2024-03-29T09:14:15Zhttps://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/oai/requestoai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/48962019-07-01T10:04:00Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Media discourse on jihadist terrorism in Europe
Reinke de Buitrago, Sybille
Media discourse
Jihadist terrorism
Westergaard
Yemen cargo plot
Stockholm attack
Motivations
Symbolic offences
Attack type
This article analyzes the manner in which European print media discuss jihadist terrorism in Europe. It presents key results from a qualitative analysis of media discourse following three selected attacks in seven European countries in 2010: the attack on the cartoonist Westergaard, the Yemen cargo plane plot, and the Stockholm suicide attack. The article finds that attack type is a factor shaping media discourse across different media in Europe. Considering that terrorists also aim to impact discourse for their own agenda, the article presents implications for policy reactions on the basis of attack type, and not as desired by terrorists.
2014-06-19T12:37:55Z
2014-06-19T12:37:55Z
2013-09-24
Journal article
Reinke de Buitrago, S. (2013). Media Discourse on Jihadist Terrorism in Europe. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 4(2), pp. 3-13.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/626
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4896
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.626
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
11
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/71422019-07-01T10:12:35Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The Arab Awakening and US counterterrorism in the Greater Middle East: a missed opportunity
Lilli, Eugenio
Counterterrorism
Democracy promotion
US foreign policy
Arab Awakening
The Middle East
Barack Obama
In 2011, the Arab Awakening offered an opportunity to the Obama administration to advance the US interest to counter terrorism in the Greater Middle East without compromising its commitment to the promotion of democracy. As of early 2015, however, with the exception of still-hopeful Tunisia, democracy has not made any significant progress in Middle Eastern countries. Additionally, old and new regional extremist groups have become increasingly active. How did the Obama administration miss the opportunity offered by the Arab Awakening? What actions could the United States take to reverse current unfavorable trends and advance US policies of counterterrorism and democratization in the region?
2015-08-06T15:40:28Z
2015-08-06T15:40:28Z
2015-05-25
Journal article
Lilli, E. (2015). The Arab Awakening and US counterterrorism in the Greater Middle East: a missed opportunity. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2), pp. 17-27.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1152
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7142
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1152
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40172019-07-01T10:05:47Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Anti-terrorism resolutions: the Security Council’s threat to the UN system
Galloway, Fraser
Law
United Nations
The United Nations Security Council’s anti-terrorism regime constitutes a serious threat to the legitimacy and unity of the United Nations system as a whole. Recent European Court of Justice jurisprudence emphasises that Security Council resolutions which breach human rights norms will not be enforced by member states. The Security Council has insufficient internal checks to ensure that it passes resolutions which sufficiently respect human rights norms. Judicial review is therefore required on the part of the International Court of Justice to ensure that the Security Council passes resolutions which remain effective and do not bring the United Nations system into disrepute.
2013-08-28T15:52:32Z
2013-08-28T15:52:32Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
Galloway, F. (2011). Anti-terrorism resolutions: the Security Council’s threat to the UN system. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 105-125.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/231
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4017
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.231
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56272019-07-01T10:10:35Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Gilles Kepel. Beyond terror and martyrdom: the future of the Middle East. Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008
Romaniuk, Scott Nicholas
Middle East
Jihadism
Paperback $27.95, pp. 336. ISBN: 9780674031388, Reviewed by Scott Nicholas Romaniuk, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
2014-10-30T12:13:42Z
2014-10-30T12:13:42Z
2011-02-02
Book review
Romaniuk, S. N. (2011). Gilles Kepel. Beyond terror and martyrdom: the future of the Middle East. Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 93-94.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/185
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5627
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.185
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39522019-07-01T10:14:39Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Irish accents, foreign voices: mediated agency and authenticity in 'In the Name of the Father' and 'Fifty Dead Men Walking'
Ives-Allison, Nicole
Film
Northern Ireland
Given the intensity of narrative contestation over the public history of and discourse around the modern period of Northern Irish civil conflict known locally as ‘the Troubles’, for filmmakers from outside of Northern Ireland to be seen as making a legitimate contribution to existing debates, there is a pressure for their film texts to be read as ‘authentic’. This desire for authenticity fundamentally shapes the narrative approach taken by these filmmakers. Various filmmaking strategies have been employed in the pursuit of authenticity, but both Jim Sheridan’s In the Name of the Father (1993) and Kari Skogland’s Fifty Dead Men Walking (2008) have taken a distinctly narrative approach, relying upon local written autobiographical material. However, the way in which Sheridan and Skogland have sought to deploy the authenticity embedded in locally grounded source material flirts with self-defeatism as both films problematically obscure the limitations on agency imposed by the filmmakers on the
local voices upon who claims of authenticity, and thus the films’ legitimacy, depend.
2013-08-09T15:38:00Z
2013-08-09T15:38:00Z
2013-05-31
Journal article
Ives-Allison, N. (2013). Irish accents, foreign voices: mediated agency and authenticity in 'In the Name of the Father' and 'Fifty Dead Men Walking'. Journal of Terrorism Research, 4(1), pp. 43-63.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/622
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3952
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.622
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49162019-07-01T10:19:42Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Terrorism without Borders: Somalia’s Al-Shabaab and the global jihad network
Agbiboa, Daniel E.
Al-Shabab
Westgate
Attack
Al Qaeda
Global Jihad
Kenya
Somalia
Special Edition issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
This article sets out to explore the evolution, operational strategy and transnational dimensions of Harakat Al-Shabab al-Mujahedeen (aka Al-Shabab), the Somali-based Islamist terrorist group. The article argues that Al-Shabab’s latest Westgate attack in Kenya should be understood in the light of the group’s deepening ties with Al-Qaeda and its global jihad, especially since 2009 when Al-Shabab formally pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda and welcomed the organisation’s core members into its leadership.
2014-06-27T14:51:40Z
2014-06-27T14:51:40Z
2014-02-10
Journal article
Agbiboa, D. (2014). Terrorism without Borders: Somalia’s Al-Shabaab and the global jihad network. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 27-34.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/826/695
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4916
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.826
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
8
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40122019-07-01T10:09:21Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Legislating for terrorism: the Philippines’ Human Security Act 2007
Eadie, Pauline E.
Law
Philippines
In February 2007 the Philippine Senate passed the Human Security Act (HSA) otherwise known as Republic Act No. 9372: An Act to Secure the State and Protect our People From Terrorism. Philippine Senate Minority Leader Aquilino Q. Pimentel Jr. was heavily involved in the final drafting of the HSA. He gave it its final name shortly before the Senate Chamber passed it into law. Previously the Act had been known by various titles including ‘An Act to Deter and Punish Acts of Terrorism and for Other Purposes’ (Senate Bill No. 2137) and ‘An Act to Define and Punish the Crime of Terrorism, the Crime of Conspiracy to Commit Terrorism, and the Crime of Proposal to Commit Terrorism, and for Other Purposes (Senate Bill No. 2187). Thus the Human Security Act exists as an instrument of counter terrorism as opposed to human security policy.
2013-08-28T15:46:24Z
2013-08-28T15:46:24Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
Eadie, P.E. (2011). Legislating for terrorism: the Philippines’ Human Security Act 2007. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 24-33.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/226
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4012
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.226
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56042019-07-01T10:16:54Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Electoral politics and ETA’s ceasefire
Argomaniz, Javier
ETA
Spain
The recent Euskadi ta Alkartasuna (ETA) ceasefire declaration has been received with much interest and fanfare by the international media. The same announcement was met instead with a tangible lack of enthusiasm by Spanish and Basque political figures. The Spanish president Zapatero, the Basque president Lopez and Urkullu, the leader of the most voted Basque nationalist party (PNV), agreed that the communiqué was a ‘step forward’ but ultimately ‘insufficient’ and ‘not the news the country had been hoping for’. Such mix of scepticism and disappointment is partly a product of the previous failed experience with the 2006 ETA truce. Months of painstakingly slow negotiations between ETA and government representatives were then shattered with a bomb attack at Madrid airport that killed two people. The outcome left the Zapatero’s government frustrated and unwilling to get their fingers burnt again.
2014-10-29T16:27:44Z
2014-10-29T16:27:44Z
2011-01-24
Journal item
Argomaniz, J. (2011). Electoral politics and ETA’s ceasefire. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 62-64.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/175
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5604
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.175
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49232019-07-01T10:14:30Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Who is to teach “these guys” to “shoot less?”
Rekawek, Kacper
Special Edition issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
While conducting research on counter-terrorism (CT) systems of the Central and Eastern European Member States of the European Union, a unique perspective on the European involvement in countering terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa was offered to the author by a Czech defence ministry official. In his view, the fact that his country made a decision to contribute “boots on the ground” to the European Union Training Mission in Mali (EUTM Mali) was astonishing, to say the least: “Things like Mali, you sometimes wonder how these thing happen, even if you are part of them (Havranek 2013).” Thus a decision to participate in this latest CT motivated (building a Malian military capable of taking on the jihadists of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, AQIM) EU venture in Africa seems not to have been preceded by a careful analysis and weighting of the options on behalf of his country. In fact, it seemed like a knee jerk reaction to a call for troops from France and subsequently from Brussels. In the end, we might even speculate if, in this very case, the Czech Republic duly settled on a number of troops to be sent to Mali (very low – in dozens) and comfortably ticked off the box on its involvement in yet another Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) military mission in Africa, and its contribution to external aspects of combating terrorism on EU level.
2014-06-30T12:54:42Z
2014-06-30T12:54:42Z
2014-01-10
Journal item
Rekawek, K. (2014). Who Is to Teach “These Guys” to “Shoot Less?”. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 78-80.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/831/700
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4923
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.831
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
3
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56082019-07-01T10:09:31Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Myriam Denov. Child soldiers: Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010
Leonard, Emma
Child Soldiers
Sierra Leone
Paperback £16.99, pp. 246. ISBN-13: 9780521693219, Reviewed by Emma Leonard, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
2014-10-29T16:30:14Z
2014-10-29T16:30:14Z
2010-07-28
Book review
Leonard, E. (2010). Myriam Denov. Child soldiers: Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010. Journal of Terrorism Research, 1(1), pp. 74-75.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/169
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5608
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.169
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49152019-07-01T10:13:42Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Sub Saharan African Terrorist Groups’ use of the Internet
Bertram, Stewart
Ellison, Keith
Special Edition Issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Recent actions by French military forces in Niger and the global prominence of terrorist groups such as Al Shabaab and Boko Haram, have highlighted the growing counter terrorist focus on the countries of Sub Saharan Africa. Additionally in a post Bin Laden world and with the immanent withdrawal of coalition combat troops from Afghanistan, there is the possibility of Africa as a continent becoming the new front in the Global War on Terror (Mben et al., 2013). However, it is a mistake to assume that Africa’s story is uniformly one of violence and death. Vibrant cultures and a rugged entrepreneurial spirit have combined with a robust Internet backbone, to create the embryonic emergence of high tech hotspots across Africa. With rising IT literacy levels, more and more Africans are becoming connected to the information super highway on a daily basis (Graham, 2010). A tiny minority of these Africans are terrorists.
2014-06-27T14:35:59Z
2014-06-27T14:35:59Z
2014-02-10
Journal article
Bertram, S., & Ellison, K. (2014). Sub Saharan African Terrorist Groups’ use of the Internet. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 5-26.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/825
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4915
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.825
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
22
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40032019-07-01T10:19:46Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Targeting, rhetoric and the failure of grassroots jihad
Ramsay, Gilbert
Jihad
Rhetoric
In this paper I examine the apparent failure of Al Qaeda ideologues, not for want of trying, to incite a widespread campaign of ‘individual jihad’. Not only are instances of genuinely ‘leaderless’ jihadist violence rare, they also tend to be more discriminate and less lethal in their targeting than the operations which Al Qaeda expresses a discursive preference for, and which it attempts to carry out. I argue that an explanation for the rather constrained nature of grassroots jihadist violence can be found, rather paradoxically, in the logic of collective action, which seems to underlie the rhetorical attempts of jihadist ideologues to incite violence. I then briefly examine the possible implications of this for understanding what makes for a successful ‘leaderless’ terrorist campaign.
