2024-03-29T15:26:05Zhttps://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/oai/requestoai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/141882019-04-01T08:37:01Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Mackay, Duncan Hendry
author
1997
The three-dimensional magnetic structure of solar filament channels and filaments is considered. A simple analytical potential model of a filament channel is setup with line sources representing the overlying arcades and point sources the flux of the filament. A possible explanation of the distinct upper and lower bounds of a filament is given. A more detailed numerical force-free model with discrete flux sources is then developed and the effect of magnetic shear on the separatrix surface explored. Dextral channels are shown to exist for a wider range of negative values of the force-free alpha and sinistral channels for positive values of alpha. Potential models of a variety of coronal structures are then considered. The bending of a filament is modelled and a method of determining the horizontal component of a filament's magnetic field is proposed. Next, the observed opposite skew of arcades lying above switchbacks of polarity inversion lines is shown to be produced by a local flux imbalance at the corner of the switchback. Then, the magnetic structure of a particular filament in a filament channel is modelled using observations from a photospheric magnetogram. It is shown that dips in the filaments magnetic field could result from opposite polarity fragments lying below the filament. Finally, the formation of a specific filament channel and filament is modelled. The formation of the channel is shown to be due to the emergence of new flux in a sheared state. It is shown that convergence and reconnections between the new flux and old remnant flux is required for the filament to form. The field lines that represent the filament form a thin vertical sheet of flux. The changing angle of inclination of the sheet gives the appearance of twist. The method of formation is then generalised to other cases and it is shown that a hemispheric pattern consistent with the results of Martin et al. (1995) can be obtained.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14188
Basic magnetic field configurations for solar filament channels and filaments
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/218142021-10-22T08:26:07Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Murphy, Alan Robert
author
1974
The thesis is divided into two sections. In PART I the theory of discrimant analysis is presented in a standard manner. Particular attention is paid to those aspects of the subject which also have relevance to-the allocation of pairs. PART II mainly concerns the author's work on the theory of the assignment of paired observations. It is concluded by an example which illustrates the advantages of allocation by the discriminator developed.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21814
Discriminant analysis with respect to paired observations
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/129332019-04-01T08:37:03Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Durham, Ian T.
author
2005
In this dissertation I analyze Sir Arthur Eddington's statistical theory as developed in the first six chapters of his posthumously published Fundamental Theory. In particular I look at the mathematical structure, philosophical implications, and relevancy to modern physics. This analysis is the only one of Fundamental Theory that compares it to modern quantum field theory and is the most comprehensive look at his statistical theory in four decades. Several major insights have been made in this analysis including the fact that he was able to derive Pauli's Exclusion Principle in part from Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. In addition the most profound general conclusion of this research is that Fundamental Theory is, in fact, an early quantum field theory, something that has never before been suggested. Contrary to the majority of historical reports and some comments by his contemporaries, this analysis shows that Eddington's later work is neither mystical nor was it that far from mainstream when it was published. My research reveals numerous profoundly deep ideas that were ahead of their time when Fundamental Theory was developed, but that have significant applicability at present. As such this analysis presents several important questions to be considered by modern philosophers of science, physicists, mathematicians, and historians. In addition it sheds new light on Eddington as a scientist and mathematician, in part indicating that his marginalization has been largely unwarranted.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12933
Sir Arthur Eddington and the foundations of modern physics
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/133792019-04-01T08:37:04Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Yousuf, Mohammad
author
1990
This thesis is principally concerned with George Chrystal's life and his work, mainly in three directions viz., as an experimentalist, a mathematician, and an educationist. The main object is to bring to light the work of a personality who is representative of many more who are always forgotten. The majority of historians of science consider the works of the giants in science, ignoring totally the contributions made by the less prominent people like Prof. George Chrystal. In fact their contributions serve as one of the most important factors in propagation of scientific knowledge. His main contributions: verification of Ohm's Law experimentally; Non-Euclidean geometry; differential equations; text books on algebra; theory of seiches; institution of leaving certificate examination in Scottish education and many more have been discussed in detail. A survey of Chrystal's general thought is given in so far as it may be gathered from his scattered remarks. The references are mentioned by numerals in the superscript, details of which are given at the end of each chapter. The main text consists of six chapters. There are three appendices at the end,' Appendix 'A' consists of his correspondence with different scientists, most of which is still unpublished. Appendix 'B' contains a bibliography of his contributions in chronological order, and Appendix 'C contains his three Promoter's addresses. Tables and figures are attached at their proper places, including some rarely available photographs.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13379
The life and work of Prof. George Chrystal (1851-1911)
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/138222019-04-01T08:37:04Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Mirnia-Harikandi, K
author
1979
This thesis contains an account of several modifications to two algorithms for unconstrained optimization, both of which are due to Gill and Murray. Chapter One contains a brief survey of unconstrained optimization and contains also some results which are used subsequently. Chapter Two contains an account of some work on iterative procedures for the solution of operator equations in Banach spaces due to Wolfe (1978a) in which it is suggested that it may be possible, in certain circumstances, to use high-order iterative procedures rather than Newton's method, thereby obtaining computational advantages. In Chapter Three the Newton-type algorithm of Gill and Murray (1974) is described and the ideas contained in Chapter Two are used to construct some modifications of this algorithm. Chapter Four contains some algorithms for the numerical estimation of both full and b and-type Hessian matrices. These algorithms may be used in conjunction with the optimization algorithms which are described in Chapters Three and Five. In Chapter Five the least-squares algorithm of Gill and Murray (1976) is described and the ideas contained in Chapter Two are used to construct some modifications of this algorithm. Chapter Six contains the computational results which were obtained by using the algorithms which are described in Chapters Three, Four and Five to solve the test problems which are listed in Appendices One and Two.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13822
Modifications of some algorithms for unconstrained optimization
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Usher, J. R.
author
1974
In Part I of this thesis, steady and time-dependent, natural-convection similarity flows with mass transfer are discussed. Similarity flows for natural convection on families of two-dimensional bodies with closed lower ends are enumerated, when both a temperature distribution and a suction velocity distribution are prescribed at the body surface. For steady similarity flow on a heated vertical flat plate, with mass transfer at the surface, a numerical procedure is introduced for determining the velocity and temperature profiles. These results are presented in Figs. 2 and 3. Other similarity flows may be found by the same method.
A simplification, valid for “strong” suction, is discussed. An extension of Mangler’s transformation [1948] is given which reduces the equations governing axisymmetric flow to those for two-dimensional flow in steady natural convection.
In Part II non-linear resonant instability in parallel shear flows is discussed. A.D.D.Craik’s (see Usher and Craik [I]) modified version of Bateman’s [1956] variational formulation for viscous flows is employed to derive the second-order interaction equations governing the temporal evolution of a resonant wave triad in a sheer flow. (An extension of Craik’s variational formulation to free surface flows is presented but is not required in the subsequent analysis for the resonance problem). This problem was treated previously using a ‘direct’ approach (employing the Navier-Stokes equations) by Craik [1971]. The major advantage of the present method over the ‘direct’ method is the substantial reduction in algebraic complexity. Also, a justification of the validity of Craik’s previous analysis is given.
For this same resonance problem, third-order interaction equations are derived by the *direct* method since, to this order of approximation, little advantage is to be gained from the variational formulation. The resonance theory is thereby developed to the same order of approximation as the non-resonant third-order theory of Stuart [1960, 1962].
An asymptotic analysis for large Reynolds numbers reveals that the magnitudes of the third-order interaction coefficients – like certain of those at second-order – are remarkably large. Such results lead to a discussion of the regions of validity of the perturbation analysis. Also some light is shed on the roles played by resonance and three-dimensionality in the non-linear instability of shear flows.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13922
Aspects of natural convention and of non-linear hydridynamic stability
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/142642019-04-01T08:37:06Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Mann, Ian R.
author
1996
This thesis studies the time dependent evolution of MHD waves in cold, fully compressible non-uniform plasmas. We used a 1-D box model (e.g., Southwood (1974)) to study wave mode coupling, and concentrate upon developing an understanding of the underlying physics that governs waves in the Earth's magnetosphere. We begin by discussing the form of the (often singular) governing eigenmodes of the system, and subsequently use these eigenmodes as a basis with which to construct the solution to a variety of initial value problems. We consider a detailed analysis of both the widths and the internal length scales developed by cavity mode driven held line resonances (FLRs), and compare our results to observations presented in the literature. We find that (especially asymptotically in time) the coupled waves derive their dominant characteristics from the form of undriven decoupled toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes. Ideal numerical solutions show that fine spatial scales are developed across the background magnetic field, and we demonstrate that this is accurately estimated as the decoupled phase mixing length
L[sub]p[sub]h = 2π/𝜔ⁱ[sub]A = d 𝜔[sub]A/dx
We also discuss the likely ionospheric and kinetic modifications to our theory. Later, we consider the evolution of poloidal Alfvén waves having large azimuthal wavenumber (𝜆). We find that the 𝜆 → ∞ decoupled poloidal Alfvén wave evaluation (Dungey, 1967) is modified for finite 𝜆 lambda, approaching decoupled toroidal field line oscillations for large t. We define a poloidal lifetime 𝛵, when toroidal and poloidal displacements become equal, and demonstrate that this is when the phase mixing length is equal to 2pi/lambda. We examine numerically the poloidal Alfvén wave evolution for 𝜆 ≫ k[sub]z, and k[sub]≳ lambda, when k[sub]x(x,t = 0) ≪ lambda or k[sub]z. We interpret the lambda ≪ kz results (applicable to the Earth's magnetosphere) in the context of poloidal Alfvén wave observations, and compare our study to the numerical analysis of Ding et al. (1995). We conclude the thesis by undertaking an asymptotic derivation of the large 𝜆 solutions by using the method of multiple time scales. We find our analytic solutions are in excellent agreement with those determined numerically. A central result of the thesis is the importance and dominance of the phase mixing length for time dependent solutions, irrespective of the value of 𝜆.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14264
Time-dependent MHD wave coupling in non-uniform media
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Mohd, Ismail Bin
author
1987
This thesis contains a description of algorithm, MW, for bounding the global minimizers and globally minimum value of a twice continuously differentiable function f :Rⁿ → R¹ R1 in a compact sub-interval of Rⁿ. The algorithm MW is similar to the algorithm of Hansen (Han-80a] in that interval arithmetic is used together with certain of Hansen's ideas, but is different from Hansen's algorithm in that MW bounds the Kuhn Tucker points corresponding to the global minimizers of f in the given sab-interval. The Kuhn Tucker points are bounded with prescribed precision by using either of the algorithms KMSW [SheW-85c] or MAP [SheW-85b]. Numerical results which are obtained from Triplex [BaCM-82a] [MorC-83a] implementations of H and MW axe presented.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13824
Global optimization using interval arithmetic
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Maroof, Adnan Abdul Kadir
author
1985
The main purpose of the work described in this chapter is to enable the user to define and modify deterministic and non-deterministic finite automata. The first step is to allow the user to define states and transitions for both deterministic and non-deterministic finite state automata and to subsequently modify them. It is possible at this stage to systematically rename final and other states. Functions are provided to convert non-deterministic finite automata to deterministic finite automata and also to trim and minimize automata. The minimization process produces a minimum state automaton. We will abbreviate the expressions deterministic finite automata and non-deterministic finite automata to DFA and NBFA respectively.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21800
An implementation of algorithms to define and manipulate finite automata and regular expressions
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Tucker, N. D.
author
1974
The theory of Loss Functions Is a fundamental part of Statistical Decision Theory and of Pattern Recognition. However It is a subject which few have studied In detail. This thesis is an attempt to develop a simple character recognition process In which losses may be Implemented when and where necessary. After a brief account of the history of Loss Functions and an Introduction to elementary Decision Theory, some examples have been constructed to demonstrate how various decision boundaries approximate to the optimal boundary and what Increase In loss would be associated with these sub-optimal boundaries. The results show that the Euclidean and Hamming distance discriminants can be sufficiently close approximations that the decision process may be legitimately simplified by the use of these linear boundaries. Geometric moments were adopted for the computer simulation of the recognition process because each moment is closely related to the symmetry and structure of a character, unlike many other features. The theory of Moments is discussed, in particular their geometrical properties. A brief description of the programs used in the simulation follows. Two different data sets were investigated, the first being hand-drawn capitals and the second machine-scanned lower case type script. This latter set was in the form of a message, which presented interesting programming problems in itself. The results from the application of different discriminants to these sets under conditions of simple loss are analysed and the recognition efficiencies are found to vary between about 30% and. 99% depending on the number of moments being used and the type of discriminant. Next certain theoretical problems are studied. The relations between the rejection rate, the error rate and the rejection threshold are discussed both theoretically and practically. Also an attempt is made to predict theoretically the variation of efficiency with the number of moments used in the discrimination. This hypothesis is then tested on the data already calculated and shown to be true within reasonable limits. A discussion of moment ordering by defining their re-solving powers is undertaken and it seems likely that the moments normally used unordered are among the most satisfactory. Finally, some time is devoted towards methods of improving recognition efficiency. Information content is discussed along with the possibilities inherent in the use of digraph and trigraph probabilities. A breakdown of the errors in the recognition system adopted here is presented along with suggestions to improve the technique. The execution time of the different decision mechanisms is then inspected and a refined 2-Stage method is produced. Lastly the various methods by which a decision mechanism might be improved are united under a common loss matrix, formed by a product of matrices each of which represents a particular facet of the recognition problem.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13768
A study of character recognition using geometric moments under conditions of simple and non-simple loss
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/217932021-09-27T13:53:46Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Al-Harbi, Abdulghani A. Ghonaim
author
1990
In this thesis we examine the problem of estimating the number of errors (bugs) in a reliability system using the recapture debugging model suggested by Nayak (1988). The reliability system contains a certain number N of errors. Each causes system failures independently of the others. The times between failures for any bug are assumed to be independent exponential random variables with a parameter X common to all bugs. We assume the system is observed for a fixed length of time. The maximum likelihood estimate of N was considered by Nayak. We derive the profile likelihood interval for N, and consider as a point estimate the harmonic mean of the endpoints. This estimate was used for the Jelinski-Moranda model by Joe and Reid (1985). The exact probability distribution of the harmonic mean estimator is computed. A generalization of the harmonic mean estimate, called the weighted harmonic mean estimate is proposed as a further improvement. A comparison is drawn between this estimator and the maximum likelihood estimator, using their computed distributions for various values of N.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21793
Harmonic mean estimates for recapture debugging
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Jamali, Ali-Reza
author
1989
For the non-abelian simple groups G of order up to 10⁶ , excluding the groups PSL(2,q), q > 9, the presentations in terms of an involution a and an element b of minimal order (with respect to a) such that G=<a,b> are well known. The presentations are complete in the sense that any pair (x,y) of generators of G satisfying x²=yᵐ=1, with m minimal, will satisfy the defining relations of just one presentation in the list. There are 106 such presentations.
Using a computer, we give generators for each maximal subgroup of the groups G. For each presentation of G, the generators of maximal subgroups are given as words in the group generators. Similarly generators for a Sylow p-subgroup of G, for each p, are given. For each group G, we give a representative for each conjugacy class of the group as a word in the group generators.
Minimal presentations for each Sylow p-subgroup of the groups G, and for most of the maximal subgroups of G are constructed. To obtain such presentations, the Schur multipliers of the underlying groups are calculated.
The same tasks are carried out for those groups PSL(2,q) of order less than 10⁶ which are included in the "ATLAS of finite groups". For these groups we consider a presentation on two generators x, y with x²=y³=1.
A finite group G is said to be efficient if it has a presentation on d generators and d+rank(M(G)) relations (for some d) where M(G) is the Schur multiplier of G. We show that the simple groups J₁, PSU(3,5) and M₂₂ are efficient. We also give efficient presentations for the direct products A₅xA₆, A₅xA₆,A₆xA₇ where Ĥ denotes the covering group of H.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13692
Computing with simple groups: maximal subgroups and presentations
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Griffiths, D. J. (Derek John)
author
1964
Observations have been made of the behaviour of a fine quartz fibre, weighted at its lower end and suspended inside a short, horizontal tunnel in which counterblow of the normal and superfluid components of liquid helium II can be produced by a heater. Section I of this thesis is an introduction to the hydrodynamic of liquid helium II. In section II the interaction with such a fibre of quantized vortex lines in the superfluid is discussed, and the effect of a short heat pulse on the fibre when it is carrying superfluid circulation in calculated approximately. The different responses of the fibre to turbulence in the normal fluid and in the superfluid are contrasted.
In section III, after a description of the apparatus and the experimental method, measurements, deduced from the response to heat pulses, of the circulation about the fibre from 1.3°K to2.1°K are reported. At all temperatures circulations of the expected order from magnitude are observed to grow and decay with time. At 1.3°K apparent circulations of up to about 1/5 quantum occur. In undisturbed helium the largest circulations are more stable than other values, persisting for up to five minutes. Measurement of the same circulation both by the heat-pulse method and by the deflection of the fibre in a steady heat current suggests that the large, persistent circulations may in fact be equal to one quantum. The sense of the observed circulations about the fibre at 1.3°K is strongly biased, this bias being probably associated with the heater geometry. In small heat current no change in the bins or persistence of circulation can be detected, but in currents above 11/2-3 mW/cm², depending on the heater, the circulation about the fibre is both more variable and of the opposite bias to that in undisturbed helium. This behaviour continues for 100 sec or more after the heat current has been switched off. At higher temperatures there are indications that the behaviour might be similar if it were possible for the helium to region its undisturbed condition after being stirred up by turbulent heat currents. In fact this seems other to be impossible, or to require many hundreds of seconds, and the situation is therefore rather confused.
