2024-03-29T05:30:43Zhttps://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/oai/requestoai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/169582019-01-30T09:31:31Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_2323com_10023_39col_10023_47col_10023_2325
St Andrews Research Repository
advisor
Rutz, Christian
author
Sugasawa, Shoko
sponsor
Nihon Gakusei Shien Kikō
2019-01-30T09:22:37Z
2019-01-30T09:22:37Z
2016-06-01
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16958
en
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Title redacted
Thesis
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
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/122202023-03-21T12:29:48Zcom_10023_2323com_10023_39col_10023_2325
St Andrews Research Repository
advisor
Magurran, Anne E.
author
Rocha Kortz, Alessandra
sponsor
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Ciência sem Fronteiras
sponsor
Brazil. Coordenação do Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
2017-12-01T15:17:25Z
2017-12-01T15:17:25Z
2017-12-07
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12220
https://doi.org/10.17630/10023-12220
How do newly established species interact with existing assemblage members to alter local biodiversity? This question is especially topical given growing concerns about increased temporal turnover levels relative to background rates. My PhD thesis concerns young, isolated pines Pinus elliottii invading the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) as a study system to test the hypothesis that the impact of newly established individuals varies across habitat layers. I sampled both vegetation layers (shrub and grass) of two distinct habitats, the shrub-dominated campo sujo and the grass-dominated campo úmido. My results show that the pine is changing α diversity in the dominant vegetation layer of each habitat: the shrub layer of campo sujo and the grass layer of campo úmido. The shape of the diversity v. establishment time relationship is habitat dependent; there is a hump shaped relationship between diversity and pine size in the grass layer but a linear one in the shrub layer. β diversity metrics – which take species composition into account - reveal marked differences in species composition between the habitats in the shrub layer, whereas the corresponding pair of invaded and control sites of the same habitat and layer is more similar than expected (in both vegetation layers). The degree of similarity between sites also changes as the invasion proceeds. In the campo sujo habitat, sites become more compositionally distinct, whereas in the grass layer of campo úmido sites get more similar. This suggests that the timing of changes in species composition is habitat-dependent and reinforces the need to remove the invader individuals from the area. My results show that, though complex, the consequences for local biodiversity of non-native species establishment are not haphazard. As such they contribute to the understanding of species coexistence and help explain why species invasion can lead to very different biodiversity outcomes.
en
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Biological diversity
Community ecology
Habitat structure
Invasion impact
Pinus elliottii
Biodiversity change in the Cerrado following invasive pine tree establishment
Thesis
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URL
https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/12220/3/Alessandra-Rocha-Kortz-PhD-Thesis.pdf
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Alessandra-Rocha-Kortz-PhD-Thesis.pdf.txt
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/74462019-07-01T10:08:57Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_2323com_10023_39col_10023_47col_10023_2325
St Andrews Research Repository
advisor
Cresswell, Will
author
Ivande, Samuel T.
sponsor
Leventis Conservation Foundation
2015-09-11T15:38:40Z
2015-09-11T15:38:40Z
2015-11-30
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7446
Declines in breeding populations of most migrants across much of the Palearctic have been linked to environmental conditions in their African non-breeding grounds. Studying winter distribution dynamics for these species is necessary to understand how factors in these areas may influence their overall population dynamics. This thesis explored in detail the distribution ecology of migrants in the Guinea savannah, the region from where wintering migrants currently show the greatest breeding population declines. In particular, I investigated some prevailing but hitherto little tested ecological hypothesis concerning impacts of geographical, vegetation and anthropogenic characteristics on the densities and winter distribution of migrants in Africa. Migrant distribution seemed to fit a pattern where decisions leading to winter habitat choice and association were hierarchical and jointly influenced by factors extrinsic and intrinsic to the habitats at large and finer scales respectively. Migrants were distributed in reasonable densities across a wide range of habitats. There was also evidence for an independent effect of latitude on densities and distribution, even after controlling for habitat characteristics. There was no evidence of large changes in latitudinal density patterns within a given winter season and site density patterns were generally consistent over the study duration. Migrants and taxonomically-related/ecologically similar Afrotropical residents showed similarities in habitat requirements and utilization, although migrants utilized habitats over a wider latitudinal range. Some migrants tended to show correspondence in site occurrence between consecutive winters but less so within a given winter season and there was an overall low transferability of habitat models for Palearctic migrants between sites in Nigeria. Collectively, the results describe distribution mechanisms typical for ecologically flexible species that can best be described as habitat generalists. As generalists, migrants are expected to show some resilience, especially in dealing with local and small scale changes on their wintering grounds such that these are unlikely to be the primary limiting factor in their population dynamics. However, the scale of ongoing habitat change across much of Africa is perhaps contributing to overcome the resilience engendered by their generalism. Conservation efforts for these mainly generalists species may therefore aim to preserve habitat on a large scale, perhaps through the promotion of sustainable land use practices.