2013-08-27T12:32:46Z
2013-08-27T12:32:46Z
2012-07-10
Journal article
Ramsay, G. (2012). Targeting, rhetoric and the failure of grassroots jihad. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(1), pp. 27-38.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/415
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4003
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.415
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40152019-07-01T10:14:12Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Putting the terror in territorial: reflections on the global war on terrorism and U.S. detention policy
Esterling, Shea
Law
Some miles off in the distance on a swelteringly hot and sunny day, as the waves of the Gulf of Mexico lazily lap at the shore, a group of individuals are held by the U.S. Government without access to the most basic right of Due Process amongst others. Most readers will assume that this description refers to the infamous detention of individuals in Guantanamo Bay at Camp X Ray and now Camp Delta as enemy combatants in the aftermath of 9/11 terrorist attacks. Indeed, readers could be forgiven for thinking this given the extensive media coverage of this topic. However, the picture just painted is not of those held as enemy combatants but rather the plight of a lesser known group of individuals known as the Marielitos who also have been detained by the U.S. Government; not for days, not for weeks, not for months and not just in the years since 9/11 but rather in a continuing program of indefinite detention since their arrival 1980.
2013-08-28T15:50:05Z
2013-08-28T15:50:05Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
Esterling, S. (2011). Putting the terror in territorial: reflections on the global war on terrorism and U.S. detention policy. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 78-95.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/229
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4015
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.229
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39822019-07-01T10:11:17Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Implementing ‘targeted’ UN sanctions in the UK: is freezing of terrorist assets giving fundamental rights the cold shoulder?
Stevens, Joe
University of Bedfordshire
Supreme court
Security council
UN sanctions
Terrorism research
Human rights
This article will examine the effect of instigating United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR’s) in relation to assets freezing of those suspected of being involved in terrorist activity. It will discuss the decision by the UK Supreme Court in the leading judgment and the subsequent government’s responses concerning the introduction into the UK of UNSCR’s by means of secondary legislation in relation to Parliamentary supremacy. The main UK case under discussion will be R v A (& others). This case found that the freezing of assets of those suspected of terrorist activity in the UK, in compliance with various UNSC resolutions was ultra vires
2013-08-23T13:34:19Z
2013-08-23T13:34:19Z
2012-09-24
Journal article
Stevens, J. (2012). Implementing ‘targeted’ UN sanctions in the UK: is freezing of terrorist assets giving fundamental rights the cold shoulder? Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2), pp. 3-12.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/253
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3982
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.253
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40262019-07-01T10:15:22Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Security, identity, and the discourse of conflation in far-right violence
Murer, Jeffrey Stevenson
Far-right
Identity
In the aftermath of Anders Breivik’s shooting spree and bombing in Norway, many people asked where did the anger and the violence come from? The article examines the contemporary trends in political and social discourses to conflate opponents with enemies. Popular discourses, television and on-line media, radio talk shows and even newspaper spread the language of threat and insecurity, and the idea that the biggest threats may be the people in our own neighbourhoods, in our own cities, on our own streets. These threatening individuals are those that do not quite fit in; they are familiar foreigners. Similarly it explores the discourses of who should be afforded trust and protection within multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural political and social environments, who exhibits social membership and who should be excluded. The language of austerity and shortage suggests that security is not a human right that all people are entitled to equally. Rather if states can only afford to protect certain people, then by default the state chooses to actively not protect others. This article explores the social and physical consequences these decisions have, particularly when certain individuals decide that they will do what others only talk about: eliminate enemies.
2013-08-30T14:49:03Z
2013-08-30T14:49:03Z
2011-10-30
Journal article
Murer, J.S. (2011). Security, identity, and the discourse of conflation in far-right violence. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(2), pp. 15-26.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/188
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4026
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56142019-07-01T10:03:10Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The Central Intelligence Agency’s armed Remotely Piloted Vehicle-supported counter-insurgency campaign in Pakistan – a mission undermined by unintended consequences?
Bennett, Simon
RPV
War on Terror
CIA
Pakistan
Merton
Dysfunctions
This paper views America's 'drones-first' counter-insurgency effort in Pakistan through the lens of Merton's theory of the unintended consequences of purposive action. It also references Beck’s Risk Society thesis, America’s Revolution in Military Affairs doctrine, Toft’s theory of isomorphic learning, Langer’s theory of mindfulness, Highly Reliable Organisations theory and the social construction of technology (SCOT) argument. With reference to Merton’s theory, the CIA-directed armed Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) campaign has manifest functions, latent functions and latent dysfunctions. Measured against numbers of suspected insurgents killed, the campaign can be judged a success. Measured against the level of collateral damage or the state of US-Pakistan relations, the campaign can be judged a failure. Values determine the choice of metrics. Because RPV operations eliminate risk to American service personnel, and because this is popular with both US citizens and politicians, collateral damage (the killing of civilians) is not considered a policy-changing dysfunction. However, the latent dysfunctions of America's drones-first policy may be so great as to undermine that policy's intended manifest function – to make a net contribution to the War on Terror. In Vietnam the latent dysfunctions of Westmoreland’s attritional war undermined America’s policy of containment. Vietnam holds a lesson for the Obama administration.
2014-10-29T16:38:12Z
2014-10-29T16:38:12Z
2014-09-01
Journal article
Bennett, S. (2014). The Central Intelligence Agency’s armed Remotely Piloted Vehicle-supported counter-insurgency campaign in Pakistan – a mission undermined by unintended consequences? Journal of Terrorism Research, 5(3), pp. 14-30.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/943
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5614
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.943
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56202019-07-01T10:17:17Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Repairing the cracked lens: redefining British Muslim identity in Conservative Britain
Baker, Abdul Haqq
Islam
UK
The recent landmark election results in 2010 witnessed the end of an era for Labour under Gordon Brown and the herald of a new political landscape with the Coalition government of the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. The challenges for the new coalition are no less daunting than they were under the former government. The need to examine aspects of British identity from political and cultural perspectives has never been more poignant, especially in the face of continuing threats from domestic and international extremism – both far right and religious. The defeat of the BNP in Dagenham last year, resulting in all of its twelve councilors failing to be reelected can be considered a positive outcome for British politics so far as right wing extremism is concerned. The increase in Muslim MPs is also considered by many as another positive for British politics. While these apparent achievements may reflect the more appealing façade of the political climate, a redefining of who and what represents Muslim identity in 21st century Britain is necessary in view of the increasing misunderstanding and rictus gap between wider non-Muslim society and Muslim communities.
2014-10-30T11:22:11Z
2014-10-30T11:22:11Z
2011-03-14
Journal item
Baker, A. H. (2011). Repairing the cracked lens: redefining British Muslim identity in Conservative Britain. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 68-71.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/177
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5620
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.177
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56262019-07-01T10:05:38Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
John Calvert. Sayyid Qutb and the origins of radical Islamism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010
Daadaoui, Mohamed
Sayyid Qutb
Islamism
pp. vii+377, (Hardback). ISBN978-0-231-70104-4, Reviewed by Mohamed Daadaoui, Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, O.K., US
2014-10-30T12:13:25Z
2014-10-30T12:13:25Z
2011-01-24
Book review
Daadaoui, M. (2011). John Calvert. Sayyid Qutb and the origins of radical Islamism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 90-92.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/184
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5626
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.184
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56102019-07-01T10:18:41Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Al-Qaeda in Gaza: isolating “the base”
Marshall, Warren
Al-Qaeda
In 1996, Osama bin Laden declared jihad against the American forces occupying Saudi Arabia, calling for Muslims to expel the infidels from the “land of the two holy places.” The first sacred ground mentioned in this statement, however, was not Saudi Arabia but Palestine. His words seething with hatred, bin Laden scorned the Arab regimes for failing to recapture Jerusalem and described the situation as a festering wound upon the Islamic umma.[1] Fourteen years later, even after orchestrating devastating attacks in three Western capitals, Bin Laden’s al-Qaeda is still unable to do much against Israel besides issuing scathing diatribes. Its most vigorous efforts to establish itself in the Palestinian arena have been in the Gaza Strip. Here, however, al-Qaeda-linked groups are stymied by a perhaps surprising adversary: Hamas. But despite Hamas’s efforts to suppress them, Salafi-jihadi groups maintain an underground presence. Even if al-Qaeda affiliates remain weak operationally in comparison to Hamas, al-Qaeda’s ideology of global jihad seems to be on the rise in Gaza. Meanwhile, the al-Qaeda leadership is relentless in pursuing new and ingenious ways for its agents to penetrate the Strip. A Hamas weakened by a tightened blockade or another war with Israel would leave an opening for Salafi-jihadi militants. The prospect of these al-Qaeda-linked factions upsetting a fragile peace needs to be considered among the many other factors relevant to engagement with Hamas.
2014-10-29T16:31:12Z
2014-10-29T16:31:12Z
2010-11-30
Journal article
Marshall, W. (2010). Al-Qaeda in Gaza: isolating “the base”. Journal of Terrorism Research, 1(1), pp. 54-69.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/167
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5610
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.167
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/55982019-07-01T10:12:51Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Andrew Silke, et al., (edited by Andrew Silke). Prisons, terrorism and extremism: critical issues in management, radicalisation and reform
Hand, Robert W.
Terrorism
Terrorist
Prison
Incarceration
De-radicalisation
Programme
Routledge: Oxon UK, 2014. pp. 282. £28.99. ISBN: 978-0-415-81038-8.
Reviewed by Robert W. Hand
2014-10-29T16:23:21Z
2014-10-29T16:23:21Z
2014-09-01
Book review
Hand, R. W. (2014). Andrew Silke, et al., (edited by Andrew Silke). Prisons, terrorism and extremism: critical issues in management, radicalisation and reform. Journal of Terrorism Research, 5(3), pp. 70-73.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/947
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5598
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.947
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40112019-07-01T10:11:08Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Terrorist threat construction and the transition to permanent British counterterrorism law
Fisher, Kathryn
Britain
Securitization
Counterterrorism law
Discourse
Identity
Relationalism
After over two decades of renewing temporary counterterrorism laws in Britain from the early 1970s, making such measures permanent with the Terrorism Act 2000 was not necessarily a predictable or predetermined outcome. The Northern Ireland peace process was underway, the Labour party who had voted against temporary counterterrorism laws for over a decade was newly back in power, and historical context pointed to an inconclusiveness around how effective such laws actually were in reducing insecurity. In this article I argue a key element helping explain this transition from temporary to permanent counterterrorism law lies in how particular threat and referent identities were constructed in official British discourse. Drawing on empirical research from a relational-securitization analysis of official British discourses from the late 1960s to the present, this paper argues that processes of identity construction were essential to introducing and justifying the Terrorism Act 2000. The deployment of particular threat and referent labels established in discourse before events such as 9/11 or 7/7, such as “international” terrorism, helped enable the shift from counterterrorism law from temporary emergency response to permanent policy practice.
2013-08-28T15:43:32Z
2013-08-28T15:43:32Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
Fisher, K. (2011). Terrorist threat construction and the transition to permanent British counterterrorism law. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 9-23.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/225
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4011
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.225
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56122019-07-01T10:06:28Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Entering the black hole: the Taliban, terrorism, and organised crime
Phillips, Matthew D.
Kamen, Emily A.
Taliban
Organized Crime
Terrorism
Crime-Terror Nexus
Narco-Terrorism
Black Holes
Cooperation and imitation among crime and terror groups in recent years has given rise to a crime-terror nexus. A linear conceptualisation of a crime-terror spectrum, suggests that complete convergence of crime and terror in a failed state can give rise to a ‘black hole.’ Theoretical models of the crime-terror nexus, however, do not specify the means by which a crime-terror group enters this black hole state, yet others do not. Using the Taliban movement as a case study, this article presents a theoretical extension of black hole theory, using organisation-level characteristics to merge black hole theory with the crime-terror continuum.
2014-10-29T16:37:03Z
2014-10-29T16:37:03Z
2014-09-01
Journal article
Phillips, M. D., & Kamen, E. A. (2014). Entering the black hole: the Taliban, terrorism, and organised crime. Journal of Terrorism Research, 5(3), pp. 39-48.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/945
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5612
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.945
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56072019-07-01T10:08:31Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Audrey Kurth Cronin. How terrorism ends: understanding the decline and demise of terrorist campaigns. Princeton University Press: New Jersey, 2009
Graham, Cheryl M.