In still higher heat currents measurement of superfluid circulation by heat pulses is impossible because the fibre is continuously agitated in a random way. From measurements of the rms deflections of the bob on the end of the fibre a critical heat current for the onset of such turbulence is found at 1.3°K. At higher temperatures the sensitivity is too low for the transition itself, if any, to be detected, but an upper limit to the critical heat current is given. At 1.3°K and 2.1°K the rms deflection increases monotonically with increasing heat currents, but at intermediate temperatures it is variable, because the bob is often hardly agitated for long periods during apparently supercritical heat currents. This is called quiescent behaviour.
When a supercritical heat current is a delay before agitation of the fibre begins. The delay time, which is often not very well defined, has been measured as a function of the heat current. When the current is switched off the agitation of the bob decoys in a few seconds, but at 1.3°K the circulation about the fibre is small and variable for 100 sec or more, until the persistence and bias characteristic of undisturbed helium regained. These results are discussed in section IV.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13938
Hydrodynamics of liquid helium II
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/137732019-04-01T08:37:10Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Hutchison, Paul Stewart
author
1996
The thesis examines ground level air pollution data supplied by ITE Bush, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland. There is a brief examination of sulphur dioxide concentration data, but the Thesis is primarily concerned with ozone. The diurnal behaviour of ozone is the major topic, and a new methodology of classification of 'ozone days' is introduced and discussed. In chapter 2, the inverse Gaussian distribution is considered and rejected as a possible alternative to the standard approach of using the lognormal as a model for the frequency distribution of observed sulphur dioxide concentrations. In chapter 3, the behaviour of digital gas pollution analysers is investigated by making use of data obtained from two such machines operating side by side. A time series model of the differences between the readings obtained from the two machines is considered, and possible effects on modelling discussed. In chapter 4, the changes in the diurnal behaviour of ozone over a year are examined. A new approach involving a distortion of the time axis is shown to give diurnal ozone curves more homogeneous properties and have beneficial effects for modelling purposes. Chapter 5 extends the analysis of the diurnal behaviour of ozone begun in chapter 4 by considering individual 'ozone days' and attempting to classify them as one of several typical 'types' of day. The time distortion method introduced in chapter 4 is used, and a new classification methodology is introduced for considering data of this type. The statistical properties of this method are discussed in chapter 6.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13773
Statistical problems in measuring surface ozone and modelling its patterns
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Wood, A. S.
author
1984
The past three decades have seen a fast expanding interest in thermal problems exhibiting a change of phase, more commonly known as Stefan problems. With the rapid advance in computer technology the use and expansion of numerical simulation schemes has been responsible for large advances in this field. The increasing size of computers has led to more sophisticated and complex numerical solutions becoming feasible from a computational point of view. On the other hand, part of this interest has developed from industrial quarters where a knowledge of the location of a melting/freezing boundary may be of critical importance for certain processes. Much experimental work has been completed in this field. However, it is still useful to be able to obtain quick, accurate numerical solutions to such problems and it is with this in mind that this thesis is presented. Ideas from both of the above areas of interest are treated. In the first case a simple to program and computationally efficient numerical scheme is proposed for solving one dimensional Stefan problems and its merits are discussed in relation to several of the more common existing solution schemes. This scheme is then modified to cater for a two dimensional problem which crudely imitates a possible heating configuration in some industrial processes. The problem, with its attendant difficulties, is first approximated by a 'test' problem which is constructed so as to admit an analytic solution. This allows assessment of the numerical procedure in two dimensions. In the course of this work a pseudo-analytic solution was obtained for the original two dimensional problem. Finally, in collaboration with the British Gas Corporation, a complex industrial freezing problem is discussed concerning the flow of liquid through an enclosed channel. Some simplifying assumptions are proposed to reduce the problem to a form for which a relatively simple numerical scheme may be adopted. Several simulations are completed to examine the effect of varying physical parameters on the solution and in particular to test for situations of blockage or steady-state.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13797
The prediction of thermal phase-change boundaries and associated temperature distributions
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Monsi, Mansor Bin
author
1988
This thesis contains some applications of Computer Algebra to unconstrained optimization and some applications of Interval Mathematics to the problem of simultaneously bounding the simple zeros of polynomials. Chapter 1 contains a brief introduction to Computer Algebra and Interval Mathematics, and several of the fundamental results from Interval Mathematics which are used in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 2 contains a survey of those features of the symbol manipulation package ALgLIB[Shew-85] which it is necessary to understand in order to use ALgLIB as explained in Chapter 3. Chapter 3 contains a description of Sisser's method [Sis-82a] for unconstrained minimization and several modifications thereof which are implemented using the pseudo-code of Dennis and Schnabel [DenS-83], and ALgLIB, Chapter 3 also contains numerical results corresponding to Sisser's method and its modifications for 7 examples. Chapter 4 contains a new algorithm PRSS for the simultaneous estimation of polynomial zeros and the corresponding interval form IRSS for simultaneously bounding real polynomial zeros. Comparisons are made with some related existing algorithms. Numerical results of the comparisons are also given in this chapter. Chapter 5 contains an application of an idea due to Neumaier [Neu-85] to the problem of constructing interval versions of point iterative procedures for the estimation of simple zeros of analytic functions. In particular, interval versions of some point iterative procedures for the simultaneous estimation of simple (complex) polynomial zeros are described. Finally, numerical results are given to show the efficiency of the new algorithm.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13502
Some applications of computer algebra and interval mathematics
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Wragg, M. A.
author
1982
Solar coronal observations have shown that the corona has a highly complex structure which presumably owes its existence to the magnetic field. Models in thermal and hydrostatic equilibrium are here calculated in order to try and explain many of these observations. Coronal holes occur where open field lines reach out into space. The model of McWhirter, et al. (1975) for the inner corona in such a configuration is generalised to allow different types and magnitudes of heating as well as different area divergences and flows. It is found that hot, fast upflows cannot always exist in thermal equilibrium. The choice of boundary conditions can appreciably alter the results, and so different choices are compared. Most of the corona, especially in active regions, appears to consist of coronal loops. Subtle relations for energy balance models of such loops are found to exist between the physical parameters of a loop's length, base density, and heat input. No solution exists at coronal temperatures in certain cases, which may explain the observations of very cool loops. The effect of a loop's geometry and field line divergence on the structure is found. Results predicted from scaling laws are compared, and the uniqueness of the solution for a loop with a fixed mass is studied. The error in the predicted emission measure through assuming uniform pressure is shown to be considerable. The life-time of a loop can often be many days, suggesting the existence of a thermally stable state. A global stability analysis is performed, and it is found that a loop's stability may depend critically upon its length. Thermally isolated loops, which are the most unstable type, can be thermally stable, provided their pressure falls off sufficiently rapidly with height (due to hydrostatic equilibrium).
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14047
Energy-balance models of the solar corona
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Johnston, Alan
author
1994
A study has been made of the global solar oscillations known as p-modes. The Sun is represented by a plane-parallel stratified plasma. Solutions are found to the magnetohydrodynamic equations of motion in such a plasma, and normal mode frequencies are calculated by applying realistic boundary conditions to these solutions. The normal modes model solar p-modes. For a model consisting of an isothermal chromosphere with a uniform horizontal magnetic field, it is demonstrated that modes may form at all frequencies. Consideration is also given to the related problem of vertical propagation of fast magnetoacoustic waves in a uniform magnetic field. An investigation is carried out into the observed solar cycle variations in the frequencies of p-modes in the classical, low frequency range (1-5 mHz). A possible mechanism for the observed "turnover" effect is discussed. Through the use of a modified Bohr- Sommerfeld condition, the effect of a non-isothermal chromosphere is also considered, and a physical description of chromospheric effects on p-mode frequencies is given. The formation of modes above the acoustic cut-off frequency is investigated. The theoretically calcidated forms of frequency shift curves in this high frequency range agree well with observations. The special case of modes of degree zero is also briefly examined. A mathematical formulation for such modes is constructed, and frequency shifts are determined for a simple chromospheric model atmosphere.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14173
Chromospheric effects on global solar oscillations
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Warner, G. C.
author
1997
This thesis considers the large-time behaviour of the equation
(∂(u+uᵖ) )/( ∂t ) + Q(t) ∂u/( ∂x) = ∂²u/∂x² p>0, r≥ -1
With 0 ≤ 𝓍 < ∞, t ≥ 0 and Q (t) ~ tʳ, t ∞. This equation models, after suitable scalings are introduced, the one-dimensional flow of a solute through a porous medium with the solute undergoing adsorption by the solid matrix. We consider two models for the contaminant input at 𝓍= 0, the first being continuous input and the second being an initial pulse of contaminant which terminates after a finite time. Thus the total mass of the solute both adsorbed and in solution is considered to be dependent on time. It is found that the asymptotic solution depends crucially on both p and r. In finding the asymptotic solution, a similarity variable is introduced which for p ≥ 1 may involve spatial translation. We also have that when p < 1 interfaces appear and hence we have bounded support, whilst for p≥1 we do not. The principal role of r is to determine the balance between diffusion and convection effects. In the continuous input case this balance is independent of p, whilst in the pulse problem p is also involved in determining the balance.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13801
A variable input boundary problem in contaminant transport
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/139092019-04-01T08:37:14Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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McLean, R. G. Derek
author
1984
This thesis explores the possibility of an algebraic formulation of non-relativistic quantum theory in which certain paradoxes associated with non-locality may be resolved. It is shown that the localisation of a free quantum mechanical wave function at large time coincides approximately with the localisation of an ensemble of classical particles having the same momentum range. This result is used to give a formal definition of spatially separating states and spatially separating particles. We then study certain C*-algebras on which expectation values converge in an infinite time limit. By considering such algebras which contain local observables it is possible to introduce states at infinity as limits of states described by wave functions. In such a state at infinity there is zero probability of a position measurement finding the system in any bounded region in configuration space. It is shown that a C*-algebra exists on which any coherent superposition of spatially separating states will converge in an infinite time limit to a mixture of disjoint states. This allows us to obtain an asymptotic resolution of de Broglie's paradox and the Einstein, Podolsy and Rosen paradox. These results are obtained for the simplest types of quantum systems i.e. a one particle system without spin having configuration space IRⁿ and a system consisting of two such particles which may be distinguished from each other.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13909
An algebraic formulation of asmptotically separable quantum mechanics
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/219142022-01-31T10:17:15Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Ridge, Barry
author
2006
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21914
Techniques for computing exact Hausdorff measure with application to a Sierpinski sponge in R³
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/133822019-04-01T08:37:15Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Adams, Andrew, 1969-
author
1997
Machine-assisted formal proofs are becoming commonplace in certain fields of mathematics and theoretical computer science. New formal systems and variations on old ones are constantly invented. The meta-theory of such systems, i.e. proofs about the system as opposed to proofs within the system, are mostly done informally with a pen and paper. Yet the meta-theory of deductive systems is an area which would obviously benefit from machine support for formal proof. Is the software currently available sufficiently powerful yet easy enough to use to make machine assistance for formal meta-theory a viable proposition? This thesis presents work done by the author on formalizing proof theory from [DP97a] in various formal systems: SEQUEL [Tar93, Tar97], Isabelle [Pau94] and Coq [BB+96]. SEQUEL and Isabelle were found to be difficult to use for this type of work. In particular, the lack of automated production of induction principles in SEQUEL and Isabelle undermined confidence in the resulting formal proofs. Coq was found to be suitable for the formalisation methodology first chosen: the use of nameless dummy variables (de Bruijn indices) as pioneered in [dB72]. A second approach (inspired by the work of McKinna and Pollack [vBJMR94, MP97]) formalising named variables was also the subject of some initial work, and a comparison of these two approaches is presented. The formalisation was restricted to the implicational fragment of propositional logic. The informal theory has been extended to cover full propositional logic by Dyckhoff and Pinto, and extension of the formalisation using de Bruijn indices would appear to present few difficulties. An overview of other work in this area, in terms of both the tools and formalisation methods, is also presented. The theory formalised differs from other such work in that other formalisations have involved only one calculus. [DP97a] involves the relationships between three different calculi. There is consequently a much greater requirement for equality reasoning in the formalisation. It is concluded that a formalisation of any significance is still difficult, particularly one involving multiple calculi. No tools currently exist that allow for the easy representation of even quite simple systems in a way that fits human intuitions while still allowing for automatic derivation of induction principles. New work on integrating higher order abstract syntax and induction may be the way forward, although such work is still in the early stages.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13382
Tools and techniques for machine-assisted meta-theory
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/142222019-04-01T08:37:16Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Milne, Alexander Mitchell
author
1980
Solar flares and solar prominences are amongst the best known features of solar activity. Despite this familiarity, however, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of these phenomena. In this thesis some theoretical aspects of these events are considered. We first consider solar prominences. We propose a model for the static equilibrium of quiescent prominences which will simultaneously explain the support mechanism for the dense prominence material and take account roughly of the required energy balance. This model contains two parameters, namely the coronal plasma beta and the horizontal shear angle 𝜙, that the magnetic fieldlines make with the prominence normal. We obtain limits on both these parameters which, when exceeded, imply that no equilibrium state is possible. The results obtained provide a possible explanation for several prominence features. For the remainder of the thesis we consider one aspect of the solar flare problem, namely the possibility of a trigger mechanism for the rapid release of energy in a flare. One candidate for this mechanism is the sudden release of energy stored in excess of potential by a force-free magnetic field which becomes unstable as a result of photospheric motions. For this reason we seek simple analytic solutions to the force-free field equations which may exhibit such an instability. An alternative trigger mechanism, which requires the presence of a current sheet, is given by the emerging flux model for solar flares. We thus develop a one-dimensional model for current sheets in general, where the conditions within the current sheet are given in terms of several non-dimensional parameters which describe the external conditions. These results are then applied to the emerging flux model.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14222
Some aspects of solar flare and prominence theory
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140752019-04-01T08:37:17Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Del Zanna, Luca
author
1997
In this thesis, different aspects of the physics of flows in the solar atmosphere are examined. These are described by means of the set of (ideal) magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and throughout the thesis there is a progressive refinement in the mathematical methods to solve these equations. First, an analysis of symmetric MHD equilibria is presented and the difficulties that are found in solving the steady equations, both analytically and numerically, are discussed in detail. A novel method to find exact solutions in the incompressible case is presented and families of solutions are given in different geometries. Then, attention is turned to flows in coronal magnetic structures, namely quiescent prominences (closed fieldlines) and polar plumes (open fieldlines), and MHD models for these structures are developed by following two different methods: for the former a semi- analytic approach while for the latter a linearisation through a low 𝛽 assumption. In the prominence model, the effects of a subsonic flow along the fieldlines supporting the structure are studied and the results are compared both with a previous static model and with the observed flow speeds. For the plume model, flows are supposed to be transonic along the open fieldlines and their behaviour is studied for different distributions of temperature, density and magnetic flux. However, here the main goal is to demonstrate that coronal plumes are essentially magnetic features and some results of the model are compared with observations. Finally, a time dependent MHD code in spherical coordinates is presented. The aim is to study the interaction of the solar wind with the large scale coronal magnetic structures and the propagation of MHD waves. As a test in 1-D, simulations of the dynamic response of a spherically symmetric extended corona to changes at the outer pressure are studied, following a previous analytic work.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14075
MHD flows in the solar atmosphere
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140512019-04-01T08:37:18Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Daniell, Mark
author
1998
In this thesis, a study is made of the global solar oscillations known as p-modes, modelled by a plane-parallel stratified plasma, within which is embedded a horizontal layered magnetic field. A magnetohydrodynamic formalism is used to investigate the models. The main aim of the thesis is to model the turnover effect in the frequency shifts of the p-modes observed over the course of the solar cycle. Radial oscillations (modes of degree zero) of the Sun are studied for several atmospheric temperature and magnetic field profiles. It is found that the turnover in frequency shifts may be obtained by an increase in the strength of the atmospheric horizontal magnetic field (assumed to be uniform), coupled with a simultaneous increase in atmospheric temperature. The effect of a thin superadiabatic layer in the upper convection zone on p-mode frequencies is also considered. For this model we study modes of general degree, and find that the observed rise and subsequent downturn in the frequency shifts can be duplicated, in the absence of a magnetic field, by simultaneously steepening the temperature gradient of the superadiabatic layer and increasing the atmospheric temperature. In the presence of a magnetic field, where the atmosphere is permeated by a uniform horizontal magnetic field, turnover is reproduced by a combination of an increase in magnetic field strength, a steepening of the temperature gradient in the superadiabatic region, and an increase in atmospheric temperature. The unstable superadiabatic layer also gives rise to convective modes, which are considered briefly. Finally, a model incorporating a magnetic layer residing at the base of the convection zone is constructed and its influence on the frequencies of p-modes assessed. By simply changing the magnetic field strength of this layer, we are unable to reproduce the observed solar cycle variations in p-mode frequencies. The buried magnetic layer supports surface and body magnetoacoustic waves, and a brief study is made of their properties.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14051
The influence of thermal and magnetic layers on solar oscillation frequencies
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/151762019-04-01T08:37:19Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Pollard, John
author
2002
We investigate mechanisms to improve efficiency for line and point transect surveys of clustered populations by combining the distance methods with adaptive sampling. In adaptive sampling, survey effort is increased when areas of high animal density are located, thereby increasing the number of observations. We begin by building on existing adaptive sampling techniques, to create both point and line transect adaptive estimators, these are then extended to allow the inclusion of covariates in the detection function estimator. However, the methods are limited, as the total effort required cannot be forecast at the start of a survey, and so a new fixed total effort adaptive approach is developed. A key difference in the new method is that it does not require the calculation of the inclusion probabilities typically used by existing adaptive estimators. The fixed effort method is primarily aimed at line transect sampling, but point transect derivations are also provided. We evaluate the new methodology by computer simulation, and report on surveys of harbour porpoise in the Gulf of Maine, in which the approach was compared with conventional line transect sampling. Line transect simulation results for a clustered population showed up to a 6% improvement in the adaptive density variance estimate over the conventional, whilst when there was no clustering the adaptive estimate was 1% less efficient than the conventional. For the harbour porpoise survey, the adaptive density estimate cvs showed improvements of 8% for individual porpoise density and 14% for school density over the conventional estimates. The primary benefit of the fixed effort method is the potential to improve survey coverage, allowing a survey to complete within a fixed time and effort; an important feature if expensive survey resources are involved, such as an aircraft, crew and observers.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15176
Adaptive distance sampling
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/133712019-04-01T08:37:20Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Hamza, Taher Tawfik Ahmed
author
1986
The word problem for the free categories with some structure generated by a category X can be solved using proof-theoretical means. These free categories give a semantics in which derivations of GENTZEN's propositional sequent calculus can be interpreted by means of arrows of those categories. In this thesis we describe, implement and document the cut-elimination and the normalization techniques in proof theory as outlined in SZABO [1978]: we show how these are used in order to solve, mechanically, the word problem for the free categories with structure of : cartesian, bicartesian, distributive bicartesian, cartesian closed, and bicartesian closed. This implementation is extended by a procedure to interpret intuitionistic propositional sequent derivations as arrows of the above categories. Implementation of those techniques has forced us to modify the techniques in various inessential ways. The description and the representation in the syntax of our implementation of the above categories is contained in chapters 1 - 5, where each chapter describes one theory and concludes with examples of the system In use to represent concepts and solve simple word problems from category theory ( of various typos ). Appendix 1 contains some apparent printing errors we have observed in the work done by SZABO. The algorithms used in the proof of the cut-elimination theorems and normalization through chapters 1 - 5 are collected in appendices 2 - 4. Appendices 5 - 8 concern the implementation and its user manual.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13371
Normalisation techniques in proof theory and category theory
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140712019-04-01T08:37:21Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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De Bruyne, Peter J. J.
