and
associates, are given in Chapter 1.
Chapters 2-3 concentrate on the form of Bradmore's Latin text, and his intentions and
methods as its compiler. The manuscript is described, and is shown to be Bradmore's
holograph. Many of the earlier authorities used by Bradmore as sources are identified,
and his adaptation of them discussed. Chapter 4 gives a detailed study of cases
Bradmore describes, drawn from his own experience, and attempts to show the rational
basis for his treatments. These cases, though few in number, demonstrate the wide
social range of Bradmore's patients, and the variety of conditions treated, with techniques
and applications sometimes of Bradmore's own devising.
Chapters 5-6 describe the Middle English version of Bradmore's work, and show that it
is an adaptation as much as a translation of the Latin text. The intentions of the author
are considered in order to assess his selectivity and to understand how the nature of his
text differs from that of the Latin original.
Bradmore's Latin text and its Middle English derivative offer a fascinating insight into
the practice of surgery in the fifteenth century. Furthermore, the existence of Philomena
in Bradmore's holograph provides a unique opportunity to see a compiler at work on his
text.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4910
The "Philomena" of John Bradmore and its Middle English derivative : a perspective on surgery in Late Medieval England
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