Terrorist Campaigns
pp. 330. $29.95 ISBN: 978-1-4008-3114-2., Reviewed by Cheryl M. Graham,University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
2014-10-29T16:29:41Z
2014-10-29T16:29:41Z
2010-10-29
Book review
Graham, C. M. (2010). Audrey Kurth Cronin. How terrorism ends: understanding the decline and demise of terrorist campaigns. Princeton University Press: New Jersey, 2009. Journal of Terrorism Research, 1(1), pp. 76-77.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/170
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5607
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.170
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40212019-07-01T10:15:17Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Andrew Silke, et al., (edited by Andrew Silke). The psychology of counter-terrorism. Routledge: Oxon UK, 2011. pp. 202. £21.98. ISBN: 978-0-415-55840-2 [Book review]
Hand, Robert W.
Psychology
Terrorism studies
Reviewed by Robert W. Hand, University of Aberdeen.
2013-08-29T12:21:13Z
2013-08-29T12:21:13Z
2011-10-30
Journal item
Hand, R. W. (2011). Andrew Silke, et al., (edited by Andrew Silke). The psychology of counter-terrorism. Routledge: Oxon UK, 2011. pp. 202. £21.98. ISBN: 978-0-415-55840-2. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(2), pp. 49-50.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/218
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4021
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.218
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40002019-07-01T10:05:20Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The terrorist threat to the UK in the post–9/11 decade
Omand, Sir David
Terrorist threat
The overall task for this special issue is to assess the emergency response to terrorism, in particular the threat posed by violent jihadist terrorism. Clearly, planning for emergency responses will have value against other threats and hazards, so it will be difficult to separate out the arrangements made to deal specifically with the aftermath of terrorist attacks, and those to meet other emergencies, for example major natural disasters. A sense of proportion is also needed when examining terrorist risks: the actions of greedy market-makers and incompetent bankers in the recent past is doing much more damage to our national welfare and national security than terrorism today.
2013-08-27T12:28:18Z
2013-08-27T12:28:18Z
2012-07-10
Journal article
Omand, D. (2012). The terrorist threat to the UK in the post–9/11 decade. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(1), pp. 6-12.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/412
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4000
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.412
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/66582019-07-01T10:19:58Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The use of structures in communication networks to track membership in terrorist groups
Eiselt, H. A.
Bhadbury, J.
Counterterrorism
Terrorist cell detection
Command structure
Graph structures
Social network analysis
This concept paper investigates possibilities to detect terrorist cells based on communications between individuals without the need for wiretapping. The advantages of such procedure are apparent: fewer (if any) legal requirements, and, most importantly, the possibility to automate the surveillance. After a brief review of the pertinent literature, we offer three approaches that are designed to aid in the detection of not only terrorist cells, but also the command structures within the cells. The techniques are demonstrated by using a small illustration. The paper concludes by outlining limitations of the procedures described here.
2015-05-19T10:44:21Z
2015-05-19T10:44:21Z
2015-02-04
Journal article
Eiselt, H., & Bhadury, J. (2015). The use of structures in communication networks to track membership in terrorist groups. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(1), pp. 1-18.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1073
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6658
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1073
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49192019-07-01T10:03:46Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Women, Gender and the evolving tactics of Boko Haram
Zenn, Jacob
Pearson, Elizabeth
Boko Haram
Terrorism
Gender
Women
Radicalisation
Tactics
Kidnapping
Special Edition issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
This article addresses an under-researched aspect of Boko Haram’s activities: gender-based violence (GBV) and its targeting of women. It argues that 2013 marked a significant evolution in Boko Haram’s tactics, with a series of kidnappings, in which one of the main features was the instrumental use of women. This was in response to corresponding tactics by the Nigerian security forces. Additionally the analysis provides evidence of a shift by Boko Haram to include women in its operations, in response to increased pressure on male operatives. It also considers the gendered rationale for instrumentalizing women within the framework of Boko Haram’s ideology and culture, arguing for a greater appreciation of how gender factors in the group’s violence.
2014-06-27T15:27:58Z
2014-06-27T15:27:58Z
2014-02-10
Journal article
Zenn, J., & Pearson, E. (2014). Women, Gender and the evolving tactics of Boko Haram. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 46-57.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/828/697
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4919
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.828
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
12
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39862019-07-01T10:07:53Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Will it ever be possible to profile the terrorist?
Rae, Jonathan A.
University of St Andrews
Socioeconomic
Physiology
Profiling
Terrorist attributes
Race
Gender
Psychology
This paper critiques the claim that terrorists can be profiled – that is to say that terrorists possess distinguishable attributes that can be conceivably identified by an observer. In doing so, the most prominent profiling parameters - racial, gender, age, pathological, psychological and socioeconomic – are investigated. The above approaches are found to have little to no applied value in identifying terrorists from a societal population. The dominant criticisms of these methods emphasise their crude reductionism, an absence of internal and external validity, and their lack of practical application. Current evidence indicates that the profiling of terrorists is a futile venture.
2013-08-23T13:52:41Z
2013-08-23T13:52:41Z
2012-09-22
Journal article
Rae, J.A. (2012). Will it ever be possible to profile the terrorist? Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2), pp. 64-74.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/380
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3986
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.380
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39872019-07-01T10:04:53Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Lashkar-e-Taiba of Pakistan: an India centric threat projection
Rath, Saroj Kumar
Hosei University
Pakistan
Future Security
Lashkar-e-Taiba
Difa-e-Pakistan
India
Within a year of the Mumbai attack by Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), the public outrage that many thought would usher in a political groundswell for a firmer government response, has dissipated. Almost all the political officials who resigned as a result of the attack either back in their old jobs or promoted to other plumb posts. After a brief hiatus, bombings by LeT and/or its affiliates resumed in cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Pune, Varanasi and Srinagar killing 56 people in mainland India and around 1000 in Jammu and Kashmir since Mumbai attack. India has done little of the painful public soul-searching that followed the September 11 attacks on the United States. After the Mumbai attack, while the US government has commissioned at least a dozen of official studies on LeT, India government commissioned none. While the LeT is gradually growing from strength to strength by encompassing the role of a political pressure group under the guise of Difa-e-Pakistan, India is blind to the danger unfolding in its western neighbour.
2013-08-23T13:55:05Z
2013-08-23T13:55:05Z
2012-09-22
Journal article
Rath, S.K. (2012). Lashkar-e-Taiba of Pakistan: an India centric threat projection. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2), pp. 91-99.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/406
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3987
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.406
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40162019-07-01T10:08:16Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
No new weapons for the UN ombudsperson?
Stevens, Joe
Law
United Nations
On 17 June 2011, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) unanimously adopted resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) as a successor to resolution 1904 (2009), these resolutions extended for a further eighteen months the office of UN Ombudsperson which was established under Security Council Resolution to oversee the de-listing of those placed on the targeted sanctions list by a Committee which had been established under UN Resolution 1267 (1999). This paper will discuss the introduction and development of the role of Ombudsperson within the UN, examining the present and previous Resolutions and consider the legitimacy of the role in dealing with concerns over judicial protection for those subjected to these targeted sanctions.
2013-08-28T15:51:19Z
2013-08-28T15:51:19Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
Stevens, J. (2011). No new weapons for the UN ombudsperson? Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 96-104.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/230
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4016
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.230
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40012019-07-01T10:11:18Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Emergency preparedness – working in partnership
Lewis, Simon
Emergency response
I had the immense privilege to provide a presentation of the above title to a conference at the University of St. Andrews in February of this year. The conference, entitled ‘Assessing the Emergency Response to Terrorism’, was hosted by the University’s Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV).
2013-08-27T12:30:25Z
2013-08-27T12:30:25Z
2012-07-10
Journal article
Lewis, S. (2012). Emergency preparedness – working in partnership. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(1), pp. 13-16.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/413
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4001
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.413
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/71432019-07-01T10:10:04Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Fundamentalism and terrorism
Rausch, Cassandra Christina
Religious fundamentalism
Terrorism
Religious terrorists
Modern terrorism
Religio-political discourse
Socio-political discourse
Citizens worldwide are becoming all too familiar with the accelerated frequency of terrorist attacks in the 21st century, particularly with those involving a religious underpinning. Why, though, have religiously-affiliated acts of terrorism become such a common occurrence? By examining how religious fundamentalism has accelerated and intensified terrorism within the modern world, scholars can focus on determining the “why”. By historically defining terrorism and fundamentalism and then placing them within the context of current religio-political and socio-political discourse, one can observe the shift from nationalism into terrorism and therefore understanding the innate interconnectedness of fundamentalism and terrorism as a whole.
2015-08-06T15:53:22Z
2015-08-06T15:53:22Z
2015-05-25
Journal article
Rausch, C. (2015). Fundamentalism and terrorism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2), pp. 28-35.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1153
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7143
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1153
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39492019-07-01T10:18:50Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The importance of music to Anders Behring Breivik
Stroud, Joe
University of Edinburgh
Breivik
Music
This article considers the significance of popular music to the Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik, particularly the people he names in his manifesto: Helene Bøksle, Clint Mansell and Saga. Breivik saw these musicians, operating outwith the mainstream music industry, as conforming to his ideology, therefore playing a crucial role in making him feel part of a community during his period of isolation in preparation for his attack. This music also helped to motivate Breivik and maintain his morale. This article considers why this music in particular appealed to Breivik, and what he saw in it to confirm his ideology.
2013-08-08T15:07:06Z
2013-08-08T15:07:06Z
2013-05-28
Journal article
Stroud, J. (2013). The importance of music to Anders Behring Breivik. Journal of Terrorism Research, 4(1), pp. 5-18.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/620
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3949
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.620
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39502019-07-01T10:05:30Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Contemporary art and political violence: the role of art in the rehabilitation and healing of communities affected by political violence
Spens, Christiana
Art
Communities
This paper will investigate how contemporary artists who use political violence as a subject matter in their work explain the relationship between art and that form of violence. Referring to interviews with Anita Glesta and George Gittoes, the potential of art as a means of healing communities and individuals affected by terrorism will be explored, alongside related issues of voyeurism, sensationalism and commercialism in art. The study will refer to the ideas of Collingwood and Tolstoy, chosen so as to represent two main schools of thought regarding artistic responsibility & morality and the appropriate intentions of artists. I will explain that both theories can be applied harmoniously to contemporary practise, to the understanding of the role and responsibility of contemporary artists, and discourse around the wider social value of contemporary art.
2013-08-08T15:55:34Z
2013-08-08T15:55:34Z
2013-05-31
Journal article
Spens, C. (2013). Contemporary art and political violence: the role of art in the rehabilitation and healing of communities affected by political violence. Journal of Terrorism Research, 4(1), pp. 19-41.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/621
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3950
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.621
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49222019-07-01T10:03:46Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The politics of amnesty in Nigeria: a comparative analysis of the Boko Haram and Niger Delta insurgencies
Nwankpa, Michael
Special Edition issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the Niger Delta amnesty programme and the proposed amnesty for Boko Haram insurgents in Nigeria. The motivation for comparing the two groups derives from the growing demand from some notable groups and individuals, mainly from the northern part of Nigeria, that the Boko Haram insurgents be granted amnesty just as the Niger Delta armed militants. One of such strong voices in favour of amnesty for Boko Haram insurgents is the Sultan of Sokoto, AlhajiSa’adAbubakar, who, on the 7th of March 2013, called for “total and unconditional” amnesty for Boko Haram. Sultan Abubakar’s demand has attracted mixed reaction as it is largely supported by the northern group-Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF) and rejected by others such as the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN). The most serious reaction comes from the presidency in its commission, on April 24th 2013, of a presidential Committee on Dialogue and Peaceful Resolution of Security Challenges in the North. After an extension by 2 months of its initial 90 days task, the Turaki-led Committee on Dialogue and Peaceful Resolution of Security Challenges in the North has finally submitted its recommendations to the president. Two key recommendations are: the need to set up an advisory committee for continuous dialogue with Boko Haram (as the leadership of Boko Haram refused to dialogue) and a victims’ support fund to help victims of Boko Haram.