author
1991
Solar coronal stability theory is a powerful tool for understanding the complex behaviour of the Sun's atmosphere. It enables one to discover the driving forces behind some intriguing phenomena and to gauge the soundness of theoretical models for observed structures. In this thesis, the linear stability analysis of line-tied symmetric magnetohydrostatic equilibria is studied within the framework of ideal MHD, aimed at its application to the solar corona. Firstly, a tractable stability procedure based on a variational method is devised. It provides a necessary condition for stability to disturbances localised about a particular flux surface, and a sufficient condition for stability to all accessible perturbations that vanish at the photosphere. The tests require the minimisation of a line integral along the magnetic field lines. For 1-D equilibria, this can be performed analytically, and simple stability criteria are obtained. The necessary condition then serves as an extended Suydam criterion, incorporating the stabilising effect of line-tying. For 2-D equilibria, the minimisation requires the integration of a system of ordinary differential equations along the field lines. This stability technique is applied to arcade, loop, and prominence models, yielding tight bounds on the equilibrium parameters. Secondly, global modes in 1-D coronal loops are investigated using a normal mode method, in order to clarify their link with localised interchange modes. For nearly force-free fields it is shown that instability to localised modes implies the existence of a fast growing global kink mode driven in the neighbourhood of the radius predicted by the local analysis. This confers a new significance on the study of localised interchange modes and the associated extended Suydam criterion.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14071
Aspects of solar coronal stability theory
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/139952019-04-01T08:37:21Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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McGowan, Alastair David
author
1992
Jorna and Wood recently developed a program that numerically solved the Fokker-Planck equation in spherical geometry. In this thesis, we describe how the original program has been redeveloped to produce a program that is an order of magnitude quicker and that has superior energy and density conservation. The revised version of the program has been used to extend the work of Jorna and Wood on thermal conduction in laser produced plasmas. It has been shown that the effect of curvature on heat flow can be described from a purely geometrical argument and that for aspect ratios similar to those found in targets, the heat flow is reduced by approximately 10%. Also, it has been shown, in contradiction with Jorna and Wood, that the inclusion of the anisotropic portion of the Rosenbluth potentials does not have a significant effect on the heat flow. Even for highly anisotropic plasmas, the inclusion of the anisotropic portion only increases the heat flow by 10%. In addition, the revised version of the program has been used to study the energy relaxation of model distributions It has been shown that the relaxation time of most non - thermal distributions depends on the detailed structure of the distribution and that the normal Spitzer collision time can under-estimate or over-estimate the time required for energy relaxation.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13995
Numerical studies of the Fokker-Planck equation
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/129482019-04-01T08:37:22Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Carcedo, Laura
author
2005
Although the solar corona is one of the most studied areas in solar physics, its activity, such as flares, prominence eruptions and CMEs, is far from understood. Since the solar corona is a low-ß plasma, its structure and dynamics are driven by the magnetic field. The aim of this PhD thesis to study the magnetic field in the solar corona. Unfortunately, high quality direct measurements of the coronal magnetic field are not available and theoretical extrapolation using the observed photospheric magnetic field is required. The thesis is mainly divided in two parts. The first part deals with the comparison between theoretical models of magnetic fields and observed structures in the corona. For any theoretical model, a quantitative method to fit magnetic field lines to observed coronal loops is introduced. This method provides a quantity C that measures how closely a theoretical model can reproduce the observed coronal structures. Using linear force-free field extrapolation, the above field line fitting method is used to study the evolution of an active region. The method is also illustrated when the theoretical magnetic field depends on more than one parameter. The second part of the thesis focuses on the linear force-free field assumption using two different geometric configurations. Firstly a vertical rigid magnetic flux tube is considered. The analytical expression of the magnetic field is obtained as an expansion in terms of Bessel functions. The main properties of this system are discussed and compared with two cylindrically symmetric twist profiles. For the second system, the photosphere is assumed to be an infinite plane. Using translational geometry, the analytical expression of the linear force-free magnetic field that matches a prescribed line of sight magnetic field component is obtained. This solution is compared with the non-linear solution obtained by Roumeliotis (1993).
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12948
Theory and observations of the magnetic field in the solar corona
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140872019-04-01T08:37:23Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Forster, Graham Keith
author
1996
Oscillatory fluid flows arise naturally in many systems. Whether or not these systems are stable is an important question and external periodic forcing of the flow may result in rich and complicated behaviours. Here three distinct oscillatory fluid flows are examined in detail, with the stability of each being established using a range of analytical and computational methods. The first system comprises standing surface capillary-gravity waves in second-harmonic resonance subject to Faraday excitation. Using the perturbation technique of multiple scales, the amplitude equations for the system are derived. At exact resonance, and with the absence of damping, the only fixed point of the equations is found to be the origin. A computational approach reveals that the amplitudes of the two waves remain either bounded or grow to infinity depending on initial data. With the introduction of detuning and damping into the system families of fixed points now exist and some special cases are considered. The second class of flows are unbounded time-periodic flows with fixed ellipsoidal stream surfaces, and having spatially uniform but time-periodic strain rates. Using a recently developed method based on theoretical study of the Schrodinger equation with quasi-periodic potential, a computational approach is adopted which determines the stability of the flow to three-dimensional plane wave disturbances. Results for the growth rate and winding number of the disturbance clearly reveal the regions of instability. It is found that almost all these flows are highly unstable. The third class is another set of three-dimensional time-periodic flows with spatially uniform strain rates. These flows are non-axisymmetric and have sinusoidally-fluctuating rates of strain directed along the fixed coordinate axes. The same computational method is employed and it is found that instability increases along with the non-axisymmetric nature of the flow.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14087
Instability and wave-growth within some oscillatory fluid flows
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/139932019-04-01T08:37:24Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Amin, Mohamed Ruhul
author
1999
The possibility of beat wave current drive in tokamaks is considered in this thesis in steady state 2D geometry. The problem is considered by including in the analysis the 2D toroidal inhomogeneity effect and the effect of finite spatial width of the pump microwave pulses on the beat wave excitation. Both a Langmuir beat wave as well as an obliquely propagating upper-hybrid cyclotron beat wave are considered in this study. The three wave coupled system of equations in a magnetized plasma has been derived and solved numerically for this purpose. It has been found that Langmuir type beat wave excited by two almost antiparallel pump microwaves is more efficient for action transfer than a cyclotron beat wave. It has also been found that for the same input parameters, right hand polarized pumps are more efficient than left hand polarized pump microwaves for depositing power in the beat wave. The second part of the thesis considers the relativistic excitation mechanism of a large amplitude plasma wake field by a single ultra-short laser pulse. This type of large amplitude wake field has been proposed for particle acceleration to very high energies for future generation of accelerators. The problem has been modeled self consistently in ID geometry and the relevant coupled system of equations have been solved numerically. It has been found that the shape of the laser pulse profile and the ratio of the ambient plasma frequency to the incident laser frequency play an important role for the excitation of the wake-field and the stability of the laser pulse profile.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13993
Nonlinear plasma waves and their applications
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/135072019-04-01T08:37:24Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Bilgiç, Huseyin
author
1998
In this thesis, we analyse the structure of the centraliser of an element and of the normaliser of a cyclic subgroup in both Sn and An. We show that the centraliser in Sn of a permutation can be written as a direct product of centralisers of regular permutations and that the centraliser of a regular permutation is a wreath product. In certain cases we prove that this wreath product splits as a direct product and we analyse the centre of the subgroup. We calculate the centraliser of a general permutation in An and show how this is related to the centralisers of regular permutations. We investigate the normaliser of the cyclic subgroup generated by an element of Sn and show how this is related to the centraliser of the permutation. We calculate the centre of the normaliser and investigate when the normaliser splits as a direct product. We carry out a similar investigation for normalisers of cyclic subgroups of An and investigate the relationship between normalisers in An and Sn. We give presentations for both centralisers and normalisers.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13507
Centralisers and normalisers in symmetric and alternating groups
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/142832019-04-01T08:37:25Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Evans, Thomas Harry Hope Lloyd
author
1968
The suitability of the Cassegrain Schmidt telescopes at St. Andrews University Observatory for the measurement of stellar magnitudes and colours by in-focus multicolour photography has been examined. A major requirement is that the photographic plate should coincide with the focal surface. Thermal effects in the Scott Lang Telescope and optical and mechanical problems in the James Gregory Telescope cause difficulty in, attaining this. These difficulties have been overcome in the case of the Scott Lang Telescope but no certain method for focussing the James Gregory Telescope was found. The photometric field limited by field error, is approximately one degree in diameter in each case. Colour equations between the instrumental and standard B, V systems depend on magnitude and, in the case of the Scott Lang Telescope, on exposure time as well. The methods used to measure UBV magnitudes and colours with the Radcliffe 74-inch reflector are described and the accuracy of the results discussed. Magnitudes and colours of stars brighter than V - 15.5 in the open cluster IC 2581 have been measured, together with MK spectral types for a few of the brighter stars. The interstellar absorption provides a criterion for the recognition of cluster members. A discrepancy between the shape of the cluster main sequence and that of the zero age main sequence is attributed to an error in the derivation of the standard zero age main sequence. The cluster is found to be at a distance of 2500 parsecs and may form part of the Carinae complex. The positions of the brightest stars in the colour magnitude diagram are discussed in the light of modern theories of stellar evolution and an age of approximately 10 million years is deduced. The colour magnitude diagram of the open cluster NGC 6383 has been obtained for stars brighter than V - 18.1; the limiting magnitudes in B and U are 19.7 and 17.9, respectively. MK spectral types have permitted the cluster membership of several bright B stars to be established; some stars of later type are non-members. The observation of this cluster are more complete than for most young clusters studied to date, but the poorness of the cluster and the unfavourable distribution of interstellar absorption with distance make it impossible to be certain of the membership of stars fainter than V = 13. The lack of stars fainter than V = 12.8 on the zero age main sequence indicates a contraction age of 5 million years. The distance is 1300 parsecs, like those of other young groups in the vicinity. The dense dust clouds which divide the Milky Way in Scorpius are immediately beyond this. Several faint variable stars may be of the T Tauri type.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14283
Photometry of star clusters
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/137912019-04-01T08:37:26Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Hill, Michael T.
author
1974
Two methods are presented for use on an electronic computer for the solution of partial differential systems. The first is concerned with accurate solutions of differential equations. It is equally applicable to ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations, and can be used for parabolic, hyperbolic or elliptic systems, and also for non-linear and mixed systems. It can be used in conjunction with existing schemes. Conversely, the method can be used as a very fast method of obtaining a rough solution of the system. It has an additional advantage over traditional higher order methods in that it does not require extra boundary conditions. The second method is concerned with the acceleration of the convergence rate in the solution of hyperbolic systems. The number of iterations has been reduced from tens of thousands with the traditional Lax-Wendroff methods to the order of twenty iterations. Analyses for both the differential and the difference systems are presented. Again the method is easily added to existing programs. The two methods may be used together to give one fast and accurate method.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13791
On the fast and accurate computer solution of partial differential systems
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/129472019-04-01T08:37:26Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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James, Lorna
author
2004
Magnetic loops in the Sun's corona have been discovered to oscillate in a variety of modes. The oscillations are observed to exhibit strong damping. A number of theories have been put forward to explain the damping, including resonant absorption and phase mixing. Here we consider the modelling of loop oscillations, paying particular attention to two effects: gravity, and the addition of a chromospheric layer below the corona. We develop an acoustic model of coronal loop oscillations and consider two ways of describing the effects of the gravitational stratification and the chromospheric layers, considering either two media separated by a discontinuous interface or a single medium with a sound speed that varies along the loop. A dispersion relation for the two-layer isothermal atmosphere case is obtained and investigated numerically using a bisection code. On comparison with roots obtained for a single isothermal atmosphere, it was found that the effect of chromospheric footpoints on the period of a mode is slight. However, the effect of gravity was found to be more notable, rising up to a twenty percent change in period when considering the longer observed loops. This result is of especial interest since gravity is often ignored by authors discussing loop oscillations. The case of a linear sound speed has been investigated analytically, obtaining a dispersion relation in terms of Bessel functions. Our results show that the Bessel equation is a possible solution for describing the wave modes.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12947
Loop oscillations in the corona
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140002019-04-01T08:37:27Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Tur, T. J.
author
1977
Current sheets are widely believed to play an important role in astrophysics when regions of magnetic flux are in motion. Several models based on the formation of current sheets have been proposed to explain such phenomena as geomagnetic storms, solar flares and prominences. In this thesis three aspects of current sheet theory are studied with particular reference to the solar flare problem. Firstly the development of two-dimensional current sheets is investigated for several simple configurations. These include converging line current sources, converging and diverging line dipole sources and a dipole of increasing moment situated in either a uniform magnetic field or a constant dipole field. These last two may be thought of as modelling the emergence of bipolar flux from beneath the photosphere, a phenomena frequently observed prior to solar flares. The length, position and shape of the current sheet is determined from the requirement that the magnetic field be frozen-into the plasma. The sheet is found to be curved, except in the symmetrical case of converging line sources. In addition, the extra energy due to the presence of the current sheet is determined. Comparison with estimates of the energy dissipated during a flare indicate that the formation of current sheets may store an adequate amount of preflare magnetic energy, provided no reconnection occurs during the formation process. A three-dimensional axi-symmetric model for current sheet formation is then considered. Two equal and co-directional dipoles approach along the axis of symmetry to form an annular current sheet between them. The equations determining the magnetic field for this configuration are reduced to a single integral equation for the current density in the sheet as a function of radial distance from the axis. A numerical method is used to solve this integral equation. The inner and outer radii of the sheet are then determined from the conditions of flux conservation as for the two-dimensional case. Finally the energetics of a current sheet that forms between newly emerging flux and an ambient field are considered. As more and more flux emerges, so the sheet rises in the solar atmosphere. The various contributions to the thermal energy balance in the sheet are approximated and the resulting equation is solved for the internal temperature of the sheet. It is found that, for certain choices of the ambient magnetic field strength and velocity, the internal temperature increases until, when the sheet reaches some critical height, no neighbouring stable state exists. The temperature then increases rapidly seeking a hotter branch of the solution curve. During this dynamic heating the threshold temperature for the onset of microinstabilities may be attained. It is suggested that this may be a suitable trigger mechanism for the recently proposed "emerging flux" model of a solar flare.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14000
Aspects of current sheet theory
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/150462019-04-01T08:37:27Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Gottliebsen, Hanne
author
2002
Computer Algebra Systems (CASs), such as Maple and Mathematica, are now widely used in both industry and education. In many areas of mathematics they perform well. However, many well-established methods in mathematics, such as definite integration via the fundamental theorem of calculus, rely on analytic side conditions which CASs in general do not support. This thesis presents our work with automatic, formal mathematics using the theorem prover PVS. Based on an existing real analysis library for PVS, we have implemented transcendental functions such as exp, cos, sin, tan and their inverses, and we have provided strategies to prove that a function is continuous at a given point. In general, this is undecidable, but using certain restrictions we can still provide proofs for a large collection of functions. Similarly, we can prove that a function has a limit at a point. We illustrate how the extended library may be used with Maple to provide correct results where Maple's are incorrect. We present a case study of definite integration in the CASs axiom. Maple, Mathematica and Matlab. The case study clearly shows that apart from axiom the systems do not fully check the necessary conditions for the definite integral to exist, thus giving results varying from plain incorrect to correct, even if the latter is difficult to detect without manipulating the result. The extension and correction of the PVS library consists of around 1000 theorems proven by around 18000 PVS proof commands. We also have a test suite of 88 lemmas for the automatic checks for continuity and existence of limits. Thus we have devised and tested automatic computational logic support for the use of formal mathematics in applications, particularly computer algebra.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15046
Automated theorem proving for mathematics : real analysis in PVS
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/72942019-04-01T08:37:28Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Lawson, Andrew B.