en
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Palearctic migrants
Species distribution
Afrotropics
Conservation
Distribution ecology of Palearctic migrants in the humid Guinea savannah in West Africa
Thesis
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
URL
https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/7446/1/Thefulltextofthisdocumentisnotavailable.pdf
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/186212019-10-08T02:06:03Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_2323com_10023_39col_10023_47col_10023_2325
St Andrews Research Repository
advisor
Rendell, Luke
author
Lamoni, Luca Ubaldo
sponsor
Leverhulme Trust
2019-10-07T08:39:21Z
2019-10-07T08:39:21Z
2018-12-06
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/18621
For more than forty years, the complex songs emitted by humpback whales have
fascinated the scientific community as well as the general public. These songs are
produced by males during the breeding season, and are hierarchically structured and
population specific. Within a population, males tend to conform to the same song type,
but songs undergo gradual unidirectional change. Instances of more rapid song changes
have also been recorded, where the song sung by a population has been replaced by the
song of an adjacent population. The learning mechanisms that concurrently drive song
conformity, and simultaneously allow gradual (evolution) and rapid (revolution) song
change are not currently understood. This thesis aims to address this gap by using
innovative theoretical models as well as more established empirical methods.
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the thesis topics. In chapter 2 I
introduce a spatially explicit agent-based modelling approach to investigate humpback
whale song evolution and transmission. I found that shared feeding grounds promote
inter-population song transmission, song conformity emerges as a function of breeding
ground geographical segregation, and production errors facilitate gradual evolution of
songs. In chapter 3, the same modelling approach is extended to simulate song
revolutions using a new learning bias in combination with different movement
scenarios. I found that the consistent emergence of song revolutions is dependent on
cognitive (song memory), behavioural (singing probability) and spatial (agent density)
factors. Finally, in chapter 4, I analyse intra- and inter- individual song variability at
different hierarchical levels of organisation in songs recorded off eastern Australia. I
found that variability is not homogeneously distributed across the different song levels.
Furthermore, I identified consistent and distinctive individual patterns of song
production consistent with the theory that songs could represent mate quality
advertisements for females.
en
The role of individual behaviour in the collective cultural evolution of humpback whale songs
Thesis
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URL
https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/18621/2/LucaLamoniPhDThesis.pdf
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oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/102602019-03-29T10:42:57Zcom_10023_45com_10023_17com_10023_2323com_10023_39col_10023_47col_10023_2325
St Andrews Research Repository
advisor
Bailey, Nathan William
author
Moran, Peter
sponsor
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
sponsor
Orthopterists' Society
2017-02-09T14:20:37Z
2017-02-09T14:20:37Z
2017-06-21
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10260
What processes contribute to the evolution of reproductive isolation and the coexistence of interfertile species in the same habitat? This thesis investigates the relative roles of species interactions and intraspecific processes in contributing to reproductive isolation. I combine behavioural and genomic approaches to test hypotheses about what mechanisms maintain the general species boundary between two closely related field cricket species: Teleogryllus oceanicus and T. commodus. These species are a classic study system for sexual communication and readily hybridize in the laboratory, however little is known about species interactions in sympatric populations. I examine patterns of geographic variation in two key sexual traits: calling song and cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), and the geographic distribution of genetic variation across a broad sample of allopatric and sympatric populations. I test whether X chromosomes play a pronounced role in population divergence and reproductive isolation. Using close range mating trials and hybridization experiments I identify numerous pre-mating and post-mating barriers between the species. The results indicate that the species are currently reproductively isolated and the pattern of population differentiation does not strongly support contemporary species interactions contributing to phenotypic diversity. Numerous barriers exist between the species, in particular hybrid females are sterile in both cross directions, while hybrid males are relatively fertile. This provides a rare exception to Haldane’s rule which is central to many genetic theories of speciation. Established theory predicts that X chromosomes should play a pronounced role in the evolution of both pre- and postzygotic barriers. Contrary to this, I found no evidence that X chromosomes contribute to hybrid female sterility. Moreover, X-linked loci exhibited an unexpected pattern of reduced population differentiation within species, but increased species divergence compared to autosomal loci, which may indicate selective sweeps or sex-biased processes. Taken together, the results suggest that the causes and consequences of X chromosome evolution, in particular among XO taxa, may contradict some of the established theories.
en
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Sexual selection
Reproductive isolation
Speciation
Sex chromosomes
Cuticular hydrocarbons
Mating signals
A behavioural and genomic approach to studying the evolution of reproductive isolation : a contact zone between closely related field crickets in the genus Teleogryllus
Thesis
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URL
https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/10260/3/PeterMoranPhDThesis.pdf
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