2014-06-30T12:28:50Z
2014-06-30T12:28:50Z
2014-02-10
Journal article
Nwankpa, M. (2014). The Politics of Amnesty in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis of the Boko Haram and Niger Delta Insurgencies. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 67-77.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/830/699
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4922
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.830
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.830
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
11
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/66612019-07-01T10:15:00Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The evaluation of the effectiveness of counterterrorism policies on the PKK-inflicted violence during the democratization process of Turkey
Ciftci, Irfan
Kula, Sedat
Kurdish conflict
The PKK
Counter-terrorism
Violence
Soft-line policies
This study tries to explore the relationship between soft-line governmental policy interventions of Turkey and the responses of the PKK (The Kurdistan Workers’ Party) by using time series data from 1995 to 2010. The negative binomial specifications for two models, the number of incidents and the number casualties are used. The aggregated impact of soft-line policies on the level of violence is found to be positive and significant. In one hand, Turkey’s EU accession process had a decreasing impact on PKK inflicted violence. On the other hand, the Active Repentance Law increased the violence in the short run. It was found that defiance based governmental policy interventions of Turkey had an increasing impact on the PKK-inflicted violence.
2015-05-19T10:46:37Z
2015-05-19T10:46:37Z
2015-02-04
Journal article
Ciftci, I., & Kula, S. (2015). The evaluation of the effectiveness of counterterrorism policies on the PKK-inflicted violence during the democratization process of Turkey. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(1), pp. 27-42.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1075
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6661
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1075
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/66602019-07-01T10:14:02Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Changing the rules of war: the controversies surrounding the United States’ expanded use of drones
Boussios, Emanuel
The Obama administration has an opportunity, and some would say an obligation, to create a doctrine that sets guidelines for the development and deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones. There are a number of debates surrounding the use of drones, the most contentious of which have been as to whether governments have legal authorization to do so, and of how combatant status is defined under current international law. In Obama’s first term, his administration worked to rollback the world’s arsenal of nuclear weapons. His efforts and vision of a world without nuclear weapons was one of the reasons why President Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize—inclusive, of course, of his effort to strengthen international diplomacy. Yet, during this same period, his administration has developed and utilized revolutionary military technologies that may well become signature weapons of the 21st century. Since 9/11, there has been an alarming increase in the use of drones.
2015-05-19T10:45:30Z
2015-05-19T10:45:30Z
2015-02-04
Journal item
Boussios, E. (2015). Changing the rules of war: the controversies surrounding the United States’ expanded use of drones. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(1), pp. 43-48.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1077
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6660
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1077
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49242019-07-01T10:11:36Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Assessing Boko Haram: a conversation
Amaliya, Mark
Nwankpa, Michael
Special Edition issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
In terms of the current terrorist organisations in Sub-Saharan Africa, Boko Haram is undoubtedly one of the most high profile and among the more long-established. Following a panel session on the group at the 2013 conference of the Society for Terrorism Research at the university of East London, two of the panellists discuss the conceptualisation of the group, the nature and scale of the threat posed by the group, and what responses might offer a viable route away from the violence that has affected particularly Northern Nigeria since the onset of the Boko Haram insurgency.
2014-06-30T13:06:44Z
2014-06-30T13:06:44Z
2014-02-10
Journal item
Amaliya, M., & Nwankpa, M. (2014). Assessing Boko Haram: A conversation. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 81-87.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/832/701
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4924
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.832
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
7
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56182019-07-01T10:15:07Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The peril of hasty triumphalism and Osama bin Laden’s death
Lilli, Eugenio
Al-Qaeda
Bin Laden
On May 1, 2011 the headlines of a large number of newspapers and TV channels around the world were saying “justice has been done”. Those were the words used by the US President Barack Obama to announce to the world the killing of Osama bin Laden, the number one terrorist on the US most-wanted list.
2014-10-30T11:21:37Z
2014-10-30T11:21:37Z
2011-05-13
Journal item
Lilli, E. (2011). The peril of hasty triumphalism and Osama bin Laden’s death. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 81-83.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/181
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5618
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.181
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.182
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40282019-07-01T10:15:21Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Managing the change of context in countering terrorism: death of Bin Laden and the “Arab Spring”
Yazgan Etiz, F. Ceren
Bin Laden
Arab spring
Counter-terrorism
In world political history, 2011 will be remembered as the year when the leader of the Al Qaida (AQ) terrorist movement was killed and of the so called “Arab Spring”, when mass demonstrations in some Arab countries fundamentally challenged the way these countries have been ruled for the past few decades.
2013-08-30T14:50:47Z
2013-08-30T14:50:47Z
2011-10-30
Journal item
Yazgan Etiz, F.C. (2011). Managing the change of context in countering terrorism: death of Bin Laden and the “Arab Spring”. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(2), pp. 42-45.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/209
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4028
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.209
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40182019-07-01T10:08:21Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The lawful use of targeted killing in contemporary international humanitarian law
MacDonald, Scott D.
Law
International humanitarian law (“IHL”), or the law of armed conflict (“LOAC”), is a branch of international law designed to regulate the conduct of belligerent states during an armed conflict. [1] However, conflicts in the modern era are drastically different than the interstate hostilities envisioned at the time the bulk of IHL was developed. Contemporary conflicts, such as the 'War on Terror' between states and non-state actors, have resulted in new military tactics to address the complications inherent in these modern conflicts. The controversial use of targeted killing is amongst these new tactics. For the purposes of this discussion, targeted killing is the “intentional slaying of a specific alleged terrorist or group of alleged terrorists undertaken with explicit governmental approval where they cannot be arrested using reasonable means.” [2] The inability to arrest suspected terrorists reflects the transnational aspect to these conflicts as the victim state is unable to exert enforcement jurisdiction beyond its borders. [3] Until such time as new international norms develop to specifically address targeted killing, the legality of this tactic must be assessed against existing IHL. Under contemporary IHL, targeted killing is lawful although highly circumscribed.
2013-08-28T15:53:48Z
2013-08-28T15:53:48Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
MacDonald, S.D. (2011). The lawful use of targeted killing in contemporary international humanitarian law. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 126-144.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/232
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4018
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.232
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40272019-07-01T10:03:07Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The impact of food consumption, government type and effectiveness, on the rate of Somali maritime piracy, 2000-2008
Rohrer, Sam
Somalia
Piracy
Food
The analysis of maritime piracy off the Horn of Africa is still a developing area of academic research. The work that has been conducted to date has remained largely qualitative. Two recurring assumptions made but not empirically tested in this area of research are 1) the perceived link between government stability and the rate of maritime piracy, and 2) drought conditions implying food shortages in Somalia, and their impact on the rate of maritime piracy off the Horn of Africa. The findings of this project show a strong increase in maritime piracy following the transition from assorted Islamic Courts to the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). However, variations in the consumption of staple foodstuffs, and an index of the World Bank Governance Indicators do not have a significant impact on the frequency of maritime piracy in the region. If maritime piracy off the Somali coast is to be eliminated, rather than policed, efforts should be made to encourage the development of governmental institutions that utilize culturally-respected institutions supported by the local populace.
2013-08-30T14:50:25Z
2013-08-30T14:50:25Z
2011-10-30
Journal article
Rohrer, S. (2011). The impact of food consumption, government type and effectiveness, on the rate of Somali maritime piracy, 2000-2008. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(2), pp. 27-41.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/189
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4027
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.189
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40142019-07-01T10:06:39Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Constructing a global counterterrorist legislation database: dilemmas, procedures, and preliminary analyses
Shor, Eran
Law
Databases
Counterterrorist legislation is one of the main ways in which countries, particularly democracies, respond to terror attacks. Yet, there is to date no comprehensive cross-national database of counterterrorist legislation. This article introduces an overarching global counterterrorist legislation database (GCLD), covering more than 1,000 laws in 219 countries and territories over the years 1850-2009. I present the dilemmas and difficulties involved in constructing a global terrorism database and explain how these difficulties were addressed when assembling the current database. The article also brings descriptive statistics and analyses of the data, focusing on the historical development of global counterterrorist legislation and on the regional distribution of this legislation. It concludes with some recommendations for future researchers who may want to use the database.
2013-08-28T15:48:46Z
2013-08-28T15:48:46Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
Shor, E. (2011). Constructing a global counterterrorist legislation database: dilemmas, procedures, and preliminary analyses. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 49-77.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/228
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4014
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.228
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/71412019-07-01T10:08:44Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
This is not your mother’s terrorism: social media, online radicalization and the practice of political jamming
Huey, Laura
Radicalization
Social media
Twitter
Political jamming
Counter-terrorism
Jihadi cool
It is commonly recognized that social media presents vast new opportunities for terrorist groups seeking to radicalize audiences. However, few scholars have studied the actual mechanisms by which radicalizing messages are delivered to those audiences. Within this paper, the author explores one key aspect of the phenomenon of ‘jihadi cool’ – that is, the rendering of pro-Islamic terrorism into something hip and trendy among online audiences. Discussed is the use of political jamming: a subversive, satirical activity that draws on humor to reinforce ideological messages. The opportunity for countering these messages through the same technique is also considered.
2015-08-06T15:40:12Z
2015-08-06T15:40:12Z
2015-05-25
Journal article
Huey, L. (2015). This is not your mother’s terrorism: social media, online radicalization and the practice of political jamming. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2), pp. 1-16.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1159
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7141
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1159
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56062019-07-01T10:04:20Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Decentralised leadership in contemporary jihadism: towards a global social movement
Bartolo, Romain
Jihadism
On October 19th 2003, nearly six months after the outset of the invasion of Iraq by US troops, a video was released by al-Qaeda media arm al-Sahab showing Osama bin Laden directly threatening Spain. In his words, Spain, then governed by Prime Minister José Maria Aznar from the Partido Popular (PP), may face a terrorist attack should Spanish military forces continue to be part of the coalition that invaded Iraq[1] and toppled the Saddam Hussein regime. Less than six months later, on March 11th 2004, Madrid was shaken by coordinated bomb attacks in several commuter trains at peak hours, killing 191 people and wounding thousands. The “first well-known al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist conspiracy in Europe”[2] had been in preparation for years thanks to the long-term presence of radical Islamists on Spanish soil. The first jihadist bombing on this continent since 9/11[3] seemed to have answered Osama bin Laden’s warning call. Those who later claimed responsibility for these attacks pointed out Iraq as their main source of motivation. Symbolically the bombings were carried out a few days before the first anniversary of Iraq’s invasion. On the national scene, because “terrorism is meant to terrify”[4] and affect an audience, terrorists clearly intended to affect the outcome of the national general elections scheduled three days later. The Madrid terrorists were not self-starters, nor were they members of al-Qaeda who had performed an oath of allegiance to bin Laden. Instead, they were mostly first-generation immigrants from Northern Africa or the Near East who had been settled in Spain for years, had decent jobs and for some of them wives and children[5]. The setting up of the Madrid bombings was an illustration of the rising context of the contemporary jihadist movement, targeting a country and blaming it for what was happening thousands of kilometres away. This example is highly valuable to describe the continuously evolving nature of the jihadist movement up to now.
2014-10-29T16:29:04Z
2014-10-29T16:29:04Z
2011-05-18
Journal article
Bartolo, R. (2011). Decentralised leadership in contemporary jihadism: towards a global social movement. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 44-61.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/173
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5606
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.173
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/66592019-07-01T10:11:18Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Expanding the paradigm: countering violent extremism in Britain and the need for a youth centric community based approach
Powers, Samuel Tyler
Jihadism
Homegrown Extremism
Islamic State
Prevent Strategy
United Kingdom
In recent years, both academics and politicians alike have struggled to develop a coherent strategy on how to hone in the threat posed by Islamic extremists at home and abroad. This issue has taken center stage in recent months with the emergence of the Islamic State (IS). This article will explore the UK’s experience with trying to contain Islamic extremism, focusing particularly on the role youth development may play in future endeavors.
2015-05-19T10:44:59Z
2015-05-19T10:44:59Z
2015-02-04
Journal article
Powers, S. (2015). Expanding the paradigm: countering violent extremism in Britain and the need for a youth centric community based approach. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(1), pp. 19-26.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1074
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6659
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1074
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/71662019-07-01T10:07:14Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Sandra Walklate and Gabe Mythen, contradictions of terrorism: security, risk and resilience. London and New York: Routledge 2014.
Sciullo, Nick J.
194 pp., US $ 44.95 [Paperback]; ISBN 978-0-415-62653-8.
Reviewed by Nick J. Sciullo
2015-08-10T13:46:41Z
2015-08-10T13:46:41Z
2015-05-25
Book review
Sciullo, N. (2015). Sandra Walklate and Gabe Mythen, contradictions of terrorism: security, risk and resilience. London and New York: Routledge 2014. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2), pp. 94-95.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1158
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7166
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1158
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/55972019-07-01T10:04:18Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Anthony Richards, Peter Fussey and Andrew Silke (eds.). Terrorism and the Olympics: major event security and lessons for the future
Hand, Robert W.