author
1991
This work concerns the analysis of point events which are distributed on a planar region and are thought to be related to a fixed point. Data examples are considered from Epidemiology, where morbidity events are thought to be related to a pollution source, and Ecology and Geology where events associated with a central point are to be modelled. We have developed a variety of Heterogeneous Poisson Process (HEPP) models for the above examples. In particular, I have developed interaction and 8-dependence models for angular-linear correlation, with their ML estimation and associated score/W aId tests. In the Epidemiological case we have developed case-control models and tests. The possibility of second-order effects being important has also led to the development of Bayesian Spatial Prior (BSP) models. In addition, we have developed a new deviance residual for HEPP models and explored the use of GLIM for modelling purposes. A variety of results were found in data analysis. In some cases HEPP models provide adequate descriptions of the process. In others, BSP models yield better fits. In general, the discrete case admits a simple spatial Poisson model for counts and does not require BSP model extensions.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7294
The statistical analysis of point events associated with a fixed point
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/138972019-04-01T08:37:29Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Robertson, Stewart A. (Stewart Alexander)
author
1957
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13897
Parametric models of surfaces
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/136822019-04-01T08:37:29Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Brookes, Melanie
author
1996
In Chapter 2 of this thesis we look at methods for finding efficient presentations of the transitive permutation groups of degree ≤ 12. Chapter 3 gives efficient presentations for certain direct products of groups including PSL(2, P)2 SL(2, p) X SL(2, 8), PSL(2, p) x C2, for prime p ≥ 5 and PSL(2, 25)3. Chapter 4 introduces a new class of inefficient groups and Chapter 5 gives a brief survey of some of the open problems relating to the efficiency of finite groups.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13682
On the efficiency of finite groups
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/139602019-04-01T08:37:30Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Smith, Frank Ian Pitt
author
1969
The subject matter of this thesis is concerned with the stability of fluid flows; more particularly , with the stability of liquid films which have an interface with air. We will therefore begin by formulating the basic equations and ideas which pertain to this class of problems. Later in this chapter, a summary will be given of the topics dealt with in this dissertation.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13960
Stability of some free-surface flows
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/129462019-04-01T08:37:30Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Mellor, Christopher
author
2004
The problem of how the Sun's corona is heated is of central importance to solar physics research. In this thesis we model three main areas. The first, annihilation, is a feature of non-ideal MHD and focusses on how magnetic field of opposite polarity meets at a null point and annihilates, after having been advected with plasma toward a stagnation point in the plasma flow. Generally, the null point of the field and the stagnation point of the flow are coincident at the origin, but in chapter 2 a simple extension is considered where an asymmetry in the boundary conditions of the field moves the null point away from the origin. Chapter 3 presents a model of reconnective annihilation in three dimensions. It represents flux being advected through the fan plane of a 3D null, and diffusing through a thin diffusion region before being annihilated at the spine line, and uses the method of matched asymptotic expansions to find the solution for small values of the resistivity. The second area of the thesis covers null collapse. This is when the magnetic field in close proximity to a null point is disturbed, causing the field to fold up on itself and collapse. This is a feature of ideal MHD, and causes a strong current to build up, allowing non-ideal effects to become important. When using linearised equations for the collapse problem, we are in fact looking at a linear instability. If this instability initiates a collapse, this is only a valid model until non-linear effects become important. By talking about collapse in chapters 4 and 5 (as it is talked about in the literature), we mean that the linear instability initiates collapse, which in principle, non-linear effects could later stop. Chapter 4 introduces a two-dimensional model for collapse, using the ideal, compressible, linearised MHD equations. It is a general solution in which all spatially linear nulls and their supporting plasma flows and pressure gradients can be checked for susceptibility to collapse under open boundary conditions. Chapter 5 uses the model introduced in chapter 4 to investigate the collapse of three-dimensional, potential nulls (again, spatially linear) for all possible supporting plasma flows and pressure gradients. Using this model, all nulls under consideration are found to collapse and produce large currents, except for a group of 2D O-type nulls supported by highly super-Alfvenic plasma flows. The third area of this thesis involves numerically simulating a model of heating by coronal tectonics (Priest et al, 2002). A simple magnetic field is created and the boundary is driven, also in a simple manner. Current sheets which scale with grid resolution are seen to build up on the quasi-separatrix layers, and there is some evidence of magnetic reconnection.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12946
Magnetic annihilation, null collapse and coronal heating
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/139652019-04-01T08:37:31Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Woods, Anna Maria
author
1987
Linear mode conversion processes are much studied in plasma physics because they determine the efficiency of any radio frequency heating scheme. Mode coupling model equations, extracted with varying degrees of rigour from the Maxwell-linearized kinetic equations, are usually fourth or higher order O.D.E's. These are solved by complicated methods to obtain transmission, conversion, reflection and absorption coefficients. Recently, Fuchs et al and Cairns and Lashmore-Davies (C.L-D.) have postulated second order O.D.E's to describe pairwise coupling events. The second order theories have reproduced results previously obtained by much more sophisticated treatments. In this thesis, we firstly examine the hybrid resonances in a cold plasma and show that they have a mode conversion interpretation in the framework of the C.L-D. model. The Budden tunnelling coefficients are recovered for this case. Next, mode conversion between the fast and slow electromagnetic waves in the lower hybrid frequency range is considered. This phenomenon determines the accessibility of the lower hybrid resonance to the slow wave, and is also of theoretical interest because the mode coupling differs in certain aspects from cases previously investigated by C.L-D. A second order approximation to the dispersion relation is used in the mode conversion region leading to Weber's equation from which transmission coefficients are then obtained in various cases. Finally, we provide justification for the use of Weber's equation. The exact fourth order system of O.D.E's for the problem is set down, and a linear transformation, which is an extension of that given by Heading, reveals the second order nature of the coupling process. Numerical solutions of the fourth order system yield transmission coefficients in excellent agreement with the second order theory, and also demonstrate that the electric field variation across the mode conversion region is well approximated, via the above transformation, by our second order theory.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13965
Mode conversion of plasma waves
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/136932019-04-01T08:37:32Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Jacobs, Andrew D.
author
1998
The general subject of this thesis is quantum groups. The major original results are obtained in the particular areas of twisting constructions and noncommutative differential geometry.
Chapters 1 and 2 are intended to explain to the reader what are quantum groups. They are written in the form of a series of linked results and definitions. Chapter 1 reviews the theory of Lie algebras and Lie groups, focusing attention in particular on the classical Lie algebras and groups. Though none of the quoted results are due to the author, such a review, aimed specifically at setting up the paradigm which provides essential guidance in the theory of quantum groups, does not seem to have appeared already. In Chapter 2 the elements of the quantum group theory are recalled. Once again, almost none of the results are due to the author, though in Section 2.10, some results concerning the nonstandard Jordanian group are presented, by way of a worked example, which have not been published.
Chapter 3 concerns twisting constructions. We introduce a new class of 2-cocycles defined explicitly on the generators of certain multiparameter standard quantum groups. These allow us, through the process of twisting the familiar standard quantum groups, to generate new as well as previously known examples of non-standard quantum groups. In particular we are able to construct generalisations of both the Cremmer-Gervais deformation of SL(3) and the so called esoteric quantum groups of Fronsdal and Galindo in an explicit and straightforward manner.
In Chapter 4 we consider the differential calculus on Hopf algebras as introduced by Woronowicz. We classify all 4-dimensional first order bicovariant calculi on the Jordanian quantum group GL[sub]h,[sub]g(2) and all 3-dimensional first order bicovariant calculi on the Jordanian quantum group SL[sub]h(2). In both cases we assume that the bicovariant bimodules are generated as left modules by the differentials of the quantum group generators. It is found that there are 3 1-parameter families of 4-dimensional bicovariant first order calculi on GL[sub]h,[sub]g(2) and that there is a single, unique, 3-dimensional bicovariant calculus on SL[sub]h(2). This 3-dimensional calculus may be obtained through a classical-like reduction from any one of the three families of 4-dimensional calculi on GL[sub]h,[sub]g(2). Details of the higher order calculi and also the quantum Lie algebras are presented for all calculi. The quantum Lie algebra obtained from the bicovariant calculus on SL[sub]h(2) is shown to be isomorphic to the quantum Lie algebra we obtain as an ad-submodule within the Jordanian universal enveloping algebra U[sub]h(sl[sub]2(C)) and also through a consideration of the decomposition of the tensor product of two copies of the deformed adjoint module. We also obtain the quantum Killing form for this quantum Lie algebra.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13693
Nonstandard quantum groups: twisting constructions and noncommutative differential geometry
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/219262022-02-01T10:18:31Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Lammering, Birger
author
2000
In this thesis we study novel aspects of the multifractal properties of rainfall. Our aim is to use multifractal methods to improve the representation of rainfall distributions in climate simulations, in particular by disaggregating spatial rainfall using random cascades. For this we utilise recent mathematical ideas from multifractal analysis, develop computational methods based on these ideas and apply them to the central hydrological question of rainfall representation in climate simulations. First we present the background to fractal and multifractal theory, with an introduction to the fine, coarse and Legendre transform multifractal spectrum. We consider algorithms for computing the auxiliary function and the Legendre multifractal spectrum, which we test 011 some measures with well-known multifractal properties. We review the motivation for applying multifractal analysis, in particular random cascade measures, to hydrological problems. To provide a non-isotropic test example, we introduce and analyse a self-affine measure supported by a variant of the Sierpinski triangle. As a main application, we incorporate a random cascade disaggregation of spatial rain¬ fall into the hydrological component of the UK Meteorological Office Surface Exchange Scheme and compare the resulting water balance variables with those gained from simulations using more conventional rainfall distributions. We show that a disaggregation using random cascades gives closer values to the reference simulation than the other approaches. The multifractal properties of random cascades depend on the parameters used in their generation process. We present some simple schemes for estimating parameters that give random cascades with specific multifractal features. These schemes are applied to standard examples and spatial rainfall data. We question the assumption that random cascades are always appropriate for modelling observed multifractals. In the final chapter we discuss the relationship of the multifractal functions of a plane measure and those of slices of the measure by a line. Based on recent mathematical ideas about the multifractal properties of slices we formulate the 'slice hypothesis'. We investigate the use of the slice hypothesis to estimate multifractal properties of spatial rainfall fields from data from slices and from temporal data at a fixed site.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21926
Multifractal analysis and modelling of rainfall
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/139642019-04-01T08:37:33Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Weir, David Gordon
author
1961
In this thesis, we present certain exact solutions of the mathematical equations governing the one-dimensional unsteady flow of a compressible fluid. In Chapter 2 we introduce the well-known simplification of the equations (1.1.10), (1.1.11) and (1.1.12) which occurs when the entropy is assumed to be constant, and conditions for parching solutions of the equations along characteristics are obtained. These results are used to generalise a problem solved by Mackie. In chapter 3 we meet the concept of a shook, and exact solutions are obtained for two problems in which shocks occur in non-uniform flows. In chapter 4 the case of waves in shallow water which has differential equations similar to those of gas flow is discussed. The results of the previous section are applied to this case and a problem attacked which permits a comparison to be made of the results obtained by this theory and a simpler linearized theory. Finally in chapter 5 we examine a method introduced by Martin for dealing with certain non-isentropic flows. Some new exact solutions of non-isentropic flows are thus obtained.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13964
Some exact solutions in the one-dimensional unsteady motion of a gas
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140162019-04-01T08:37:34Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Begg, Iain M.
author
1976
This thesis will deal with certain problems of parametric instabilities in the inhomogeneous plasma. A large amplitude, 'pump' wave can deposit some of its energy into the plasma through resonance with two lower frequency waves (which may be damped). This type of process is a parametric decay of the pump wave and has applications in many fields. We consider, predominantly, that of laser fusion, in which the pump wave is electromagnetic and incident on the plasma. The objective is to deposit as much energy as possible within the plasma. Instabilities reducing this energy input are therefore of importance and it is, mostly, to these that this thesis will turn. They are mostly scattering processes in which one of the decay modes is electromagnetic. We examine the stimulated Brillouin backscattering process (the other decay mode being an ion accoustic wave) from a reference frame in which the plasma is streaming outwards. It is found that, if this velocity is near the sound velocity, the ion acoustic wave has a frequency Doppler-shifted to zero, the electromagnetic waves then having equal frequencies. In such a situation, any reflection of the pump wave at the critical surface will enhance the initial level of the backscattered wave. We find that, allowing for this, there is considerable enhancement of backscatter from the plasma, with consequent energy loss to the pump. Since the effect is noticeably unaffected by 'off- resonance' situations, it is felt that this process could mount a barrier to possible applications. We next consider the stimulated Compton scattering process, where the pump is scattered off the 'bare' or thermal electrons in the plasma. It is found that this rather weak instability occurs predominantly only when electron plasma waves are heavily dampled. Substantial reflection only occurs for high pump powers. Whilst there is little loss to the pump energy, there is substantial perturbation to the background distribution function. However, at the high powers involved filamentation and modulation of the pump can occur with a resulting enhancement of the scattering. Finally, we consider the effect on the decay instability (photon → plasmon + phonon) of the presence of substantial filamentation of the critical surface. It is found that the growth rate is substantially reduced.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14016
Parametric instabilities in inhomogenous plasmas
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/141832019-04-01T08:37:34Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Lothian, Robert M.
author
1990
Using the Magnetohydrodynamic model, two problems in the behaviour of magnetic field structures are investigated. Firstly, the stability of tokamak equilibria to coupled tearing modes is calculated. Secondly, the equilibrium structure of a solar coronal loop is examined. The flux co-ordinate method is used to construct toroidal equilibria of the type found in large aspect ratio tokamaks. In such a field configuration, the analysis of tearing modes is complicated by the coupling of different poloidal fourier modes. The effect of coupling through elliptic shaping of plasma surfaces is calculated. For certain current profiles, this effect may cause instability. The response of coronal loops to twisting at their photospheric footpoints is investigated. Long loops are shown to have an essentially 1-D nature. This observation is used to develop a 1-D, line-tied model for such loops. This model is used to conduct an extensive survey of the non-linear twist regime, including the effects of enhanced fluid pressure. The possibility of non-equilibrium, which would provide energy for coronal heating and compact flares, is examined. When the physical variable of footpoint displacement is specified, no loss of equilibrium is found by twisting. Loss of equilibrium is found for high pressures, which we do not, however, expect to find in the corona.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14183
Aspects of magnetic field theory in solar and laboratory plasmas
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/112112019-04-01T08:37:35Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Inglis, Alexander
author
1933-05
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11211
James Gregory : a survey of his work in mathematical analysis
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/269082023-02-10T09:27:02Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Stuart, Liam
author
2023-06-13
This thesis includes work from four papers that were written during the author’s time as a PhD student
with Jonathan Fraser, namely [40, 41, 42, 43]. Chapter 1 introduces the two main settings that will
be studied throughout this thesis along with several tools that will be used. This will include various
notions of dimensions of sets and measures, the setting of hyperbolic geometry and limit sets, and
the setting of rational maps and Julia sets. Chapter 2 will state and prove results in the hyperbolic
geometry setting, where we calculate the Assouad and lower spectra for limit sets of geometrically finite
Kleinian groups along with their associated Patterson-Sullivan measure. The broad approach takes
some ideas from [35] where the Assouad and lower dimensions were calculated, but many of the ideas
require adjustment or replacement due to the Assouad and lower spectra requiring finer control. An
important tool made use of is the notion of a ‘global measure formula’ in order to obtain estimates on
efficient covers. Chapter 3 involves adapting this approach to calculate the Assouad type dimensions
of Julia sets of parabolic rational maps and their associated h-conformal measures, where h denotes
the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set. Chapter 4 is then dedicated to a discussion of the results in
Chapters 2 and 3 in the context of Sullivan’s dictionary, a framework which draws many connections
between the settings of hyperbolic geometry and rational maps. We draw several interesting parallels
between the two settings, along with some notable differences, using our results on the Assouad type
dimensions which are not witnessed by other notions of dimension. In Chapter 5, we obtain results for
counting horoballs of certain sizes, and then discuss some applications of these results to Diophantine
approximation and the calculation of dimensions of conformal measures. We finish in Chapter 6 with
discussion about further questions which stem from our research.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/26908
https://doi.org/10.17630/sta/263
Fractals
Dimension theory
Assouad dimension
Assouad spectrum
Kleinian group
Limit set
Rational map
Julia set
Sullivan's dictionary
Horoballs
Limit sets, Julia sets and Sullivan’s dictionary : a dimension theoretic analysis
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/112942019-04-01T08:37:36Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Ryan, Richard Daniel
author
2002-11
In this thesis we will construct simple models of rotating stellar and planetary magnetospheres within the framework of ideal MHD. These models will take the basic outline of a stellar magnetosphere that we have outlined above as a starting point from which to proceed further. In summary, this simple magnetosphere will be that of a single, rapidly rotating star' with an axisymmetric dipole magnetic field at the base of its corona and with an axis that is in alignment with that of the rotation axis. It is the isothermal plasma associated with this field that will give rise to the magnetospheric emission and which is held in strict corotation with the stellar surface. Equatorial and rotational symmetry reduce the domain to one quarter of a two dimensional quadrant. We will consider timescales that are much longer than the typical time scales of the system, which will allow us to model the evolution of the system quasi-statically by calculating sequences of MHS equilibria. This is achieved by numerical solution of the Grad-Shafranov equation (in terms of the flux function. A) Which requires us to specify a suitable surface pressure distribution and specify the toroidal component of the magnetic field as a function of A. The second chapter will outline the numerical procedure that will be employed to calculate these equilibrium sequences, and the practical realisation of this procedure. The third chapter will discuss different models which will be characterised by different surface pressure distributions but all of which will lack a toroidal magnetic field component. The fourth chapter will discuss results from a model which includes a toroidal magnetic field component. The models successfully reproduce the observed saturation and supersaturation of stellar emission with rotation. The fifth chapter will address the question of analytically constructing three dimensional equilibria that may be of use in the modelling of magnetospheres with magnetic field geometries that are not in alignment with their rotation axes or which are displaced from the centre of the rotating body, such as the giant gas planets Uranus and Neptune. The last section of the thesis will be a brief discussion of our conclusions, a review of the work of the thesis and will consider the outlook for further development, extension and refinement of our models.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11294
An investigation of rotating magnetospheres
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140142019-04-01T08:37:37Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Anderson, Craig
author
1994
This thesis presents several analytical models of magnetic annihilation and reconnection and studies their properties. The models investigated are 1. Steady-state magnetic annihilation. The assumption of straight field lines reduces the resistive, viscous MHD equations to two ordinary differential equations, one for the flow and one for the magnetic field. These equations can be solved exactly (for the case of a simple stagnation-point flow) and asymptotically (for a more general stagnation-point flow). In both cases the reconnection rates can be fast due to advection effects which create large magnetic gradients. 2. Time-dependent magnetic annihilation. The assumption of straight field lines whose strength can vary with time reduces the MHD equations to two partial differential equations, one for the flow and one for the magnetic field. The time-modulated simple stagnation-point flow is shown to be an exact solution and the equation for the magnetic field is then solved on infinite and finite intervals. For the infinite interval the reconnection rates are shown to be dependent on the nature of the advected initial field. Also examined are self-similar solutions and the effect of variation of diffusivity with time. 3. Annihilation in a compressible, inviscid plasma. Here, the assumption of straight field lines and an inviscid, compressible flow reduce the MHD equations to a pair of non-linear coupled partial differential equations. Further assuming that the density only varies in one direction and the flow is of a stagnation-point type allow these equations to be solved approximately analytically and exactly numerically. It is shown that the magnetic field and reconnection rates are the same in both the compressible and incompressible cases and that the density of the plasma is greatest within the current sheet. 4. Steady-state magnetic reconnection. For an incompressible flow the MHD equations can be reduced to two coupled non-linear partial differential equations. These two equations are studied by seeking asymptotic solutions around the annihilation solution and then looking for series solutions to the first-order equations. It is found that the magnetic field always has a magnetic cusp and never possesses an x-type neutral point. 5. Reconnection in a viscous plasma. Assuming that the viscous forces dominate, the induction equation and equation of motion decouple and become linear. The magnetic field is obtained for the case of a simple stagnation-point flow. It is shown that if the inflow magnetic field is taken to be straight then the magnetic field within the region tends towards the annihilation solution as the magnetic Reynolds number increases. 6. Magnetic flipping. A previous ideal model of magnetic flipping is refined so that it becomes an exact solution of the MHD equations. In the refined model the streamlines are straight rather than curved. Assuming straight streamlines, the MHD equations reduce to two linear ordinary differential equations, one for the flow and one for the magnetic field. These are then solved exactly analytically to find a flow containing a viscous boundary layer and a magnetic field that contains an x-type neutral point. The angle between the separatrices of the field is determined by the Reynolds and magnetic Reynolds numbers. It is shown that most of the ohmic heating occurs within the viscous boundary layer.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14014
Magnetic annihilation and reconnection
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/139172019-04-01T08:37:38Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Sherwell, David
author
1976
In a laminar model of a collisionless magnetosonic shock wave, ion equations of motion are integrated through shock-like profiles. Conservation relations and Maxwell's equations allow a self-consistent determination of unknown downstream ion distribution functions fᵢ, ion temperature Tᵢ, and electric potential jump 𝛷. Favourable comparison of model Tᵢ, 𝛷.