Security
Olympics
Routledge: Oxon UK, 2011. pp. 243. Hardcover: £68.50-£81.00. ISBN: 978–0–415–49939–2. Paperback (Avail. 1 Apr 2012): £24.95. Amazon Kindle: £56.52.
Reviewed by Robert W. Hand University of Aberdeen Istanbul, Turkey
2014-10-29T16:23:01Z
2014-10-29T16:23:01Z
2012-07-10
Book review
Hand, R. W. (2012). Anthony Richards, Peter Fussey and Andrew Silke (eds.). Terrorism and the Olympics: major event security and lessons for the future. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(1), pp. 62-63.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/419
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5597
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.419
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40332019-07-01T10:09:17Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
A cultural models approach for investigating the cognitive basis of terrorism
Sieck, Winston R.
Jihad
Islam
Cultural epidemiology
Mental models
Political violence
Terrorist mind
Terrorists attempt to communicate specific aspects of their ideological frameworks to shape the common perspective of their intended audiences. For the approach to be successful, the ideas they are promoting must fit within the cultural meaning systems shared across the population they are addressing. Knowing what messages will effectively persuade their constituents is likely intuitive for terrorists operating within their own cultural environment, but not necessarily for researchers who come from distinct cultural backgrounds. A method is thus described for studying in detail the common perspective that members of a culture bring to a situation. The method results in models of the culture that provide a basis for outsiders to begin to frame events from the cultural-insider point of view. The cultural models can then be used as an aid to anticipate how messages will be interpreted and evaluated by terrorists and their audiences.
2013-09-02T15:16:54Z
2013-09-02T15:16:54Z
2011-02-02
Journal article
Sieck, W.R. (2011). A cultural models approach for investigating the cognitive basis of terrorism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 3-15.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/171
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4033
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.171
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56212019-07-01T10:03:38Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
What do ‘middle class’ terrorists tell us about the link between poverty and terrorism?
Busher, Joel
Poverty
Introduced in 2006, the Prevent workstream of the UK’s counter-terrorism strategy (CONTEST) has provided a focus for often heated debates about what drives people to support or take part in violent extremism and terrorism in the UK. Six months after the new Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition government announced an extensive review of Prevent, David Cameron used his speech to the Munich Security Conference 2011 [1]to set out his position in relation to these debates. He distanced himself from what he referred to as the ‘hard right’ and the ‘soft left’.
2014-10-30T11:22:19Z
2014-10-30T11:22:19Z
2011-04-07
Journal item
Busher, J. (2011). What do ‘middle class’ terrorists tell us about the link between poverty and terrorism? Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 72-74.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/178
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5621
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.178
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40132019-07-01T10:10:44Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Defining terrorism at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon
Puchooa, Prakash
Law
Lebanon
On 16 February 2011, the Appeals Chamber of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) issued an interlocutory decision regarding the legal definition of terrorism.This decision was in response to a Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC) list of questions requesting, inter alia, an elaboration of the elements of this crime.In exploring this matter, the Appeals Chamber defined the subjective (mens rea) and objective elements (actus reus) of terrorism by referring to domestic Lebanese law and international law. It thereby set out the applicable law for the court. The consequence of this decision however is not limited to the law of STL but may be seen as having far-reaching consequences for the conception of terrorism under both international law and International Criminal Law (ICL). Given the significance of the Appeals Chamber judgment, this paper will scrutinise three areas of concern regarding its propriety.
2013-08-28T15:47:39Z
2013-08-28T15:47:39Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
Puchooa, P. (2011). Defining terrorism at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 34-48.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/227
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4013
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.227
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/71612019-07-01T10:03:37Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Confronting Islamic Jihadist movements
Upal, M. Afzal
Counter-terrorism
Master-narratives
Counter-narratives
Countering violent extremism (CVE)
This paper argues that in order to win the long-term fight against Islamic Jihadist movements, we must confront their ideological foundations and provide the majority of Muslims with an alternative narrative that satisfies their social identity needs for a positive esteem. By analysing social identity dynamics of Western-Muslim interactions, this paper presents some novel ideas that can lead to the creation of such a narrative.
2015-08-10T08:25:50Z
2015-08-10T08:25:50Z
2015-05-25
Journal article
Upal, M. (2015). Confronting Islamic Jihadist movements. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2), pp. 57-69.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1155
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7161
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1155
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39832019-07-01T10:20:07Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Whose hearts and minds? Narratives and counter-narratives of Salafi Jihadism
Al Raffie, Dina
George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies
Universität der Bundeswehr München
Counter-Narratives
War on Terror
Global Jihadism
Islamism
Narratives
Since the advent of the Global War on Terror, the world has witnessed the continuation of terrorist activity under the banner of Salafi Jihad. With military action proving insufficient to defeat the propagators of the ideology, attention has turned to the ideology itself. Understanding the narratives that constitute this ideology and the systems in place that help propagate it is crucial to defeating it. Analysis brings to light elements that arguably constitute a Jihadist master narrative as well as support structures that help perpetuate key underlying messages of this master narrative. Successful counter-narratives should focus on rolling back and containing Jihadist narratives whilst simultaneously highlighting the values and attitudes of democratic, free societies.
2013-08-23T13:39:39Z
2013-08-23T13:39:39Z
2012-09-22
Journal article
Al Raffie, D. (2012). Whose hearts and minds? Narratives and counter-narratives of Salafi Jihadism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2), pp. 13-31.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/304
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3983
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.304
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56132019-07-01T10:14:42Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Human bombing - a religious act
Ilyas, Mohammed
The issue of human bombing, which is popularly known as suicide bombing has become important in the Western world since the 9/11 and 7/7 attacks. Since then the issue of human bombing has become important to academia, the media, and security experts. This interest has resulted in much literature attempting to explain why human bombings take place and what motivates the bombers; for instance, the works of Gambetta (2006); Pape (2006); Merari (2010); Hafez (2006, 2007); Wright (2007); Bloom (2005, 2010); Friedman (2005); and Khosrokhavar (2005).
2014-10-29T16:37:31Z
2014-10-29T16:37:31Z
2014-09-01
Journal article
Ilyas, M. (2014). Human bombing - a religious act. Journal of Terrorism Research, 5(3), pp. 31-38.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/944
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5613
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.944
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56092019-07-01T10:18:18Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Thinking about the 'law of unintended consequences'
Singh, Rashmi
Al-Qaeda
Pakistan
The United State’s now-not-so-covert drone based program targeting Al Qaeda (AQ) and Taliban commanders based in Pakistan’s inhospitable and hostile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FETA) has been operational since 2004. However, US air strikes in Pakistan’s tribal belt have steadily escalated over the past three years. The US has claimed that these attacks have successfully decimated core Al Qaeda and Taliban leadership. This past September alone the US military conducted 26 drone strikes in Pakistan, racking up a figure that the BBC is calling the "highest monthly total for the past six years". Not only do these steadily escalating drone strikes raise some pertinent questions about US/NATO successes claimed under the rubric of the Global War on Terror (or if you prefer, the Overseas Contingency Operations) but they also shed some light on the deteriorating political situation in Pakistan.
2014-10-29T16:30:44Z
2014-10-29T16:30:44Z
2010-10-13
Journal item
Singh, R. (2010). Thinking about the 'law of unintended consequences'. Journal of Terrorism Research, 1(1), pp. 70-73.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/168
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5609
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.168
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39842019-07-01T10:05:46Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Understanding political influence in modern-era conflict: a qualitative historical analysis of Hassan Nasrallah’s speeches
Abu-Lughod, Reem
Warkentin, Samuel
California State University
Politics of government
Middle East
Lebanon
Israel
Hezbollah
War and conflict
Invasion
This research examines and closely analyzes speeches delivered by Hezbollah’s secretary general and spokesman, Hassan Nasrallah, from a content analysis perspective. We reveal that several significant political phenomena that have occurred in Lebanon were impacted by the intensity of speeches delivered by Nasrallah; these three events being the 2006 War, the Doha Agreement, and the 2008 prisoner exchange. Data has been collected from transcribed speeches and analyzed using a qualitative historical analysis. Furthermore, we use latent analysis to assess Nasrallah’s underlying implications of his speeches and identify the themes he uses to influence his audience.
2013-08-23T13:47:49Z
2013-08-23T13:47:49Z
2012-09-22
Journal article
Abu-Lughod, R., & Warkentin, S. (2012). Understanding political influence in modern-era conflict: a qualitative historical analysis of Hassan Nasrallah’s speeches. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2), pp. 32-47.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/382
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3984
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.382
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56242019-07-01T10:02:58Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Donald Liddick. Eco-terrorism: radical environmental and animal liberation movements. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger Publishers, 2006
Loadenthal, Michael
Eco-Terrorism
Hardcover $39.95, pp. 300. ISBN-13: 978-0-27598-535-6 Reviewed by Michael Loadenthal, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., US
2014-10-30T12:12:36Z
2014-10-30T12:12:36Z
2011-01-13
Book review
Loadenthal, M. (2011). Donald Liddick. Eco-terrorism: radical environmental and animal liberation movements. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger Publishers, 2006. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 84-86.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/182
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5624
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/55862019-07-01T10:08:11Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Drones, the US and the new wars in Africa
Attuquayefio, Philip
Since the early 20th Century, Africa has witnessed varying degrees of subversion from the Mau Mau nationalist campaigners in Kenya in the 1950s to acts by rebel groups in the infamous intrastate wars of Sub-Saharan Africa. While the first movement evolved mainly from political acts geared towards the struggle for independence, the latter was mostly evident in attempts to obtain psychological or strategic advantages by combatants in the brutal civil wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, the African Great Lakes region and a number of such civil war theatres in Africa. The element of unrestrained violence commonly identified as a defining feature of terrorism (Attuquayefio, 2006), was palpable in all these movements, yet the socio-political or military drive for these movements barely included religion. The 1990s, however, marked the dawn of religious fundamentalism and its induced terrorism in Africa. With an overwhelming proportion of these terrorist movements tracing their foundations to Islam, a religion that is ordinarily portrayed as one of peace ironically continues to roll out some of the worst acts of terrorism in Africa. This arguably came to the limelight with the August 7, 1998 terrorist bombings of the US embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam that killed over two hundred people. Subsequently in 2002, an Israeli-owned hotel in Mombasa, Kenya was attacked. (Lyman & Morrison, 2004) The attribution of these events to the Egypt-based Islamic Jihad and other Al Qaeda surrogates such as its name sake in the Islamic Maghreb was the first public indication that international terrorist organisations were inducing affiliates on the continent. Subsequently, actions of Al-Shabaab in Somalia, the rise of Boko Haram in Northern Nigeria, the insurrection of Islamic Fundamentalists in Mali in March 2012 as well as the renewed interest in security on the continent by the US and key European countries such as the United Kingdom and France all point to Africa’s emerging relevance as a frontier for the global War on Terrorism.
2014-10-29T16:18:45Z
2014-10-29T16:18:45Z
2014-09-29
Journal article
Attuquayefio, P. (2014). Drones, the US and the new wars in Africa. Journal of Terrorism Research, 5(3), pp. 3-13.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/942
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5586
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.942
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49022019-07-01T10:06:51Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The role of NIA in the War on Terror: an appraisal of National Investigation Act
Kiran, R. Bhanu Krishna
The National Investigation Act, 2008 (NIA ACT) has been enacted and notified on 31 December 2008 and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) only exclusive counterterrorism agency has been constituted to investigate terrorism and related offences. The NIA is mandated to investigate and prosecute offences under the Acts mentioned in the Schedule which includes offences under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 that have inter-state and/or international linkages, which are assigned to it by the Government. Although the NIA Act provide for a comparatively straightforward procedure for investigation of terrorism and related activities, not given the necessary powers to prevent the enumerated offences.
2014-06-20T13:02:38Z
2014-06-20T13:02:38Z
2013-09-24
Journal article
Kiran, R. (2013). The Role of NIA in the War on Terror: An Appraisal of National Investigation Act, 2008. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 4(2), pp. 49-60.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/708
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4902
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.708
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
12
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/48982019-07-01T10:12:50Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Animal rights and environmental terrorism
Cooke, Steve
terrorism
eco-terrorism
animal rights
environmental activism
direct action
animal rights and environmental extremism
single-issue terrorism
Many paradigmatic forms of animal rights and environmental activism have been classed as terrorism both in popular discourse and in law. This paper argues that the labelling of many violent forms of direct action carried out in the name of animal rights or environmentalism as ‘terrorism’ is incorrect. Furthermore, the claim is also made that even those acts which are correctly termed as terrorism are not necessarily wrongful acts. The result of this analysis is to call into question the terms of public debate and the legitimacy of anti-terrorism laws targeting and punishing radical activism.
2014-06-19T13:24:14Z
2014-06-19T13:24:14Z
2013-09-24
Journal article
Cooke, S. (2013). Animal rights and environmental terrorism. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 4(2), 26-36.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/532
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4898
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.532
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
11
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56252019-07-01T10:07:34Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Graham Fuller. A world without Islam. London: Little, Brown and Company, 2010
Ramsay, Gilbert
Islam
Paperback £13.99; pp. 336. ISBN-13: 978-0316041195, Reviewed by Gilbert Ramsay, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
2014-10-30T12:13:00Z
2014-10-30T12:13:00Z
2011-01-13
Book review
Ramsay, G. (2011). Graham Fuller. A world without Islam. London: Little, Brown and Company, 2010. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 87-89.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/183
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5625
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.183
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/55952019-07-01T10:19:09Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Revenge or reward? The case of Somalia’s suicide bombers
Hansen, Stig Jarle
Somalia
Suicide Bombers
This article explores the social mechanisms that lead to the emergence of suicide attacks in new theatres, as well as factors influencing the frequency of such suicide attacks, by studying one of the states in which suicide attacks have most recently occurred – Somalia. The article argues that a suicide attack in the Somali setting seems to be a well-planned reaction to diplomatic or military moves by opposing parties in the conflict. However, it also poses that the initial emergence of suicide attacks in Somalia is grounded in ideological elements new to Somalia. The article thus argues that while frequency variations in suicide attacks are best understood as the result of rational calculations within an organisation, ideological elements and organisational belief systems have to be explored in order to understand the initial adoption of suicide attacks in Somalia.
2014-10-29T16:22:08Z
2014-10-29T16:22:08Z
2010-07-22
Journal article
Hansen, S. (2010). Revenge or reward? The case of Somalia’s suicide bombers. Journal of Terrorism Research, 1(1), pp. 15-40.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/165
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5595
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.165
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49272019-07-01T10:10:46Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Adversarial framing: President Bashar al-Assad’s depiction of the armed Syrian opposition
Merz, Fabien
Syria
Syrian civil war
Bashar al-Assad
framing
adversarial framing
Syrian opposition
terrorism
thematic network analysis
This paper evaluates how Syrian president Bashar al-Assad is framing his opponents in the context of the Syrian civil war. The question is addressed by conducting a qualitative thematic analysis of 13 interviews he gave to international television news networks and newspapers between March and November 2013. It is found that Al-Assad consequently labels the armed opposition as “terrorists” preponderantly composed of groups affiliated to Al-Qaeda. The “terrorists” are framed as posing a threat to the region as well as to international security on a global scale. Furthermore, Al-Assad denies the armed opposition its Syrian grassroots by portraying them as outside aggressors fighting for foreign interests. They are also depicted as “enemies of the Syrian people”, responsible for all the atrocities and human suffering committed during the Syrian civil war.
2014-06-30T14:33:46Z
2014-06-30T14:33:46Z
2014-06-02
Journal article
Merz, F. (2014). Adversarial Framing: President Bashar al-Assad’s Depiction of the Armed Syrian Opposition. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(2), pp. 30-44.
2049-7040
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4927
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.881
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
15
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39852019-07-01T10:16:54Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Crossing the Rubicon: making a case for refining the classification of Jihadist Terrorism
Hand, Robert Wayne
University of Aberdeen
Law enforcement
Definition
Jihadist
Military
Guerrilla
Terrorism
Typology
Civil rights
Counter-terrorism
Theory
Classification
This paper posits that our current understanding of Jihadist Terrorism as a monolithic sub-type of Political Terrorism is flawed and that as a result our governments counter this threat with inappropriately-adapted methods. The author argues: (A) There is a sub-type of Jihadist Terrorism that is more consistent with Walter’s ‘Military Terrorism’ or Feldman and Hinojosa’s ‘Guerrilla Warfare’ than within the typology of Political Terrorism; (B) The author-proposed sub-type of ‘War Terrorism’ should be accepted, examined, defined, and established; and (C) Establishing the author’s sub-type will allow western democracies to devise better counter-terrorism strategies while protecting the civil liberties of their citizens.
2013-08-23T13:50:23Z
2013-08-23T13:50:23Z
2012-09-22
Journal article
Hand, R.W. (2012). Crossing the Rubicon: making a case for refining the classification of Jihadist Terrorism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2), pp. 48-63.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/354
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3985
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.354
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.354
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49252019-07-01T10:15:29Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
A case study of Anders B. Breivik’s intergroup conceptualisation
Holmen Johnsen, Mathias
Lone-wolf terrorism
Social Identity Theory
Radicalisation
Social Psychology
Case Study
Breivik
This paper undertakes summative content analytical case study of Anders Behring Breivik’s political manifesto, analysing Breivik’s conceptualisations of social ingroup and outgroup, and how these concepts interact. Findings indicate that Breivik conceptualises his ingroup on a three-level scale, ranging from specific to general. The outgroup is conceptualised as twofold, seen as either originating inside Breivik’s ingroup society or outside. A basic interaction pattern between the two group-conceptualisations was found, suggesting mutual reinforcement and a self-replicating pattern of radicalization and entrenched group-conceptualisation. Ingroup categories appeared to exist as hierarchical subsets, while outgroup categories were clearly differentiated as separate entities.
2014-06-30T13:34:32Z
2014-06-30T13:34:32Z
2014-06-02
Journal article
Holmen Johnsen, M. (2014). A Case Study of Anders B. Breivik’s Intergroup Conceptualisation. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(2), pp. 1-11.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/879/732
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4925
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.879
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
11
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56002019-07-01T10:03:04Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
An analysis of the public reporting to Lothian and Borders police on perceived terrorism-related matters after the Glasgow Airport terrorist attack in 2007
Gallagher, Martin
Reporting
Police
The Glasgow Airport terrorist attack of 2007 led to the initiation of a Lothian and Borders Police operation to investigate an expected increase in the public reporting of terrorism-related matters. This paper considers the two specific areas of data in respect of these reports: the reporters and the information they imparted. An analysis of reporter characteristics is undertaken, highlighting areas of interest concerning age, employment and place of birth. The information imparted to the police is then analysed with particular aspects of reporting identified, primarily the activity the subject was undertaking, with sub-analysis of ethnicity of subjects and premises cited. The influence of the media is also considered. The conclusions centre on the prevalence of Asian subjects in the reporting, an apparent lack of minority reporters and the nature of the public implications concerning terrorist activity as opposed to overt expressions of the nature of suspicions.
2014-10-29T16:24:40Z
2014-10-29T16:24:40Z
2010-09-27
Journal article
Gallagher, M. (2010). An analysis of the public reporting to Lothian and Borders police on perceived terrorism-related matters after the Glasgow Airport terrorist attack in 2007. Journal of Terrorism Research, 1(1), pp. 41-53.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/166
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5600
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.166
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56232019-07-01T10:11:55Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Gangs and terrorist: dangerous classmates in Minnesota’s Somali community
Brown, Christopher
Gangs
United States
Morning television programs are suddenly interrupted across the world as pictures of frightened people running panicked through downtown city streets fill the airwaves. In the background, smoke and flames billow from a towering icon of the cityscape. Panic grips the US as security goes on high alert across the nation, bringing a virtual standstill to transportation and commerce. The Commodities Exchange closes during the middle of the day sending shockwaves through the global financial establishment.
2014-10-30T11:22:41Z
2014-10-30T11:22:41Z
2011-04-26
Journal item
Brown, C. (2011). Gangs and terrorist: dangerous classmates in Minnesota’s Somali community. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 78-80.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/180
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5623
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.180
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56052019-07-01T10:11:47Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Listening to the victims of terrorism
Robert, Lambert
Victims
When my grandfather retired from the Metropolitan Police in 1924 society paid little attention to the perspectives and needs of the victims of crime. This was as true for the victims of terrorism as for victims of other crimes. More recently the perspectives and interests of victims of crime in general and the victims of terrorism in particular have often assumed significant importance, not least in politics and in the media.
2014-10-29T16:28:22Z
2014-10-29T16:28:22Z
2011-01-14
Journal item
Lambert, R. (2011). Listening to the victims of terrorism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1).
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/174
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5605
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.174
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40222019-07-01T10:16:55Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Leonard Weinberg. Global terrorism: a beginner’s guide. Oxford, UK, Oneworld Publications, 2005. Paperback US $14.95, pp. 182. ISBN: 1-85168-358-5 [Book review]
Romaniuk, Scott Nicholas
Global terrorism
Reviewed by Scott Nicholas Romaniuk, University of Aberdeen.
2013-08-29T12:22:22Z
2013-08-29T12:22:22Z
2011-12-20
Journal item
Romaniuk, S.N. (2011). Leonard Weinberg. Global terrorism: a beginner’s guide. Oxford, UK, Oneworld Publications, 2005. Paperback US $14.95, pp. 182. ISBN: 1-85168-358-5. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(2), pp. 51-52.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/219
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4022
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.219
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40342019-07-01T10:11:27Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Why sacred lands are not indivisible: the cognitive foundations of sacralising land
Sosis, Richard
Religion
Numerous political analysts have argued that conflicts over sacred land are intractable. These scholars maintain that sacred lands are psychologically perceived as indivisible, or alternatively, in the sociological tradition, their indivisibility is a social fact. Moreover, religious beliefs are viewed as stagnant and resistant to change. Consequently, resolving such conflicts is fraught with difficulty, and even if a truce could be imposed, it would be unstable and violence would eventually erupt. A cognitive and evolutionary account offers a less pessimistic view. Individuals do not conceive of sacred lands in the same way that they conceive of sacred space, such as cemeteries or houses of worship, or sacred objects, such as holy water or prayer beads. Unlike sacred space and objects, whose boundaries are clearly defined, conceptions of sacred land are typically abstract and may bear little resemblance to the contested physical land. While abstract notions of sacred land are indivisible and must remain intact, the physical land is not indivisible, and therefore there is often greater room for negotiation of sacred lands than is generally appreciated.
2013-09-02T15:33:33Z
2013-09-02T15:33:33Z
2011-02-02
Journal article
Sosis, R. (2011). Why sacred lands are not indivisible: the cognitive foundations of sacralising land. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 17-44.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/172
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4034
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.172
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56192019-07-01T10:13:47Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The need for situational awareness in a CBRNE attack
Nelms, Jordan
CBRNE
Six years before the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and eight years before the United States went to war with Saddam Hussein for his alleged concealment of chemical and biological weapons caches, Japan's Tokyo subway was struck by one of the most vicious terror attacks in modern history. The 1995 Sarin terrorist attack represents an important case study for post-9/11 emergency managers because it highlights the key issues first responders and public health officials face when confronted with a CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive) mass-casualty attack.
2014-10-30T11:21:55Z
2014-10-30T11:21:55Z
2011-02-02
Journal item
Nelms, J. (2011). The need for situational awareness in a CBRNE attack. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 65-67.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/176
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5619
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.176
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/66622019-07-01T10:11:18Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Warren Chin. Britain and the war on terror: policy, strategy and operations
Marsden, Sarah V.
Dorchester: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2013. pp.250. £65.00. ISBN: 978-0-7546-9528-8. Reviewed by Sarah V. Marsden.
2015-05-19T10:46:58Z
2015-05-19T10:46:58Z
2015-02-04
Book review
Marsden, S. (2015). Warren Chin. Britain and the war on terror: policy, strategy and operations. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(1), pp. 49-51.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1076
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6662
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1076
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39532019-07-01T10:05:36Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
How to transform a ‘place of violence’ into a ‘space of collective remembering’: Italy and its traumatic past
Tota, Anna Lisa
This paper seeks to analyse cultural trauma theories and their consequences as well as their potential applicability to cases of collective trauma where access to the legal arena in the rehabilitation process is not possible. When ‘state terror’ occurs, such as in Latin America, or, more arguably Italy, access to the legal arena is systematically denied through a variety of criminal strategies. In these cases, the cultural working through of trauma takes place on the aesthetic level. What are the consequences of this process both for the inscription of the crucial event in public discourse and for its relationship with justice? Moreover, how do aesthetic codes affect the public definition of justice and a collective understanding of what happened?