Favourable comparison of model Tᵢ, 𝛷 , with experiment establishes (at low 𝛽 ≲ O.3, 𝛽=8 π N
[sub] l k (T[sub]e₂+Tᵢ[sub]l)/B₁²)
importance of laminar ion dynamics. Heating is due to distortion of Maxwellian distributions when entropy is conserved; in particular shock dynamics is dominated by a fast "tail" of reflected ions. The solutions for fᵢ are considered. The "stability" of the model to its assumptions (linear profiles, shock thickness (L[sub]s)) is shown. When reflections occur a self-consistent length emerges. The solutions Tᵢ, 𝛷 are extensively studied at various Mach numbers for different values of 𝛽. Laminar ion heating is very efficient and at high 𝛽 can exceed proper conservation levels due to ion reflections; at high 𝛽(≥ 𝛽 *) the electric potential is unable to slow the ions to conservation levels. The model predicts significant reflected ion currents in the plane of the shock. The boundary 𝛽 * is determined. Then laminar ion dynamics on the scale of the electron heating length (~10 C/w[sub]p ₑ) cannot occur for 𝛽 > 𝛽 *. Dependence on L[sub]s and T ₑ₁,/Tᵢ₁ is considered. The nature of non-laminar 𝛽 >𝛽* shocks is considered. Collisions are found to be important in laboratory shocks, and are efficient in slowing the reflected ions. In the absence of collisions, ion instabilities must be considered. It is shown that turbulent slowing of the fast ions cannot take place in L[sub]s alone. Further it is shown possible to construct a shock so that non-laminar mechanisms cannot occur significantly. Then the laminar model is re-instated. A decoupling of ion and electron heating lengths is proposed. Reflection heating in the Earth's Bow Shock (𝛽>𝛽*) is modelled, and is comparable with experiment.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13917
Ion dynamics in collisionless shock waves
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140542019-04-01T08:37:39Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Decent, Stephen Paul
author
1996
Faraday waves arise on the surface of a liquid in a container that is undergoing vertical periodic oscillations. We investigate two-dimensional Faraday waves in a long rectangular container, both theoretically and experimentally. Hysteresis occurs when both finite amplitude solutions and the flat surface solution are available. We derive a nonlinear model of a standing wave, extending the Lagrangian method of Miles (1976). The model is used to investigate hysteresis. It is found necessary to retain cubic damping, cubic forcing and the fifth-order conservative term in order to achieve agreement with experiments. The fifth-order conservative term was omitted from all previous studies of Faraday waves. Stable limit cycles are found to arise from this single-mode equation. We examine the structure of this new solution in detail, both analytically and numerically. We describe local bifurcations using a multiple time scales analysis and global bifurcations using Melnikov's method. The coefficients of linear and cubic damping are derived for a standing wave in a rectangular container by considering energy dissipation in the main body of the fluid (due to potential flow and streaming) and in boundary layers at the sidewalls and at the surface. Surface contamination, due to the presence of a thin viscoelastic surface film, creates a boundary layer at the surface which causes enhanced dissipation comparable to, or greater than, that caused by the boundary layers at the walls of the container. Three-mode interaction equations are used to model intermittency and complex modulations which are found to arise from a sideband instability mechanism similar to that of Eckhaus (1963) and Benjamin & Feir (1967). The role of cubic and fifth-order nonlinear terms on this instability mechanism is examined. Theoretical results are found to compare quite favourably with experimental data.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14054
Hysteresis and mode competition in Faraday waves
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/219402022-02-24T09:24:24Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Viazminsky, Caesar P.
author
1974
This thesis is concerned with the unconstrained minimization of a function of n variables, and, to a lesser extent, with the numerical solution of systems of nonlinear equations.
The first chapter contains an account of the fundamental ideas and theorems which are related to the subject of this thesis, and also gives a brief description of some methods which historically precede quasi-Newton methods, such as the method of steepest descent, Newton's method, the conjugate direction methods, the contraction mapping method, and the parameter variation method.
Newton's method, among the aforementioned methods, is considered the most effective one. It is rapidly convergent, and is capable of handling a variety of problems efficiently. But from a computational point of view, Newton's method is expensive. The second chapter of this thesis demonstrates how quasi-Newton methods are considered as an improvement of Newton's method by being able to circumvent the difficulties which face Newton's method. Also a general procedure for deriving quasi-Newton algorithms is described.
All methods generate a sequence of estimates which tend to the solution of the problem. In general all the methods which precede quasi-Newton methods employ information at the present stage, but quasi-Newton methods employ information at the present stage, and at the stage immediately previous to the present. In chapters 3 and 4 we will discuss methods which employ information from previous stages. Such methods are unified in one general scheme called "supermemory descent methods". Numerical experience with members of this class of methods is reported and compared with quasi-Newton methods.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21940
Quasi-Newton methods for unconstrained function minimization and the solution of systems of nonlinear equations
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Murray, J. D. (James Dickson)
author
1955
The thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter I gives a brief résumé of the state of rotational flow theory up to 1955. Chapter II contains a study of the constant shear flow past cylinders with various cross sections. Chapter III contains a method for obtaining the stream functions for cylinders in a variable shear flow when the latter approximates firstly to a linear vorticity distribution, and secondly to the rotational flow present in a boundary layer. Further, it illustrates the nature of the difficulties likely to be encountered in trying to obtain analytical solutions of problems where the rotation is of a more complicated nature. Finally, Chapter IV contains a relaxation solution to the two-dimensional isentropic compressible rotational flow of a gas through a channel containing a constriction, it also illustrates the complexity of the numerical work required in obtaining relaxation solutions of compressible flow problems with rotation.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13967
Rotational flow in fluid dynamics
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Miller, Andrew Gilbert
author
1991
Electron cyclotron resonance heating has been successfully used in a number of experiments, firstly to raise the plasma temperature and secondly to drive currents noninductively. Recently the microwaves in tokamak experiment (MTX) has been proposed at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, which will involve pulsed heating at powers much higher than have previously been possible, using a Free Electron Laser (PEL). The physics of such an experiment differs greatly from the physics of experiments using less powerful but continuous operation gyrotron sources. An analytical model of the interaction between a wave and an electron is presented on the assumption that the wave amplitude experienced along the electron guiding centre changes slowly with time as it passes through the beam. This model is tested numerically by integrating the equations of motion governing the electron's motion as it interacts with the wave. Finally this model is used to predict the possible growth of instabilities in a plasma heated by a FEL. The growth rates of these waves may be large enough to act on the plasma in time scales much shorter than typical electron collision times.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13977
Microinstabilities in high power electron cyclotron heating of plasmas
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Lima, João José de Faria Graça Afonso
author
1995
Astrophysical outflows are common in a large variety of objects with very different length-scales. They can be almost spherical, as in the case of the solar wind, or show a high degree of anisotropy as in pre-main sequence stars, star-forming regions or even extragalactic objects. This work is aimed at finding exact solutions of the axisymmetric wind equations in which all variables depend not only on the distance to the central object but on latitude as well. The geometry of the stream/field-lines is taken as helicoidal and this seems to be a good approximation in some examples of collimated flows. From a simple hydrodynamic approach, a straightforward technique based on separation of the variables yields the most general solution of the wind equations under the above assumptions. The way the different variables depend on latitude is controlled by three anisotropy parameters which are related to typical ratios at the base of the atmosphere. The density needs to be higher at the equator than at the pole for the outflow to be able to accelerate. In these circumstances, the radial velocity always increases from equator to pole. Contrary to Parker's model of the solar wind, the solution does not pass through any critical point, since no polytropic law is assumed. However, the general behaviour is similar, with a high acceleration at the base and the velocity rapidly attaining an almost constant asymptotic value. The heating rate that sustains this rapid increase is mostly concentrated near the surface of the central object. The inclusion of the magnetic field in the analysis introduces two critical points: the Alfvenic point and an extra X -type point filtering the solution that gives a vanishing pressure at infinity. If the density anisotropy is too low the wind is unable to accelerate to large asymptotic values. The dependence of the angular velocity of the roots of the fieldlines with latitude reproduces well the observed rotation profile of photospheric magnetic features. The mass loss rate can be substantially increased if the structure of the outflow is highly anisotropic. Some applications to the solar wind are also discussed. In particular, recent results from ULYSSES (pointing out that solar speed increases with latitude while the density decreases from equator to the pole) are in good agreement with the general behaviour of the solutions presented in this work.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14180
Exact solutions for axisymmetric and nonpolytropic astrophysical winds
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Cutting, Andrew
author
2001
Let P be the inverse monoid presentation (X|U) for the inverse monoid M, let π be the set of generators for a right congruence on M and let u Є M. Using the work of J. Stephen [15], the current work demonstrates a coset enumeration technique for the R-class Rᵤ similar to the coset enumeration algorithm developed by J. A. Todd and H. S. M. Coxeter for groups. Furthermore it is demonstrated how to test whether Rᵤ = Rᵥ, for u, v Є M and so a technique for enumerating inverse monoids is described. This technique is generalised to enumerate the H-classes of M. The algorithms have been implemented in GAP 3.4.4 [25], and have been used to analyse some examples given in Chapter 6. The thesis concludes by a related discussion of normal forms and automaticity of free inverse semigroups.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15052
Todd-Coxeter methods for inverse monoids
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Mamun, A. A.
author
1997
Theoretical investigations have been made of arbitrary amplitude electrostatic solitary waves in non-thermal plasmas, which may be of relevance to ionospheric and magnetospheric plasmas, and dusty plasmas, which are most common in earth's and cometary environments as well as in planetary rings, for understanding the nonlinear features of localised electrostatic disturbances in such space plasma systems. This thesis starts with an introductory chapter where a very brief historical review of solitary waves in plasmas has been presented. The study of arbitrary amplitude electrostatic solitary waves in non-thermal plasma has considered a plasma system consisting of warm adiabatic ions and non- thermal electrons. It is found that a non-thermal electron distribution may change the nature of ion-acoustic solitary waves. If the ions are assumed to respond as a fluid to perturbations in the potential, with no significant trapping in a potential well, then a thermal plasma only supports solitary waves with a density peak. However, with a suitable distribution of non-thermal electrons, solitary waves with both density peaks and density depressions may exist. This study has also included a numerical analysis showing how these electrostatic solitary structures evolve with time. The investigation has then been extended to magnetised plasmas to study the effects of magnetic field on obliquely propagating electrostatic solitary structures. This attempt first employed the reductive perturbation method and investigated the nonlinear properties of small but finite amplitude obliquely propagating solitary waves in this magnetised non-thermal plasma model. This study is then generalised to arbitrary amplitude solitary waves by the numerical solution of the full nonlinear system of equations. This numerical method has also been utilised to present a similar study in another popular plasma model, namely the two-electron-temperature plasma model. The study of arbitrary amplitude solitary waves in a dusty plasma has considered another plasma system which consists of an inertial dust fluid and ions with Maxwellian distribution and has investigated the nonlinear properties of dust- acoustic solitary waves. A numerical study has also been made to show how these dust-acoustic solitary waves evolve with time. The effects of non-thermal and vortex-like ion distributions are then incorporated into this study. The study of arbitrary amplitude electrostatic solitary waves in this thesis has finally been concluded with some brief discussion of our results and proposal for further studies, which are expected to generalise and develop our present work to some other extents, in this versatile area of research.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13987
Study of solitary waves in space plasmas
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Carvalho, Catarina A. S.
author
2006
In this thesis we study problems regarding finite presentability of Bruck-Reilly extensions, finite generation of the underlying monoids, and finite generation of P-unitary inverse semigroups.
The first main question we consider is: Let M be a monoid and θ and endomorphism of M. If the Bruck-Reilly extension BR(M, θ) is finitely presented is the monoid M necessarily finitely generated? We answer this question for the following classes of monoids: semilattices; Clifford monoids; zero monoids; free monoids; completely (0-)simple semigroups; and semidirect products of semilattices by groups. This allows us to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the Bruck-Reilly extensions of these classes of monoids to be finitely presented.
We also show that, like the free inverse monoid, a Bruck-Reilly extension (of an inverse monoid) is not necessarily finitely presented as a monoid when it happens to be finitely presented as an inverse monoid.
We then consider the question: When are P-semigroups, or P-unitary inverse semigroups, finitely generated? We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a P-semigroup P(G, X, Y) to be finitely generated in the case when X\Y is finite, and consider several particular cases when X\Y is infinite.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21953
Generation and presentations of semigroup constructions : Bruck-Reilly extensions and P-semigroups
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Cain, Alan James
author
2005
This thesis studies subsemigroups of groups from three perspectives: automatic structures, ordinary semigroup presentations, and Malcev presentaions. [A Malcev presentation is a presentation of a special type for a semigroup that can be embedded into a group. A group-embeddable semigroup is Malcev coherent if all of its finitely generated subsemigroups admit finite Malcev presentations.] The theory of synchronous and asynchronous automatic structures for semigroups is expounded, particularly for group-embeddable semigroups. In particular, automatic semigroups embeddable into groups are shown to inherit many of the pleasant geometric properties of automatic groups. It is proved that group- embeddable automatic semigroups admit finite Malcev presentations, and such presentations can be found effectively. An algorithm is exhibited to test whether an automatic semigroup is a free semigroup. Cancellativity of automatic semigroups is proved to be undecidable. Study is made of several classes of groups: virtually free groups; groups that satisfy semigroup laws (in particular [virtually] nilpotent and [virtually] abelian groups); polycyclic groups; free and direct products of certain groups; and one-relator groups. For each of these classes, the question of Malcev coherence is considered, together with the problems of whether finitely generated subsemigroups are finitely presented or automatic. This study yields closure and containment results regarding the class of Malcev coherent groups. The property of having a finite Malcev presentation is shown to be preserved under finite Rees index extensions and subsemigroups. Other concepts of index are also studied.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15119
Presentations for subsemigroups of groups
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Ridgway, Christopher
author
1992
Since the mid 1900's it has been supposed that the global magnetic field surrounding a quiescent prominence provides the force required to prevent its collapse under the influence of the Sun's gravitational field. Many theoretical models of this magnetic field have been produced in which it is assumed that the prominence plasma is supported in a dip in the field lines by the associated magnetic tension force. It is the aim of this thesis to propose further models of the magnetic field in order to extend our knowledge and understanding of prominences. In doing so we present three distinct models. The first is an extension of the twisted flux tube model for prominences proposed by Priest et al. (1989). Here we present analytical solutions to the magnetohydrostatic equilibrium equation within the tube using the so- called generating function method in which we select two distinct functional forms of the longitudinal field component. Unlike the solutions found by Priest et al., we allow for large deviations of the field from cylindrical symmetry. The prominence is represented by a finite vertical sheet of mass and current and we show that it is possible for such a sheet to be in static equilibrium everywhere along its vertical extent. Next we consider the model of van Ballegooijen and Martens in which photospheric motions drive a reconnection process leading to the formation of a helical magnetic structure capable of supporting dense prominence plasma in the low points of the helical windings. Under the assumption of cylindrical symmetry we analyse two methods of solving the magnetohydrostatic equilibrium equation in which the positions of the field line footpoints at the photosphere are imposed. Using a combination of analytical and numerical techniques, we study the quasi-static evolution of the model as the height of the helical axis increases. Unlike the numerical analysis of van Ballegooijen and Martens we are able to produce inverse polarity configurations without the problem of singular field components at the helical axis. Lastly we present an analysis of the interaction of a finite, vertical sheet of mass and current (representing a prominence) with an external constant-current force-free field. We formalise two distinct boundary-value problems in which the distribution of the normal magnetic field component along the photosphere is imposed along with the distribution of either the normal magnetic field component across the prominence or the prominence surface current. In both cases we demonstrate for particular boundary conditions that it is possible for equilibrium solutions to exist of both normal and inverse polarity in which dense material is supported everywhere along the prominence sheet. In particular we are, for the first time, able to produce an inverse polarity equilibrium configuration in which the field components are locally bounded and closed field lines exist above the prominence sheet while an X-type neutral point lies below it.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14239
The magnetohydrostatic equilibrium of quiescent solar prominences
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Cartledge, Nicholas P.