2013-08-09T15:49:41Z
2013-08-09T15:49:41Z
2013-05-31
Journal article
Tota, A.L. (2013). How to transform a ‘place of violence’ into a ‘space of collective remembering’: Italy and its traumatic past. Journal of Terrorism Research, 4(1), pp. 65-88.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/623
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3953
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.623
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49122019-07-01T10:05:11Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Introduction: Terrorism and Counter-terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Busher, Joel
Special Edition Issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
2014-06-27T14:20:21Z
2014-06-27T14:20:21Z
2014-02-10
Journal item
Busher, J. (2014). Introduction: Terrorism and Counter-terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 1-4.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/824/703
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4912
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.824
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
4
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/71622019-07-01T10:04:01Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Al Qaida’s persuasive devices in the digital world
Bachmann, Michael
Wright, Julia E.
Al Qaida
AQAA
Islamic extremist
Terrorist organizations
Internet use
Recruiting tactics
Communications
Content analysis
The study examines the application of the post-World War II U.S. Armed Forces propaganda analysis methods as a valid framework for the analysis of modern extremist social media. Using Jihadist and Islamic extremist, Al Qaida core, affiliate and associate (AQAA), digital media products, the framework examines persuasive devices used to attempt to appeal to potential recruits and ultimately incite them to violence. The findings of the content analysis extend previous examinations and provide a unique lens in which to view the appeals used in messaging to encourage potential violent actors in civil society. The examination categorizes tools of persuasion with the aim to validate the applicability of a historical framework in exploring modern messaging, informing future counter-narratives, and providing law enforcement cues in the analysis and determination of ongoing threats in their respective jurisdictions.
2015-08-10T08:35:07Z
2015-08-10T08:35:07Z
2015-05-25
Journal article
Wright, J., & Bachmann, M. (2015). Al Qaida’s persuasive devices in the digital world. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2), pp. 70-82.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1156
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7162
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1156
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40042019-07-01T10:05:17Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The creation of a contagious H5N1 influenza virus: implications for the education of life scientists
Novossiolova, Tatyana
Minehata, Masamichi
Dando, Malcolm
H5N1
Bioterrorism
Life sciences
Oversight
Education
BTWC
The paper contends that the ongoing controversy surrounding the creation of a contagious H5N1 influenza virus has already exposed the severe limitations of the possibility of preventing the hostile misuse of the life sciences by dint of oversight of proposals and publications. It further argues that in order to prevent the potential wholesale militarisation of the life sciences, it is essential that life scientists become aware of their responsibilities within the context of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) and actively contribute their expertise to strengthening the biological weapons non-proliferation regime.
2013-08-27T12:35:28Z
2013-08-27T12:35:28Z
2012-06-10
Journal article
Novossiolova, T., Minehata, M., & Dando, M. (2012). The creation of a contagious H5N1 influenza virus: implications for the education of life scientists. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(1), pp. 39-51.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/417
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4004
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.417
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49282019-07-01T10:07:53Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Operation Pillar of Defence and the 2013 Israeli elections: defensive or provocative intervention?
Orenes, Philippse
Based on the research on the psychological and political effects of terrorism, this paper focuses on the possible use of provocative counter-terrorism operations in order to influence the outcome of elections. Exploring the case of the Israeli Operation Pillar of Defence, that occurred from 14 November, 2012 to 21 November, the study resorts to qualitative and quantitative methods in a semi-flexible design with a view to exploring whether this operation, and the major escalation it took part in, was necessary and proportionate. The findings are that, in light of the broader context and Israeli experience with counter-terrorism responses, the political exploitation of the psychological effects of this crisis may have been a major motive in the decision to launch this operation.
2014-06-30T14:57:54Z
2014-06-30T14:57:54Z
2014-06-02
Journal article
Orenes, P. (2014). Operation Pillar of Defence and the 2013 Israeli Elections: Defensive or Provocative Intervention?. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(2), pp. 45-58.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/882/730
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4928
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.882
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
14
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49012019-07-01T10:08:28Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Islamist groups in the UK and recruitment
Ilyas, Mohammed
Islam
Muslim
Islamist
Islamism
Muslim Against Crusader
Radicalization
Emotions
Europe
Vicarious humiliation
Media
Since 2001 and 7/7 the search to find out why and how Muslims born in Europe join political and violence orientated Islamist groups has occupied policy makers and social scientist. The search has produced explanations that suggest social grievance, Islam and physiological problems are the motivations for why some Muslims join and act on behalf of Islamist groups in the UK. However, the approaches tend not to focus the role emotions generated from events that involve Muslim suffering play in some individuals becoming interested in acquiring and acting upon them. These events are often experienced variously by Muslims living in Europe through the media and are used by Islamist groups as resources to recruit. Consequently, this paper is based on interviews carried out with Islamists in the UK and tentatively discusses two process that take into account the emotional effect of events that concern Muslims in order to make sense of how some Muslims become compelled to acquire extreme ideas, act upon extreme ideas (independently or behalf of a group) or join Islamist groups.
2014-06-20T12:32:57Z
2014-06-20T12:32:57Z
2013-09-24
Journal article
Ilyas, M. (2013). Islamist groups in the UK and recruitment. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 4(2), pp. 37-48.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/631
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4901
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.631
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
12
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49202019-07-01T10:14:54Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
‘Soldiers of God or Allah’: Religious Politicization and the Boko Haram Crisis in Nigeria
Maiangwa, Benjamin
religious politicization
state weakness
bad governance
Boko Haram
terrorism
Northern Nigeria
Special Edition issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Several works on Boko Haram have underscored the issues of state weakness and bad governance in Nigeria as the major problematic fuelling the group’s violent activities. While the state fragility argument is indispensable, this paper argues that the religious dimension is also critical to any attempt to understand the Boko Haram crisis. To this end, the paper will examine how the historical and contemporary processes of religious politicization in Nigeria have contributed to the rise and radicalization of Boko Haram.
2014-06-27T15:41:33Z
2014-06-27T15:41:33Z
2014-02-10
Journal article
Maiangwa, B. (2014). ‘Soldiers of God or Allah’: Religious Politicization and the Boko Haram Crisis in Nigeria. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 58-66.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/829
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4920
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.829
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
9
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40102019-07-01T10:07:29Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Paving the way for extremism: how preventing the symptoms does not cure the disease of terrorism
Awan, Imran
Law
The British government’s controversial counter-terrorism strategies and policies have come under fierce opposition with critics arguing it has not actually prevented extremism but has manifested itself into a political and ideological campaign that unfairly targets the Muslim community. Moreover, such strategies have marginalised the Muslim community in the UK from wider civic society and created an atmosphere of hate and anger. The Prime Minister of Great Britain, David Cameron in 2010, spoke at a conference in Munich about security, radicalisation, and multi-culturalism, sparking a debate about how the UK monitors and deals with extremism. Blaming the doctrine of ‘state-multiculturalism’ the British coalition government argued for a more ‘active muscular liberalism’ which would identify the root causes of extremist ideologies. Moreover, this paranoia and hysteria has led to a social, political, moral and theological debate about Islamism, Muslims, and terrorism which is fuelled by the way Britain is portrayed across the world as a country where extremist organisations employ tactics of persuasion, indoctrination, radicalisation and the promotion of religious intolerance.
2013-08-28T15:41:11Z
2013-08-28T15:41:11Z
2011-11-11
Journal article
Awan, I. (2011). Paving the way for extremism: how preventing the symptoms does not cure the disease of terrorism. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(3), pp. 4-8.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/224
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4010
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.224
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49182019-07-01T10:10:04Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Tracing Al Shabaab’s Decision to Cooperate with Al Qaeda in Somalia (2008)
Sjah, Adlini Ilma Ghaisany
process-tracing
rational choice theory
preferences
nationalistic
transnational
Al Shabaab
global jihad
Somalia
Special Edition issue - Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa
l Shabaab, a Somali insurgent with predominantly nationalistic causes (alongside transnational [global Jihad] and Islamic goals) made the choice to fight on behalf of Al Qaeda in 2008. The decision to do so contrasted with Al Shabaab’s previous behaviour of actively denying cooperation and distancing itself from Al Qaeda. This study aims to uncover factors that contributed to Al Shabaab’s decision through the use of process-tracing. The results show that Al Shabaab’s declaration of cooperation with Al Qaeda in August 2008 was brought about by a series of events that traced back to four factors: public reactions to the implementation of a Salafi ideology, the shift to a radical leadership, Al Shabaab’s inability to maintain stability in areas under its control and its increasing attacks by Al Shabaab on the Somali public. Al Shabaab pursued cooperation with Al Qaeda after realizing that their nationalistic preference was no longer achievable in the near future.
2014-06-27T15:05:13Z
2014-06-27T15:05:13Z
2014-02-10
Journal article
Sjah, A. (2014). Tracing Al Shabaab’s Decision to Cooperate with Al Qaeda in Somalia (2008). Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(1), pp. 35-45.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/827/696
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4918
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.827
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
11
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/71652019-07-01T10:06:17Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Off with their heads: the Islamic State and civilian beheadings
Zech, Steven T.
Kelly, Zane M.
Islamic State
Beheading
Terrorism
Violence
Iraq
Syria
This commentary evaluates the use of beheadings by the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. We place beheadings in a broader historical context and draw from academic research in terrorism studies and the social sciences to explain why the Islamic State has adopted such brutal tactics. We outline the strategic logic of beheading and evaluate explanations related to symbolic politics, culture, and organizational dynamics. We conclude with a discussion about the future of Islamic State violence.
2015-08-10T13:34:12Z
2015-08-10T13:34:12Z
2015-05-25
Journal article
Zech, S., & Kelly, Z. (2015). Off with their heads: the Islamic State and civilian beheadings. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2), pp. 83-93.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1157
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7165
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1157
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40232019-07-01T10:06:54Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Paul Brooker. Modern stateless warfare. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, e-book $85.00, pp. vii + 256. ISBN: 9780230274761 [Book review]
Pikalov, Aleksandr
Insurgences
Reviewed by Aleksandr Pikalov, University of St. Andrews.
2013-08-29T12:24:47Z
2013-08-29T12:24:47Z
2011-10-30
Journal item
Pikalov, A. (2011). Paul Brooker. Modern stateless warfare. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, e-book $85.00, pp. vii + 256. ISBN: 9780230274761. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(2), pp. 53-54.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/222
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4023
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.222
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40022019-07-01T10:10:02Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Characterising the UK terrorist threat: the problem with non-violent ideology as a focus for counter-terrorism and terrorism as the product of ‘vulnerability’
Richards, Anthony
This article investigates two particular aspects as to how the terrorist threat in the UK has been characterised, arguing that they both challenge conventional academic wisdom as to how terrorism should be conceptualised. While such conventional wisdom should always be open to challenge, and policymaking perspectives are different to those of academics, these two particular aspects as to how the terrorist threat has been perceived in the UK merit scrutiny, especially as counter-terrorism strategies have been premised on them. They are: i) the contemporary and explicit concern with ‘extremist’ but non-violent ideas that are said to be ‘conducive’ to terrorism as a focus for a counter-terrorism response and ii) the notion that terrorism has increasingly been seen as the product of ‘vulnerability’. The first, and the main focus of this article, appears to challenge the widely held view within terrorism studies that, when defining terrorism, reference to the cause or the perpetrator is unhelpful because terrorism should first and foremost (and more objectively) be seen as a particular method of violence that has been used by a wide variety of actors, regardless of the ideology or the belief systems of its perpetrators. The second aspect – the impetus towards viewing terrorism as the product of vulnerability or individual fallibility - arguably implies a diminished capacity for rational behaviour, which challenges a further commonly held view within terrorism studies: that terrorism entails the use of calculated and rational acts of violence.
2013-08-27T12:31:36Z
2013-08-27T12:31:36Z
2012-07-10
Journal article
Richards, A. (2012). Characterising the UK terrorist threat: the problem with non-violent ideology as a focus for counter-terrorism and terrorism as the product of ‘vulnerability’. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(1), pp. 17-26.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/414
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4002
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.414
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56282019-07-01T10:15:19Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Justin Gest. Apart: alienated and engaged Muslims in the West. London, Hurst & Company, 2010
McConnell, Alison
Islam
UK
Cloth, 256 pages, ISBN: 978-0-231-70188-4, $35.00, Reviewed by Alison McConnell, Gulu Support the Children Organisation (GUSCO), Gulu, Uganda
2014-10-30T12:14:03Z
2014-10-30T12:14:03Z
2011-02-02
Book review
McConnell, A. (2007). Justin Gest. Apart: alienated and engaged Muslims in the West. London, Hurst & Company, 2010. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 95-96.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/186
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5628
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.186
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/49262019-07-01T10:07:55Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Operation Enduring Freedom: institutional constraints, alliance commitments, and the power capabilities of counterterrorism
Kattelman, Kyle T.
terrorism
counterterrorism
alliances
collective action
What prompted states to participate in the War on Terror? Conventional wisdom concludes that the endeavor is an unpopular exercise in US imperialism, yet this argument is juxtaposed with the overwhelming amount of international support in its initial stages. Additionally, while there is a great depth and breadth of information on aggregate terrorist attacks and their theoretical motivation, there is relatively little with regards to counterterrorist behavior. This study represents the first of its kind to examine from a global perspective the counterterrorist behavior of states by linking it to the conflict theories of general and immediate deterrence. The results will show how democratic characteristics inhibit military commitment while alliance obligations act as an outside constraint that engenders preemptive behavior. However, once committed militarily, state capabilities are the main influence on the level of preemptive action applied. This analysis supports the utilization of traditional conflict theories when examining state counterterrorist behavior.
2014-06-30T14:11:53Z
2014-06-30T14:11:53Z
2014-06-02
Journal article
Kattelman, K. (2014). Operation Enduring Freedom: Institutional Constraints, Alliance Commitments, and the Power Capabilities of Counterterrorism. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 5(2), pp. 12-29.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/880/728
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4926
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.880
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
18
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40202019-07-01T10:17:20Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Prince, Stephen, Firestorm. American film in the age of terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 2009 and Cettl, Robert, Terrorism in American cinema. An analytical filmography, 1960 - 2008, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, publishers, 2009 [Book review]
Skrzypek, Janka
Filmography
Reviewed by Janka Skrzypek.
2013-08-29T12:19:49Z
2013-08-29T12:19:49Z
2011-10-30
Journal item
Skrzypek, J. (2011). Prince, Stephen, Firestorm. American film in the age of terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 2009 and Cettl, Robert, Terrorism in American cinema. An analytical filmography, 1960 - 2008, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, publishers, 2009. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(2), pp 46-48.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/217
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4020
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.217
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40052019-07-01T10:03:32Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
In the face of an emergency: what makes a responsive and resilient society?
Walters, Montine L.
Emergency response
This article intends to highlight the ways in which the response required to deal with terrorist threats of the 21st Century differs from that required to respond to threats the UK has faced in the past. In addition it will assess ways in which the UK may strengthen the population’s resilience and the ability of the population to respond to emergency incidents.
2013-08-27T12:37:39Z
2013-08-27T12:37:39Z
2012-07-10
Journal article
Walters, M.L. (2012). In the face of an emergency: what makes a responsive and resilient society? Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(1), pp. 52-61.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/418
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4005
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.418
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56112019-07-01T10:13:05Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
The theatre of cruelty: dehumanization, objectification & Abu Ghraib
Spens, Christiana
A clumsy pyramid of kneeling men, naked apart from the hoods over their heads, with a smiling, fair-headed woman and a grinning man with a moustache, wearing green cleaning gloves; a slight woman with a blank expression and a man on the floor, on a limp leash; a hooded, robed figure, standing on a box with his arms outstretched and a pose similar to the crucifixion, with sinister wires behind him, and otherwise blank surroundings. A row of more hooded, naked men, forced to do sexual acts as a female prison guard (Lynndie England), tanned and wearing various shades of khaki, grins and does a thumbs up sign, pointing at him, her cigarette tilted and her expression not altogether different from Bonnie in Bonnie and Clyde. A man in uniform and a black beanie hat, sitting on an Iraqi prisoner. Another pyramid of naked detainees, with a man and women behind them, smiling arm in arm, as if they are standing by a caught wild boar or large fish, or a well-organised barbeque. The moustached man (Charles Graner), again smiling and giving a thumbs up sign, this time over a corpse, whose bloody eyes have been bandaged. A naked prisoner covering his ears, as several dogs bark at him, and soldiers watch on. Another prisoner chained to a bed-frame, with some underpants covering his face. These infamous scenes, shown in the Abu Ghraib photographs, shocked many people, and the perpetrators of the torture depicted were condemned by the relevant authorities. They transformed from clandestine mementos of hidden violence to records of an international scandal and evidence of serious crime. Their meaning changed depending on who saw them, how they were interpreted, what reactions they provoked, and the rulings of the courts regarding the people involved. They went from being private victory shots, to an international public relations disaster, to evidence of breaking of the Geneva Convention.
2014-10-29T16:31:46Z
2014-10-29T16:31:46Z
2014-09-30
Journal article
Spens, C. (2014). The theatre of cruelty: dehumanization, objectification & Abu Ghraib. Journal of Terrorism Research, 5(3), pp. 49-69.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/946
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5611
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.946
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/55962019-07-01T10:14:31Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Case studies in exploiting terrorist group divisions with disinformation and divisive/black propaganda
Garner, George
PSYOPS
Disinformation
Counterterrorism operations should be exploiting the divisions and infighting of terrorist groups. The overall goal should be to make fewer mistakes than the jihadis, help increase inter-group and intra-group tension, and further their disconnection from the wider public. This paper argues that strategic psychological operations (PSYOP) that focus on exploiting rifts in leadership, differences in strategic planning, and ethnic, national and tribal differences within and among terrorist groups could be an integral part of overall counterterrorism efforts. Using three case studies, chosen because of the attention given to them in the international community and the illuminating group and leadership characteristics that can be found in many other jihadist organisations, the paper illustrates that PSYOP that expand on the existing framework could be very effective in countering the jihadist threat.
2014-10-29T16:22:36Z
2014-10-29T16:22:36Z
2010-07-22
Journal article
Garner, G. (2010). Case studies in exploiting terrorist group divisions with disinformation and divisive/black propaganda. Journal of Terrorism Research, 1(1), pp. 3-14.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/164
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5596
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.164
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39992019-07-01T10:10:06Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Introduction: emergency preparedness
Veness, Sir David
Emergency response
Introduction to the Special Issue: Assessing the Emergency Response to Terrorism.
2013-08-27T12:26:37Z
2013-08-27T12:26:37Z
2012-07-10
Journal article
Veness, D. (2012). Introduction: emergency preparedness. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(1), pp. 3-5.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/411
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3999
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.411
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/56222019-07-01T10:17:30Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Revolts in the Arab world: is it bad news for Islamic terrorists?
Lilli, Eugenio
Arab Spring
Everything started when a young man set himself on fire in the provincial town of Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia. Mohamed Bouazizi, this was his name, was selling fruit and vegetables on the street without a license. After a policewoman stopped him and confiscated his cart and produce, he felt so angry and desperate that he took that drastic decision. It was December 17th,2010. Since then a long series of demonstrations, riots and revolts have quickly and unabatedly spread from Tunisia throughout the Arab world. Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen, Oman and Bahrain, among others, were all affected in one way or another by these events. Tunisia’s President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was ousted and Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak experienced the same fate.
2014-10-30T11:22:31Z
2014-10-30T11:22:31Z
2011-04-07
Journal item
Lilli, E. (2011). Revolts in the Arab world: is it bad news for Islamic terrorists? Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(1), pp. 75-77.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/179
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5622
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.179
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/39812019-07-01T10:04:52Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Lone wolves in cyberspace
Weimann, Gabriel
University of Haifa
Open-Source Jihad
al-Qaeda
Lone-wolf
Communication
Internet
Social media
Lone-wolf terrorism has been regarded as a serious threat to public safety in recent years. Moreover, the phenomenon appears to be increasing at an alarming rate. However, the gap between the perceived threat of lone-wolf terrorism, on the one hand, and the almost exclusive scholarly focus on group-based terrorism, on the other hand, indicates the need for more conceptual and empirical examinations of the lone-wolf terrorism. One perspective highlighted in this article is the use of online communication platforms. Lone-wolf terrorism has been regarded as a serious threat to public safety in recent years. After reviewing the role of these platforms for lone-wolf terrorists in general and for the “new” al-Qaeda, in particular, the paper concludes with proposed potential counter-terrorism measures applicable to this new arena.
2013-08-22T15:42:57Z
2013-08-22T15:42:57Z
2012-09-22
Journal article
Weimann, G. (2012). Lone wolves in cyberspace. Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2), pp. 75-90.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/405
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3981
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.405
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/48972019-07-01T10:17:18Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Is militant Islamism a busted flush in Indonesia?
Carnegie, Paul J.
Indonesia
Islamism
militants
radicalism
security threats
terrorism
In the late 1990s, Indonesia - the world’s most populous Muslim nation - began a transition from authoritarian rule. At the time, many commentators expressed concern about the security threat posed by militant Islamist extremists in the wake of Suharto’s downfall. Initially, Indonesia did witness a proliferation of Islamist paramilitary groups and a heightened security environment. Yet, in the decade and more since then, the dire threat predictions have largely failed to materialize. In fact, Indonesia today in coordination with international partners has reduced its potential climate of threat at least strategically. This outcome raises some interesting questions. First, has Indonesia really contained its paramilitary/extremist threat? Secondly, if so, how and what lessons, if any, can we draw from this? The following paper examines the ways in which Indonesia’s security concerns have actually diminished.
2014-06-19T13:08:29Z
2014-06-19T13:08:29Z
2013-09-24
Journal article
Carnegie, P. (2013). Is militant Islamism a busted flush in Indonesia?. Journal Of Terrorism Research, 4(2), pp. 14-25.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/563
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4897
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.563
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
12
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/40242019-07-01T10:09:12Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
A quantitative assessment on 26/11 Mumbai attack using social network analysis
Azad, Sarita
Gupta, Arvind
26/11 Mumbai attack
Social network analysis
Terrorism
Mathematical models
This paper analyses, the terror attacks in Mumbai on November 26, 2008, popularly known as 26/11 terror attacks, as per a mathematical technique known as Social Network Analysis (SNA). This analysis of the behaviour of the ten attackers and their telephonic communications with their handlers in Pakistan even as the attacks were in progress is based on the open source information. Using the SNA technique, we identify the key members, sub-groups, and the interaction among the various members of the group. The analysis gives useful insights into the modus operandi of the terrorists. We have found that a star-type structure of hierarchy prevailed during the attack which means terrorists were well connected through a central node.
2013-08-29T13:58:00Z
2013-08-29T13:58:00Z
2011-10-30
Journal article
Azad, S., & Gupta, A. (2011). A quantitative assessment on 26/11 Mumbai attack using social network analysis. Journal of Terrorism Research, 2(2), pp. 4-14.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/187
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4024
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.187
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/71602019-07-01T10:03:59Zcom_10023_3885com_10023_3884col_10023_3886
Terrorism in Indonesia: a review on rehabilitation and deradicalization
Zora, A. Sukabdi
Terrorism
Root causes
Rehabilitation
Disengagement
Deradicalization
Parameters
In the context where terrorism is viewed as an act of crime based on ideology, rehabilitating offenders are significantly critical. This journal aims to identify terror activists’ behavior transformation process, critical development areas needed in changing terrorism perpetrators’ behavior, key elements in rehabilitation, criterions for successful rehabilitation, and parameters of effective deradicalization according to those who have disengaged from violence and criminal activities. Data were collected from forty three former terrorism perpetrators and religious activists inside and outside prisons using unstructured interviews, focused group discussions, and a list of questions in a questionnaire. The result shows that behavior transformation is possible and there are six dimensions of critical areas of development needed in rehabilitating terror activists in Indonesia. The result also indicates some inputs for successful rehabilitation and effective deradicalization.
2015-08-10T08:18:43Z
2015-08-10T08:18:43Z
2015-05-25
Journal article
Sukabdi, Z. (2015). Terrorism in Indonesia: a review on rehabilitation and deradicalization. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2), pp. 36-56.
2049-7040
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/1154
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7160
http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.1154
en
Journal of Terrorism Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This is an open access article published in Journal of Terrorism Research. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St Andrews