author
1996
Quiescent solar prominences are amongst the most interesting and yet least understood of the phenomena observed on the Sun and provide both the theorist and the observer with equally demanding challenges. The theoretical study of prominences is an important branch of solar physics as it contributes significantly to the overall understanding of the Sun and its atmosphere. One only needs to be presented with the illuminating fact that there is more mass contained in these bodies than in the remainder of the entire corona to be convinced of their importance. Although many of the physical mechanisms associated with prominence theory are important in their own right, they are also of much wider relevance for various other astrophysical phenomena. For example, radiative and magnetic instabilities are explored in detail in the context of solar prominences; yet clearly these are important processes that relate to many other branches of astrophysics. Prominences are intimately associated with solar flares which occur when a prominence loses equilibrium. Also, prominence eruptions are very important as they are closely connected with coronal mass ejections. These account for a large fraction of the total mass lost from the Sun and so are extremely important events, particularly when one considers the consequences as this plasma interacts with the Earth's environment. It is the period of global equilibrium of quiescent prominences, though, that is the focus of this thesis. Various models are proposed to help understand both the topology and supporting mechanisms of the external, coronal magnetic field, and also the internal prominence structure and the way in which the two regimes fit together. In Chapter 3 we extend a model for the equilibrium of a prominence sheet in a twisted magnetic flux-tube, given by Ridgway, Priest and Amari (1991), to incorporate a current sheet of finite height. This removes the discontinuity at the edge of the tube and provides a shear-free outer boundary which enables the tube to be matched onto a background potential field. In addition, internal prominence solutions are found by expanding the sheet to a finite width and matching suitable magnetic profiles across this region. Next we consider a global model for the magnetic field structure surrounding a polar-crown prominence. We examine potential configurations generated from typical distributions of photospheric flux, and select solutions for which there is a location of dipped magnetic field where prominence material may collect and form. Once such a configuration is available, it is necessary to construct the ensuing prominence solution. We achieve this in Chapter 4 by considering a simplified form for the photospheric field. We show that the equilibrium contains a weighted, curved prominence sheet supported in the location of dipped magnetic field. The equilibrium requires an enhanced magnetic pressure below the sheet to support the component of weight in the normal direction. The internal equilibrium of curved or inclined prominence material has not been considered previously and so we formulate, in Chapter 6, a simple one-dimensional isothermal solution for a cut across the prominence. This is developed to allow for variations along the sheet and in this way an internal solution for the curved prominence of Chapter 4 is given, which matches onto the external potential polar-crown field. Finally, in Chapter 7, we rewrite this solution in terms of its constituent internal and external components and show how the composite solution switches between the two in a region of overlap, or transition region. From this, the internal plasma properties are deduced and realistic profiles for the pressure, density and temperature are obtained.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14029
External and internal magnetohydrostatic models of quiescent solar prominences
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Jain, Rekha
author
1993
This thesis is concerned with the effects of magnetic atmospheres on solar oscillations. The behaviour of magnetohydrodynamic surface waves propagating on a single magnetic interface is discussed ignoring the effects of gravity. The effects of non-parallel propagation (where the wave vector is at an angle to the magnetic field direction) are considered. The effects of chromospheric magnetic fields on solar p- and f-modes in a stratified atmosphere are examined for three different models. In the first of these models, the chromosphere is assumed to be isothermal and permeated by a uniform and horizontal magnetic field. A dispersion relation for the p-modes trapped below such an atmosphere is derived. Asymptotic and numerical solutions for the p-modes are discussed in detail. An increase in chromospheric magnetic field strength leads to an increase in the frequency of the p-modes, whereas an increase in the chromospheric temperature leads to a decrease in the frequencies of these modes. Comparison with observational data suggests that both these effects may indeed take place. The second model is set up for magnetic fields which decrease with height in such a way that the Alfven speed remains constant. In addition to magnetic effects, the effects of non-parallel propagation on and f-modes are considered in the presence of such a non-uniform magnetic field. After deriving a very general dispersion relation, various asymptotic and numerical solutions have been obtained and the possible effects of magnetic fields and non-parallel propagation on these modes are examined. The presence of a horizontal non-uniform chromospheric field produces changes in the frequencies of the p- and f-modes, reducing the frequencies of p-modes and increasing the frequency of the f-mode. Besides depending upon magnetic field strength, frequencies also depend on both the mode's order n and its degree l. The effects of non-parallel propagation are found to be most significant for the f-mode and the low order p-modes. The magnetic structure of the chromosphere has been further generalised by combining the two models described above. In this three layer model, a dispersion relation is derived in a general manner and discussed in detail for the p-modes. The role of magnetoacoustic cut-off frequency is studied. Again, the results are qualitatively similar to those found from observation.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14153
Magnetic surface effects on solar oscillations
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Lambert, J. D.
author
1963
It is the major purpose of this thesis to propose finite difference techniques of improved accuracy for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, and for the numerical evaluation of definite integrals, the former problem being discussed in Chapter II, and the latter in Chapter IV. In Chapter III the stability of the formulae evolved in Chapter II is studied.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13888
Finite difference techniques of improved accuracy
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/292602024-02-15T14:27:36Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Smith, Finlay Laughlan
author
2022-06-14
Computational semigroup theory is concerned with developing and implementing algorithms for determining properties of semigroups. The problems in computational semigroup theory can often be divided into sub-problems in computational group theory and combinatorics. In this thesis, we demonstrate how to split a number of problems into group-theoretical and combinatorial sub-problems, and provide algorithms for solving the combinatorial sub-problems. The algorithms presented in this thesis have been implemented in C++ and GAP, and benchmarks are provided to show them practical.
In Chapter 1, we introduce the necessary background in semigroup theory.
In Chapter 2, we introduce a new algorithm for non-exhaustively determining the structure of a semigroup defined by generators, and show that it applies to certain families of matrices over semirings as well as a number of standard and well-known families to which previous algorithms apply.
In Chapter 3 we describe and compute minimal generating sets for several naturally occurring monoids of boolean matrices, in particular the full boolean matrix monoid, Hall monoid, reflexive boolean matrix monoid, and upper and lower triangular boolean matrix monoids. These results extend the dimensions for which the ranks of these monoids are known. We also determine the rank of the 2 × 2 matrices over the max-plus and min-plus semirings with and without threshold, as well as the n × n matrices over Z/kZ relative to their group of units.
Chapter 4 contains new algorithms for determining the translations and bitranslations of arbitrary finite semigroups. We also provide specialised algorithms for computing translations and bitranslations of semigroups defined by finite presentations, completely 0-simple semigroups, congruence-free semigroups, and completely-simple semigroups.
Finally, Chapter 4 contains some further questions raised by the work in this thesis.
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/29260
EP/N509759/1
Combinatorial algorithms in semigroups
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Lister, William Macrae
author
1971
The work of this thesis is concerned, with the investigation and attempted improvement of an integral method for solving the two dimensional, incompressible laminar boundary layer equations of fluid dynamics. The method which is based on a theoretical two parameter representation of well-known boundary layer properties was first produced by Professor S. N. Curle. Its range of application, reliability and accuracy rely on four universal functions which have been derived from known exact solutions to the boundary layer equations, and are given tabulated in terms of a pressure gradient parameter 𝞴. This thesis seeks to improve these properties by making adjustments to the tabulated functions and also considers the extension of the method to certain compressible boundary layer problems. The first chapter contains the development of, and background to the method and gives a critical assessment of the existing functions. This analysis indicates that the method may be improved by supplying more data for certain ranges of 𝞴 from which the functions may be calculated; by improving the fitting process; and by the provision for small values of 𝞴 of an analytic form for a shape parameter H which the method involves.
To supply more data two new solutions for the flows u₁ = U₀ (1+𝜉) and u₁ = u₀ (𝜉+𝜉³) where 𝜉 is a non-dimensional co-ordinate in the direction of the flow, are investigated. The resulting work produces some interesting examples of the use of series expansions in boundary layer theory and these, and the results produced, are given in the second chapter. The fitting of the functions is carried out in chapter three. Polynomial models in terms of 𝞴 are fitted by least squares techniques to data from seven solutions and are adjusted to ensure an analytic form for H for small values of 𝞴. A comparison of results using new and old tables Indicates that an improvement has been made. The transformation relating certain compressible and incompressible flows is next examined and the extension of the method to such problems considered. An idea due to Stewartson for assessing the relative accuracies of methods under such circumstances indicates that the method should be highly accurate, a result confirmed by the calculation of the compressible flow u₁ = u₀ (1-𝜉) at a leading edge Mach number of four. The thesis is concluded with a review of the work carried out and the results obtained.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13944
Two parameter integral methods in laminar boundary layer theory
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Burnside, Robert R.
author
1962
In many problems arising in the theory of compressible flow, the equations characterising the solution of the system are so intractable that recourse must be made to some approximate method which allows the essential features of the flow to be preserved, whilst to some degree, simplifying the mathematics. It is with certain methods of this type that this thesis is concerned.
In the subsequent work, we shall assume that the effects due to viscosity and heat conduction are so small as to be negligible. These assumptions may be shown to be largely valid except in those domains of the flow-field where the modified system of equations predicts regions in which the solution is in general multivalued. In the modified system, however, such ‘regions’ are avoided by the introduction of mathematical discontinuities and, assuming that the jump conditions across them can be determines, are sufficient to provide single-valued solutions valid everywhere, except at the discontinuity. The methods to be presented are formulated in the plane consisting of one space variable and one time variable.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13931
Approximate methods in high speed flow
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Martin, Thomas J.
author
1975
The thesis "The Arabic Translation of Theodosius's Sphaerica" is an edition of the Istanbul manuscript Topkapi Seray Ahmet III 3464.2. Included is a comparative apparatus of the Greek and Arabic texts showing possible correspondence between the posited Greek exemplar of the translator and the various Greek manuscript traditions reported by J.L. Heiberg in his critical edition of the text. Further differences are pointed out in the English Trajislation. There is also a glossary of terminology- giving listings from Greek to Arabic and Arabic to Greek. An appendix discussing the execution of the drawings in the Arabic manuscript and their relation to the Greek drawings as reported by Heiberg is also given. Other appendices include a chart representing the convention seemingly adopted by the translator for lettering the drawings, a listing of inconsistent grammatical usage found in the manuscript, parallel passages from the Greek text, the text of the present edition, the versions of al-Maghribi and al-Tusi, and a privately owned manuscript, and finally a list of interlinear sigla found on the first few folios of the manuscript the purpose of which is unclear.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13380
The Arabic translation of Theodosius's Sphaerica
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Jardine, Moira
author
1989
Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental physical process by which stored magnetic energy may be released. It is already known that different reconnection regimes result from changes in the nature of the plasma inflow towards the reconnection site. In this thesis, we examine both how the outflow region responds to changes both in the inflow and outflow boundary conditions and also how introducing compressibility affects the results. We find that if the inflow is converging, the outflow velocity is least, the width of the outflow region is greatest and the ratio of outflowing thermal to kinetic energy is greatest. Also, there is one free outflow parameter which would naturally be specified by the velocity of plasma leaving the reconnection site. We suggest that reverse currents seen in numerical simulations may result from the specification of an extra boundary condition. In addition, we find that the main effects of including compressibility are: to enhance convergence or divergence of the inflow; to increase the maximum reconnection rate where the inflow is converging; to increase the flow speed near the reconnection site where the inflow is diverging; to give faster, narrower outflow jets; to increase variations between regimes in the energy conversion and to increase the ratio of thermal to kinetic energy in the outflow jet.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13985
Steady models for magnetic reconnection
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Reader-Harris, Michael John
author
1981
The work of this thesis was undertaken as a C.A.S.E. award project in collaboration with Rolls-Royce to examine compressible laminar boundary layers with sharp adverse pressure-gradients. Much of the work is devoted to the solution of two important particular problems. The first flow considered is that along a semi-infinite flat plate with uniform pressure when X < X₀ and with the pressure for X > X₀ being so chosen that the boundary layer is just on the point of separation for all X > X₀. Immediately downstream of X₀ there is a sharp pressure rise to which the flow reacts mainly in a thin inner sublayer; so inner and outer asymptotic expansions are derived and matched for the stream function and a function of the temperature. Throughout the thesis the ratio of the viscosity to the absolute temperature is taken to be a function of x, the distance along the wall, alone, and the Illingworth-Stewartson transformation is applied. The Prandtl number, σ, is taken to be of order unity and detailed results are presented for σ= 1 and 0.72. The second flow considered is that along a finite flat plate where the transformed external velocity U₁(X) is chosen such that
U₁(X) = u₀(-X/L)[super]ε, where O< ε <<1,
is the transformed length of the plate and X represents transformed distance downstream from the trailing edge. The skin friction, position of separation and heat transfer right up to separation are determined. On the basis of these two solutions, another solution which is not presented in detail, and a solution (due to Curie) to a fourth sharp pressure gradient problem, a general Stratford-type method for computing compressible boundary layers is derived, which may be used to predict the position of separation, skin friction, heat transfer, displacement and momentum thicknesses for a compressible boundary layer with an unfavourable pressure gradient. In all this work techniques of series analysis are used to good effect. This led us to look at another boundary-layer problem in which such techniques could be used, one in which two parallel infinite disks are initially rotating with angular velocity Ω about a common axis in incompressible fluid, the appropriate Reynolds number being very large. Suddenly the angular velocity of one of the disks is reversed. A new examination of this problem is presented in the appendix to the thesis.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13795
Compressible boundary layers with sharp pressure gradients
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140902019-04-01T08:37:51Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Hardie, Ian S.
author
1993
Magnetohydrodynamic stability theory provides a powerful tool for understanding and testing hypothesized mathematical and physical models of observed phenomena on the surface of the Sun. In this thesis, the problem of applying the 'correct' boundary conditions at the photospheric/coronal interface used in modelling coronal arcades is tackled. Then some aspects of the stability of coronal loops and arcades are investigated using a Fourier truncated series approximation for the equation of motion. The problem involving the boundary conditions has been the subject of a controversy for the past decade with two principal conditions suggested, the 'rigid-wall' conditions where all perturbations vanish at the interface, and 'flow-through' conditions where flows parallel to the equilibrium magnetic field take place. By modelling the photosphere and corona as two different density regions and then varying the ratio of the densities of the two regions, growth rates and eigen-functions of both ideal and resistive modes are investigated in order to follow the evolution of the modes as the density ratio is increased. In order to simplify the analysis, the 2-D equations are reduced to 1-D equations by taking a WKB approximation for the spatial variations across the field to give a localized ballooning approach with ordinary differential equations along the fieldlines. Stability of coronal loops to kink modes transformed to localized modes by increasing the poloidal wavenumber, m, is investigated. Two fields generated numerically from the Grad-Shafranov equation and three analytic fields are investigated in detail and the effect of pressure on the marginal loop length is found, both for near force-free conditions such as is found in the solar corona, and away from force-free conditions. It was found that for near force-free conditions, kink modes are the most unstable with localized modes the most stable. As pressure and pressure gradients become important, there is a reversal in the most unstable modes with localized modes the most unstable.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14090
Solar coronal stability problems
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/134982019-04-01T08:37:52Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Shand, Duncan
author
1997
In this thesis lessons learned from the use of computer algebra systems and machine assisted theorem provers are developed in order to give an insight into both the problems and their solutions. Many algorithms in computational algebra and automated deduction (for example Grobner basis computations and Knuth-Bendix completion) tend to produce redundant facts and can contain more than one proof of any particular fact. This thesis introduces proof diagrams in order to compare and contrast the proofs of facts which such procedures generate. Proof diagrams make it possible to analyse the effect of heuristics which can be used to guide implementations of such algorithms. An extended version of an inference system for Knuth-Bendix completion is introduced. It is possible to see that this extension characterises the applicability of critical pair criteria, which are heuristics used in completion. We investigate a number of executions of a completion procedure by analysing the associated proof diagrams. This leads to a better understanding of the heuristics used to control these examples. Derived rales of inference are also investigated in this thesis. This is done in the formalism of proof diagrams. Rewrite rules for proof diagrams are defined: this is motivated by the notion of a transformation tactic in the Nuprl proof development system. A method to automatically extract 'useful' derived inference rales is also discussed. 'Off the shelf' theorem provers, such as the Larch Prover and Otter, are compared to specialised programs from computational group theory. This analysis makes it possible to see where methods from automated deduction can improve on the tools which group theorists currently use. Problems which can be attacked with theorem provers but not with currently used specialised programs are also indicated. Tietze transformations, from group theory, are discussed. This makes it possible to link ideas used in Knuth-Bendix completion programs and group presentation simplification programs. Tietze transformations provide heuristics for more efficient and effective implementations of these programs.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13498
Proof diagrams and term rewriting with applications to computational algebra
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/113082019-04-01T08:37:54Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Boddie, David
author
2001-06
Motions of plasma in magnetic structures in the solar atmosphere may be successfully modelled using the theory of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) describing oscillatory motion, in the form of standing and propagating waves, and unstable behaviour. In this thesis we consider two forms of magnetic structuring, the current sheet and the thin magnetic flux tube. The current sheet finds particular application in the solar corona and solar wind; the thin flux tube is of particular importance in solar photospheric magnetism. A model of a current sheet with a continuous magnetic field profile is studied as a waveguide. The equation of motion for small perturbations to a current sheet equilibrium is obtained from the equations of ideal linear MHD and solved numerically to determine the nature of magnetoacoustic waves propagating parallel to the applied magnetic field. A number of approximation methods are used to shed light on the significance of the numerical results. We consider a variation of this model, applicable to the solar corona, and examine the possibility of impulsively generated magnetohydro dynamic waves in the sheet. Such waves exhibit wavepacket properties, similar to those found in slab models of magnetic structures. The process of convective collapse in a vertical magnetic flux tube located in the solar photospheric network is treated using the thin flux tube equations of ideal linear MED. We consider the critical stability of a thin flux tube embedded in convection zone models of varying complexity, taking into account the effects of an overlying chromospheric atmosphere and temperature imbalance between the flux tube and its environment. The dependence of the instability on various sets of boundary conditions is discussed; the choice of boundary conditions is a subject of some debate in the current literature. Possible future directions for work which extends the description of dynamic phenomena in both the current sheet and thin flux tube structure is discussed and ideas for linking these areas of research are presented.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11308
Magnetohydrodynamic waves and instabilities in solar magnetic structures
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/142772019-04-01T08:37:55Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Webb, Andrew Robert
author
1980
The nature of motions in intense magnetic fields is investigated. For a flux tube in a uniform atmosphere a dispersion relation is derived for the modes of vibration and analytic approximations are obtained for a slender tube. In a stratified atmosphere an expansion procedure is used to derive an equation for the vertical velocity perturbation. The behaviour of motions within the flux tube is shown to depend upon a transition frequency 𝜔[sub]v such that vertically propagating waves are possible only for frequencies greater than 𝜔[sub]v. Also, the nature of convective instability in a slender magnetic flux tube is explored. A sufficient condition for stability is derived for the case of an arbitrary temperature profile in the external medium. For a tube of infinite depth, with a uniform-temperature gradient inside the tube equal to that in the exterior, a necessary and sufficient condition for convective stability to occur inside the tube is derived. Under the assumptions of the model, intense flux tubes are convectively stable if sufficiently shallow (with depths 1 - 2 x 10³ km or less). Tubes that extend deeper into the convection zone are potentially (convectively) unstable, but may be stabilised for sufficiently strong magnetic fields. Radiative damping of waves is important in the upper photosphere and the effect of radiative relaxation on the propagation of waves in an intense flux tube is examined both for a uniform and stratified atmosphere. The cut-off frequency is generalized to include the effects of radiative relaxation. The phase-shift between velocity oscillations at two different levels and the phase difference between temperature and velocity perturbations are derived and compared with the available observations. Finally, the consequences of the observed steady downflow are discussed.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14277
Solar intense magnetic fields
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/112932019-04-01T08:37:56Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Romeou, Zaharenia
author
2002-06
In this thesis, applications of a numerical continuation method to two- and three-dimensional bifurcation problems are presented. The 2D problems are motivated by solar applications. In particular, it is shown that the bifurcation properties of a previously studied model for magnetic arcades depend strongly on the pressure function used in the model. The bifurcation properties of a straight flux model for coronal loops are investigated and compared with the results of linear ideal MHD stability analysis. It is shown that for line-tied boundary conditions, the method for the calculation of the equilibrium sequence determines whether the first or the second bifurcation point coincides with the linear stability threshold. Also, in this thesis, the 3D version of the continuation code is applied for the first time. The problems treated with the 3D code are therefore chosen with the intention to demonstrate the general capabilities of the code and to see where its limitations are. Whereas the code performs as expected for relatively simple albeit nonlinear bifurcation problems, a clear need for further development is shown by more involved problems.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11293
On the application of numerical continuation methods to two- and three-dimensional solar and astrophysical problems
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/217952021-09-27T14:49:25Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Kadwa, Abdul Khaliq
author
1969
'This Thesis describes a program, based on the mechanism discussed by Metcalfe [AL] , which performs indicated operations automatically to check syntax of various source languages and also translates a source language into a pre-determined target language. A mechanism, an improvement on that of Metcalfe or rather not discussed by Metcalfe, which in certain respects will speed up translation is also described. The program written in the IBM 1620 symbolic programming language simulates a special purpose stored-program computer (Syntax machine [AL] ). A program for this machine (syntax program [AL] ) represents the syntax and semantics of some language to be translated. Since the syntax machine can be programmed, it can translate any number of source language-target language pairs, that is it is a parametrized compiler. Two sets of parameters have to be provided for the compiler in order to carry out a specific translation : a specification of the source language and a specification of the target language. Only one set of parameters is required if only syntax checking is to be performed, that is, the specification of the source language. The source language description will be in an expanded form of constituent (phrase-structure) grammar. The target language description will be in a form which is consistent with and embedded in the source language description. This total specification of the source and target languages is referred to as a "grammar", and the notation in which it is written as a "meta-language". Thus the scope of translation is limited to those language pairs which are completely definable by phrase -structure analysis end synthesis. Such analysis can be referred to as "parsing" or analysis in terms of the syntax for a particular grammar. The synthesis is often called "unparsing"' --Taken from Introduction
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21795
A syntax directed translator
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/137882019-04-01T08:37:57Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Gourlay, A. R.
author
1966
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13788
Alternating direction methods for hyperbolic systems
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/219042022-01-07T10:50:59Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Ali, Araz H.
author
1986
The main purpose of this study was an attempt to reveal more information about types of attacking patterns in association football. Seven types of attacking formation were identified from a total of eighteen league matches. These were analysed using a number of statistical and visual techniques. For set plays, twenty-four matches were analysed using the same statistical and visual techniques as were used for the ordinary attacks. There are, of course, two types of pattern for corner-kicks and throw-ins; one from the right-hand side and the other from the left-hand side of the pitch. For free-kicks, however, there were no obvious patterns. In further analysis, the result showed that there were significant relationships for ordinary attacks, thus: Types of pattern with final actions (significance level = 0.001); final actions with the number of long passes (significance level = 0.02); types of pattern with the number of short passes and dribbling sections (significance level = 0.001 for both). For set plays, it was found that only for cornerkicks were the number of short passes with the final actions statistically significant (significance level = 0.01).
Also, the result indicated that the most successful attacking pattern formations in providing shooting and scoring opportunities were 1 and 6. This means that the most successful moves are those which proceed along the length of either wing. Although pattern 2 (an attack initiated close to the centre spot of the pitch, towards the left side line briefly along the wing, and then into the penalty area by a number of passes, and terminated by shooting) succeeded in providing shooting and scoring opportunities, it also resulted in more corner-kicks being awarded. Furthermore, attacks culminating in final action 7 (off-side) have a very high average number of long passes involved within the attack pattern. Generally, the more complex the attacking pattern, the less likely it was to result in potential scoring opportunitie, e.g. pattern 7 (an attack initiated from the middle of the pitch, about halfway between the centre and the left side line, diagonally towards the left side line with a number of short passes, followed by a pass into the penalty area and terminated by shooting). It was found that corner-kicks that included a number of short passes were more successful in providing scoring opportunities, than those that consisted of a single cross into the goal area.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21904
A statistical analysis of tactical movement patterns in Association Football
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/137502019-04-01T08:37:58Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Larsen, Pia Veldt
author
1999
Although Wald tests form one of the major classes of hypothesis tests, they suffer from the well-known major drawback that they are not invariant under reparameterisation. This thesis uses the differential-geometric concept of a yoke to introduce one-parameter families of geometric Wald statistics, which are parameterisation-invariant statistics in the spirit of the traditional Wald statistics. Both the geometric Wald statistics based on the expected likelihood yokes and those based on the observed likelihood yokes are investigated. Bartlett-type adjustments of the geometric Wald statistics are obtained, in order to improve the accuracy of the chi-squared approximations to their distributions under the null hypothesis.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13750
Parameterisation-invariant versions of Wald tests
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/137202019-04-01T08:37:58Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Fang, Jie
author
1997
In the first part of this thesis we consider particular ordered sets (connected and of small height) and determine the cardinality of the corresponding dual MS - algebra and of its set of fixed points.
The remainder of the thesis is devoted to a study of congruences of Ockham algebras and a generalised variety K𝜔 of Ockham algebras that contains all of the Berman varieties K[sub]p,[sub]q. In particular we consider the congruences [sub]i(i = 1, 2,...) defined on an Ockham algebra (L; f) by
(x, y) ∊ [sub]i ⇔ fⁱ(x)= fⁱ(y)
and show that (L; f) ∊ K𝜔 is subdirectly irreducible if and only if the lattice of congruences of L reduces to the chain
𝜔 = 𝝫₀ ≤ 𝝫₁≤ 𝝫₂≤ … ≤𝝫𝜔<𝞲
Where 𝝫𝜔 = ⌵ [sub]i≥0𝝫i. Finally we obtain a characterisation of the finite simple Ockham algebras.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13720
Contributions to the theory of Ockham algebras
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/142252019-04-01T08:37:59Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Miles, Alan J.
author
1991
In this thesis the nature of magnetoacoustic surface waves at a single magnetic interface is examined for the case of parallel propagation. Above the interface is an isothermal medium permeated by a horizontal magnetic field. The lower region is a field-free medium of different density to the magnetic atmosphere. We consider both the incompressible and compressible situations and the effect of including gravity. In each case a transcendental dispersion relation is solved numerically for a range of parameters and the resulting dispersion curves plotted. In the first chapter we provide a general introduction to the work, reviewing previous work in this area and considering applications of surface waves. In the second chapter we consider the existence of surface waves for the case when the media are incompressible either side of the interface. We consider the cases of both uniform and non-uniform distributions of densities and the effect of including gravity. We show that the f-mode exists in a restricted band of horizontal wavenumber. In the subsequent chapters we consider the effect of compressibility on surface waves. The media either side of the interface are taken to be isothermal. In the absence of gravity the interface may support one or two surface modes determined by the relative temperatures and magnetism of the two media. This case is studied in Chapter 3 where phase-speeds and penetration depths of the waves and the associated pressure perturbations are investigated for a variety of field strengths and sound speeds. In Chapters 4 and 5 we consider the effect of gravity on the compressible modes described in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4 an exact dispersion relation is obtained for the case of a constant Alfven speed, whilst in Chapter 5 the case of a uniform magnetic field is considered. In the absence of the magnetic field the transcendental dispersion relation may be reduced to a polynomial. This polynomial possesses two acceptable solutions, only one of which may exist at any given circumstance depending on the densities either side of the interface. If the gas density within the field exceeds that in the field-free medium, then the f-mode may propagate; otherwise, a magnetic surface gravity mode propagates. As in the incompressible case, the f-mode exists in a restricted band of horizontal wavenumber. An analytical form for the wave speed of the f-mode is obtained for small values of the Alfven speed. It is shown that the f-mode is related to the fast magnetoacoustic surface wave, merging into that mode at short wavelengths.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14225
Magnetohydrodynamic surface waves in the solar atmosphere
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/142322019-04-01T08:38:00Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Parnell, Clare Elizabeth
author
1995
Small brightenings called x-ray bright points (Golub et al, 1974) occur in the solar corona. They are observed with the soft x-ray telescope on Skylab to be approximately 22 Mm in diameter with a brighter inner core of width 4-7 Mm although with the Normal Incidence X-ray Telescope their dimensions are observed to be typically 6 Mm x 9 Mm. By comparison with magnetograms of the photosphere it has been noticed recently that there is a high correlation between the occurrence of x-ray bright points and the mutual reduction of flux between two opposite polarity magnetic fragments. These fragments are originally unconnected magnetically, but move towards each other and simultaneously lose equal amounts of flux (cancel): they are called cancelling magnetic features (Martin et al, 1984). The observations relating to these features were reviewed by Priest et al. (1994) who suggested that they naturally evolve through three phases: the pre-interaction, interaction and cancellation phases. From this evidence qualitative pictures of the magnetic field structure for an x-ray bright point and associated cancelling magnetic feature were established. The aim of this thesis has been to build on the ideas of Priest et al. (1994) to produce a detailed theoretical model of an x-ray bright point and a cancelling magnetic feature. The magnetic field structures are estimated, and the position and lifetime of the bright point are calculated, as is the total amount of energy released during the bright point. This work is also extended to study more complex cancelling configurations representing the main basic types of cancelling magnetic feature. The results of these models determine the factors that affect the lifetime and position of a bright point and indicate which types of cancelling magnetic features are most likely to produce bright points that are long-lived, lie directly above the cancellation site and occur simultaneously with the cancellation phase. The complex structure of a bright point cannot be explained from the above two-dimensional models: thus two recently observed bright points were studied to see if the above model could be extended into three dimensions to explain the structure seen in soft x-ray images. The available observational data was used and leads to reasonable explanations for the complex shapes of both bright points. Finally, a more realistic model for the overlying field was set up involving a model of the field above a supergranule cell field with fragments of finite width. The interaction of an ephemeral region within this field was then studied and led to five different scenarios. The results obtained reaffirmed those found in the previous simpler models and suggest where bright points may appear in a cell relative to the cancelling magnetic feature and for how long the bright points might last. Predictions for the lifetimes of cancelling magnetic features are also made, indicating when the cancelling magnetic feature occurs relative to the bright point.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14232
Models of X-ray bright points and concelling magnetic features
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/137802019-04-01T08:38:01Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Gribble, Julian de Gruchy
author
1979
We investigate an approach to approximating the integral
(0.1) ⨍[sub]R w(x)f(x)g(x)dx ≡ I (f;g),
where R is a region in one-dimensional Euclidean space, and w a weight function. Since (0.1) may be regarded as a continuous bi-linear functional in f and g we approximate it by a discrete bi-linear functional, which we term an Inner Product Quadrature Formula (I.P.Q.F.).
(0.2) Q(f;g) ≡ f̲ᵀAg̲,
Where f̲ᵀ = (Sₒ(f), . . . , s[sub]m(f))ᵀ
g̲ᵀ = (Tₒ(g), . . . , T[sub]n(g)) ᵀ
A = (aᵢ[sub]j)ᵐi=o,ⁿj=0,
And a[sub]i[sub]j are real numbers, 𝛴 ᵐi=0 𝛴ⁿj =0 |aᵢ [sub]j | > 0
The so-called elementary functionals {Sᵢ}ᵐi=0 and {T[sub]j}ⁿj=0 are two sets of linearly independent linear functionals, acting f and g respectively, defined over a certain subspace of functions to which f and g belong. The simplest example of these functionals is function evaluation at a given point.
The matrix A is determined by requiring (0.2) to be exact for certain classes of functions f and g, say
F𝜀𝛷𝛾 ≡ {𝛷₀, . . . , 𝛷ᵧ}, 𝛾≥0
G𝜀𝛹𝛿 ≡ {𝛹₀, . . . , 𝛹[sub] 𝛿} 𝛿≥0
In Chapter 1 we introduce the concept of I.P.Q.F. in more detail and make some general comments about approaches available when examining numerical integration. After explaining in some detail why we feel I.P.Q.F. are a useful tool in §2.1, we proceed in the remainder of Chapter 2 to investigate various conditions which may be placed on 𝛷ᵞ, 𝛹[super] 𝛿 {Sᵢ}ᵐi=0 and {T[sub]j}ⁿj=0 in order to guarantee the existence of I.P.Q.F. exact when F𝜀𝛷𝛾 and G𝜀𝛹𝛿.
In particular we investigate the question of maximizing 𝛾+ 𝛿. In the case where 𝛷ᵢ and 𝛹[sub]j are the standard monomials of degree i and j respectively, some results have already been published in B.I.T. (1977) p. 392-408. We investigate various choices of 𝛷ᵢ and 𝛹[sub]j :
(a) {𝛷ᵢ}ᵐ⁺¹ I = 0 (i.e. 𝛾 = m+1) and {𝛹[sub]j}ᵐ[sub]j = 0 (i.e. 𝛿 = m) being Tchebychev sets (§2.7),
(b) {𝛷ᵢ}²ᵐ⁺¹ I = 0 (i.e. 𝛾 = 2m+1) being a Tchebychev set and 𝛹[super]𝛿 contains only one function (i.e. 𝛿 = 0) (§2.6)
(c) 𝛷ᵢ ≡ (𝛷[sub]l)ⁱ, i=0,1, . . . and 𝛷ᵢ = 𝛹ᵢ, i= 0, 1, … (§2.8).
In Chapter 3 we consider the question of compounding I.P.Q.F. both in the classical sense, and, briefly, by examining spline functions, regarding them as providing a link between an I.P.Q.F on one hand and a compounded I.P.Q.F. on the other. Various methods of theoretically estimating the errors involved are considered in Chapter M-. In the fifth Chapter we examine various ways in which the concept of I.P.Q.F. might (or might not) be extended. Finally, we make some brief comments about the possible applications of I.P.Q.F., and give a few examples.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13780
Inner product quadrature formulas
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/151232019-04-01T08:38:02Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Dombi, Erzsebet Rita
author
2005
To provide a general framework for the theory of automatic groups and semigroups, we introduce the notion of an automatic semigroup act. This notion gives rise to a variety of definitions for automaticity depending on the set chosen as a semigroup act. Namely, we obtain the notions of automaticity, Schutzenberger automaticity, R- and L-class automaticity, etc. We discuss the basic properties of automatic semigroup acts. We show that if S is a semigroup with local right identities, then automaticty of a semigroup act is independent of the choice of both the generators of S and the generators of the semigroup act. We also discuss the equality problem of automatic semigroup acts. To give a geometric approach, we associate a directed labelled graph to each S-act and introduce the notion of the fellow traveller property in the associated graph. We verify that if S is a regular semigroup with finitely many idempotents, then Schutzenberger automaticity is characterized by the fellow traveller property of the Schutzenberger graph. We also verify that a Schutzenberger automatic regular semigroup with finitely many idempotents is finitely presented. We end Chapter 3 by proving that an inverse free product of Schutzenberger automatic inverse semigroups is Schutzenberger automatic. In Chapter 4, we first introduce the notion of finite generation and finite presentability with respect to a semigroup action. With the help of these concepts we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a semidirect product of a semilattice by a group to be finitely generated and finitely presented as an inverse semigroup. We end Chapter 4 by giving a necessary and sufficient condition for the semidirect product of a semilattice by a group to be Schutzenberger automatic. Chapter 5 is devoted to the study of HNN extensions of inverse semigroups from finite generation and finite presentability point of view. Namely, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for finite presentability of Gilbert's and Yamamura's HNN extension of inverse semigroups. The majority of the results contained in Chapter 5 are the result of a joint work with N.D. Gilbert and N. Ruskuc.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15123
Automatic S-acts and inverse semigroup presentations
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/140732019-04-01T08:38:02Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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De Ville, Andrew
author
1991
The nonuniform structure observed in the solar atmosphere, and in particular the corona, is thought to arise due to the interaction between the magnetic field and plasma. Using a linear theory, the nature of these interactions is investigated, and it is shown how coronal structure may be modelled in a simple way by extended standing disturbances. The effect of inertial forces in considered in both a Cartesian and cylindrical geometries, and a first correction due to gravity is calculated. The restrictions of a linear theory may be overcome by finding exact solutions. Solutions are presented which may model plasma flows in closed, partially open and open magnetic field line structures. A new method for finding particular classes of exact steady solutions in a gravitationally stratified, isothermal atmosphere is presented, along with some examples of possible solutions.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14073
The nonuniform magnetohydrodynamic nature of the solar atmosphere
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/151732019-04-01T08:38:03Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Werner, Ivan
author
2004
We introduce a theory of contractive Markov systems (CMS) which provides a unifying framework in so-called "fractal" geometry. It extends the known theory of iterated function systems (IFS) with place dependent probabilities [1][8] in a way that it also covers graph directed constructions of "fractal" sets [18]. Such systems naturally extend finite Markov chains and inherit some of their properties. In Chapter 1, we consider iterations of a Markov system and show that they preserve the essential structure of it. In Chapter 2, we show that the Markov operator defined by such a system has a unique invariant probability measure in the irreducible case and an attractive probability measure in the aperiodic case if the restrictions of the probability functions on their vertex sets are Dini-continuous and bounded away from zero, and the system satisfies a condition of a contractiveness on average. This generalizes a result from [1]. Furthermore, we show that the rate of convergence to the stationary state is exponential in the aperiodic case with constant probabilities and a compact state space. In Chapter 3, we construct a coding map for a contractive Markov system. In Chapter 4, we calculate Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy of the generalized Markov shift. In Chapter 5, we prove an ergodic theorem for Markov chains associated with the contractive Markov systems. It generalizes the ergodic theorem of Elton [8].
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15173
Contractive Markov systems
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/136992019-04-01T08:38:04Zcom_10023_28col_10023_6129
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Kopamu, Samuel Joseph Lyambian
author
1996
We introduce in this thesis a new family of semigroup congruences, and we set out to prove that it is worth studying them for the following very important reasons:
(a) that it provides an alternative way of studying algebraic structures of semigroups, thus shedding new light over semigroup structures already known, and it also provides new information about other structures not formerly understood;
(b) that it is useful for constructing new semigroups, hence producing new and interesting classes of semigroups from known classes; and
(c) that it is useful for classifying semigroups, particularly in describing lattices formed by semigroup species such as varieties, pseudovarieties, existence varieties etc.
This interesting family of congruences is described as follows: for any semigroup S, and any ordered pair (n,m) of non-negative integers, define ⦵(n,m) = {(a,b): uav = ubv, for all ⋿Sn and v ⋿Sm}, and we make the convention that S¹ = S and that S0 denotes the set containing only the empty word. The particular cases ⦵(0,1), ⦵(1,0) and ⦵(0,0) were considered by the author in his M.Sc. thesis (1991). In fact, one can recognise ⦵(1,0) to be the well known kernel of the right regular representation of S. It turns out that if S is reductive (for example, if S is a monoid), then ⦵(i,j) is equal to ⦵(0,0) - the identity relation on S, for every (i,j).
After developing the tools required for the latter part of the thesis in Chapters 0-2, in Chapter 3 we introduce a new class of semigroups - the class of all structurally regular semigroups. Making use of a new Mal'tsev-type product, in Chapters 4,5,6 and 7, we describe the lattices formed by certain varieties of structurally regular semigroups.
Many interesting open problems are posed throughout the thesis, and brief literature reviews are inserted in the text where appropriate.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13699
On a family of semigroup congruences
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Sutherland, Dale C.
author
2006
This thesis studies finitely presented groups and the process known as coset enumeration, which finds the index of a finitely generated subgroup in a finitely presented group, provided this index is finite. The Todd-Coxeter algorithm for coset enumeration is described, as well as its modified version, additionally finding a presentation for the subgroup. Coset enumeration is suitable for computer implementation, and GAP and ACE, two programs containing such functions using different strategies, are outlined. Proof Extraction After Coset Enumeration (PEACE) is a computer pro¬ gram that allows one to show a group element is in the subgroup. Descriptions are provided of modifications to PEACE, giving this program the extra functionality of creating subgroup presentations with the Modified ToddCoxeter algorithm. Using different strategies during the enumeration to determine varied subgroup presentations is also discussed. Additionally, a program converting the output of the original PEACE program, showing an element's membership of the subgroup, into a lemma-based step by step proof is implemented and described.
'The Fᵃᵇᶜ conjecture' was proposed by Campbell, Coxeter and Robertson in 1977 to classify the groups
Fᵃ,ᵇ,ᶜ =〈r,s|r²,rsᵃrsᵇrsᶜ〉
By considering the homomorphic image Hᵃᵇᶜ=〈r,s|r²,rsᵃrsᵇrsᶜ,s²⁽ᵃᵇᶜ⁾〉The lemma-based proof generating program is used as an aid in considering the groups Fᵃ,ᵇ,ᶜ and the corresponding conjecture. Lastly, a proof showing this conjecture to be true is provided.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/22019
Computer-assisted proofs and the F[super](a,b,c) conjecture
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Wallace, Andrew Hugh
author
1949-04
The theme of this paper is the unification of two theories which arose and were developed independently of one another in the latter part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, namely the theory of series expansion of rational integral functions of several sets of variables, homogeneous in the variables of each set, that is the series expansion of algebraic forms in several sets of variables, and the theory of induces linear transformations, or invariant matrices. I have divided the work into five chapters of which the first and third are purely historical; Chapter I is an account of various methods, devised before the introduction of the ideas of standard order and standard tableaux, of forming series expansions of algebraic forms, while Chapter III is mainly occupied by an account of Schnur’s work on invariant matrices. Chapters II, IV and V establish the link between the two theories and, at the expense of one or two points of repetition of definitions, are self-contained and may be read consecutively, more or less without reference to the other two chapters.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11212
The theory of rational integral functions of several sets of variables and associated linear transformations
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Van WIlligenburg, Stephanie
author
1997
A descent algebra is a subalgebra of the group algebra of a Coxeter group. They were first defined over a field of characteristic zero. In this thesis, the main areas of research to be addressed are;
1. The formulation of a rule for multiplying two elements of descent algebra of the Coxeter groups of type D.
2. The identification of properties exhibited by descent algebras over a field of prime characteristic.
In addressing the first, a framework which exploits the specific properties of Coxeter groups is set up. With this framework, a new justification is given for existing rules for multiplying together two elements in the descent algebras of the Coxeter groups of type A and B. This framework is then used to derive a new multiplication rule for the descent algebra of the Coxeter groups of type D.
To address the second, a descent algebra over a field of prime characteristic, p, is defined. A homomorphism into the algebra of generalised p-modular characters is then described. This homomorphism is then used to obtain the radical, and allows the irreducible modules of the descent algebra to be determined.
Results from the two areas addressed are then exploited to give an explicit description of the radical of the descent algebra of the symmetric groups, over a finite field. In this instance, the nilpotency index of the radical and the irreducible representations are also described. Similarly, the descent algebra of the hyper-octahedral groups, over a finite field, has its radical, nilpotency index, and irreducible representations explicitly determined.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13713
The descent algebras of Coxeter groups
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Ali, A. Hamid A. Hussain
author
1987
We consider the affine varieties which arise by considering invertible polynomial maps from ℂ² to itself of less than or equal to a given-degree. These varieties arise naturally in the investigation of the long-standing Jacobian Conjecture. We start with some calculations in the lower degree cases. These calculations provide a proof of the Jacobian conjecture in these cases and suggest how the investigation in the higher degree cases should proceed. We then show how invertible polynomial maps can be decomposed as products of what we call triangular maps and we are able to prove a uniqueness result which gives a stronger version of Jung's theorem [j] which is one of the most important results in this area. Our proof also gives a new derivation of Jung's theorem from Segre's lemma. We give a different decomposition of an invertible polynomial map as a composition of "irreducible maps" and we are able to write down standard forms for these irreducibles. We use these standard forms to give a description of the structure of the varieties of invertible maps. We consider some interesting group actions on our varieties and show how these fit in with the structure we describe. Finally, we look at the problem of identifying polynomial maps of finite order. Our description of the structure of the above varieties allows us to solve this problem completely and we are able to show that the only elements of finite order are those which arise from conjugating linear elements of finite order.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13878
Some aspects of the Jacobian conjecture: (the geometry of automorphisms of ℂ²)
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Papathanassiou, Eleftherios
author
1979
Turing Machines and Markov Algorithms are, and were designed to be, the most powerful devices possible in the field of abstract automata: by their means any and every computable function can be computed.
Because of their equal, indeed maximal, strength, it was naturally assumed that these devices should be equivalent. Nonetheless a formal, exact proof of this universally presumed equivalence was lacking.
The present dissertation rectifies that omission by developing the desired complete, rigorous proof of the equivalence between Turing Machines and Markov Algorithms. The demonstration is being conducted in a constructionist way: for any given Markov Algorithm it is shown that a Turing Machine can be constructed capable of performing exactly what the Algorithm can do and nothing more, and vice versa.
The proof consists in the theoretical construction, given an arbitrary Markov Algorithm, of a Turing Machine behaving in exactly the same way as the Algorithm for all possible inputs; and conversely. Furthermore, the proof is given concrete shape by designing a computer program which can actually carry out the said theoretical constructions.
The equivalence between TM and MA as proven in the first part of our thesis, is being used in the second part for establishing some important consequent results: Thus the equivalence of Deterministic and Nondeterministic MA, of TM and Type 0 Grammars, and of Labelled and Unlabelled MA is concisely shown, and the use of TM as recognizers for type 1 and 3 grammars exclusively is exhibited. It is interesting that, by utilizing the equivalence of TM and MA, it was made possible that the proofs of these latter results be based on primitive principles.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13736
On the equivalence of Markov Algorithms and Turing machines and some consequent results
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Mackie, A. G. (Andrew George)
author
1953
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13946
Hodograph methods applied to flow past finite wedges
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Taylor, Michael Anthony
author
1996
An outstanding problem in the field of nuclear fusion research is the precise mechanism by which a hot, magnetically inhomogeneous plasma is heated when illuminated by a constant beam of small amplitude radio waves matched in frequency to harmonics of the ion Larmor frequency. An accurate model must include microscopic dynamics and inevitably a kinetic theory is required. Highly energetic ions (> 1MeV) born from fusion reactions or powered by gyroresonance have large Larmor radii (> 10cm) which are comparable in size to the wavelength of the incident radiation. In particular we will focus on fast magnetosonic waves. Exact full wave equations describing a thermal plasma in a weakly inhomogeneous field are presently at least fourth order integro-differential equations (Sauter, 1992). These are computationally taxing. Recently a method was proposed to reduce the problem to a second order integro-differential equation at the expense of information related to the propagation of mode-converted waves (Holt, 1992). We present here a generalisation of the theory to allow for arbitrary velocity-dependent equilibria while at the same time retaining a general functional form for the field profile. We consider the specific case of a bi-Maxwellian plasma immersed in a linearly inhomogenous magnetic field. We find that thermal anisotropy produces resonance localisation when the perpendicular ion temperature is greater than that parallel to the ambient field. A study of the symmetry properties of the conductivity tensor reveals that the Onsager reciprocal relations are obeyed only for an isotropic plasma in an inhomogeneous field. This is a generalisation of the result obtained by Nambu (1995). We present a generalisation of the reduction method to include effects due to changes in wave amplitude. We find that we are able to include the odd-order field derivatives responsible for energy conservation. Our numerical study of fundamental Helium-3 gyroresonance in a majority Deuterium plasma reveals that we have > 99.9% energy conservation in all cases. We show that locally-uniform theory can be very inaccurate (≃ 70% in one case presented in our recent paper, Cairns et al., 1995) particularly for higher energy ions whose non-locality is more extreme. We present a representative sample of results for minority heating and mode conversion heating schemes. We report the appearance of an unexpected cut-off on the low field side of the minority gyroresonance which may have important consequences for antennae presently placed on the outside of Tokamaks.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14235
Wave-particle dynamics in a hot inhomogenous fusion plasma
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Garba, Goje Uba
author
1992
Let E, E₁ denote, respectively, the set of singular idempotents in T[sub]n (the semigroup of all full transformations on a finite set X[sub]n = {1,..., n}) and the set of idempotents of defect 1. For a singular element 𝑎 in Tn, let k(𝑎),k₁ (𝑎) be defined by the properties
𝑎 ∈ Eᵏ⁽ᵃ⁾, 𝑎 ∉ Eᵏ⁽ᵃ⁾⁻¹,
𝑎 ∈ E₁ᵏ¹⁽ᵃ⁾, 𝑎 ∉ E₁ᵏ¹⁽ᵃ⁾⁻¹.
In this Thesis, we obtain results analogous to those of Iwahori (1977), Howie (1980), Saito (1989) and Howie, Lusk and McFadden (1990) concerning the values of k(𝑎) and k₁(𝑎) for the partial transformation semigroup P[sub]n. The analogue of Howie and McFadden's (1990) result on the rank of the semigroup K(n,r) = { 𝑎 ∈ T [sub]n: |im 𝑎 | ≤ r,2 ≤ r ≤ n-1} is also obtained.
The nilpotent-generated subsemigroup of P[sub]n was characterised by Sullivan in 1987. In this work, we have obtained its depth and rank.
Nilpotents in IO[sub]n and PO[sub]n (the semigroup of all partial one-one order-preserving maps, and all partial order-preserving maps) are studied. A characterisation of their nilpotent-generated subsemigroups is obtained. So also are their depth and rank. We have also characterised their nilpotent-generated subsemigroup for the infinite set X = {1,2,...}. The rank of the semigroup L(n,r) = {a ∈ S : |im 𝑎 | ≤r, 1 ≤ r ≤ n - 2} is investigated for S = O[sub]n,PO[sub]n,SPO[sub]n and I[sub]n (where O[sub]n is the semigroup of all order-preserving full transformations, SPO[sub]n the semigroup of all strictly partial order- preserving maps, and In the semigroup of one-one partial transformation).
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13703
Idempotents, nilpotents, rank and order in finite transformation semigroups
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Descalco, L.
author
2002
In this thesis we start by considering conditions under which some standard semigroup constructions preserve automaticity. We first consider Rees matrix semigroups over a semigroup, which we call the base, and work on the following questions: (i) If the base is automatic is the Rees matrix semigroup automatic? (ii) If the Rees matrix semigroup is automatic must the base be automatic as well? We also consider similar questions for Bruck-Reilly extensions of monoids and wreath products of semigroups. Then we consider subsemigroups of free products of semigroups and we study conditions that guarantee them to be automatic. Finally we obtain a description of the subsemigroups of the bicyclic monoid that allow us to study some of their properties, which include finite generation, automaticity and finite presentability.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15122
Automatic semigroups : constructions and subsemigroups
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Strindberg, Samantha
author
2001-05
Increased pressure on the environment has placed numerous ecological populations under threat of extinction. Management schemes dedicated to the future conservation of wildlife populations rely on effective monitoring of the size of those populations. This requires that accurate and precise abundance estimates are obtained for the purposes of wildlife population assessment. The accuracy and precision of estimates are determined to a large extent by the survey design used to obtain population samples. Methods for optimizing the survey design process are detailed, with a particular- focus on automating the sui-vey designs using computer software. The technique of automated survey design is a simulation-based tool, which provides the means to assess the properties of any type of survey design, permits the evaluation of abundance estimates over sui-vey regions with assumed population densities, and from a practical standpoint facilitates the creation of a survey plan that can be implemented in the field. Survey design properties include the probability of a particular location being included in the sample, the spatial distribution of the sampling locations within the survey region, and the distances covered by observers to obtain the sample data. The design properties are directly linked to the accuracy and precision of estimates, as well as the efficiency, achieved by a type of design. A comparative study of a number of different survey designs that can be broadly classified as systematic or non-systematic is presented. The simulation results show their performance with regard to the above-mentioned properties and the abundance estimates obtained if the designs are applied to some known population densities. Due to the more even spatial distribution of the systematic designs the estimates they produce are potentially more precise and the distances covered by observers less variable as well. It is also shown how biased estimates can result if the probability of a particular location being included in the sample is assumed to be even over the entire survey region when it is not. The problems associated with surveying along the boundary of a survey region and within non-convex regions are addressed. The methods are illustrated with a number of survey design examples.
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11318
Optimized automated survey design in wildlife population assessment
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