2024-03-28T17:49:58Zhttps://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/oai/requestoai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/4732019-04-01T10:36:27Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32col_10023_303col_10023_131
Endres, D M
Oram, M W
Schindelin, J.E.
Foldiak, P
2008-05-12T14:33:02Z
2008-05-12T14:33:02Z
2008
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 20 393-400 2008
StAndrews.ResExp.Output.OutputID.24452
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/473
http://books.nips.cc/nips20.html
The peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) and its more continuous cousin, the spike density function (SDF) are staples in the analytic toolkit of neurophysiologists. The former is usually obtained by binning spike trains, whereas the standard method for the latter is smoothing with a Gaussian kernel. Selection of a bin width or a kernel size is often done in an relatively arbitrary fashion, even though there have been recent attempts to remedy this situation. We develop an exact Bayesian, generative model approach to estimating PSTHs and demonstate its superiority to competing methods. Further advantages of our scheme include automatic complexity control and error bars on its predictions.
en
Copyright owner Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press
bioinformatics
Neuroscience
Bayesian methods
spiking neurons
Bayesian binning beats approximate alternatives: estimating peri-stimulus time histograms
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/138342023-07-24T14:30:22Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Rochat, Philippe
Robbins, Erin
2018-06-07T23:32:29Z
2018-06-07T23:32:29Z
2016-12-07
Rochat , P & Robbins , E 2016 , Sharing and fairness in development . in J Kiverstein (ed.) , The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of the Social Mind . Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy , Routledge Taylor & Francis Group , London .
9781138827691
9781315530178
PURE: 240326632
PURE UUID: 3b3beb6c-1e09-40c0-b338-156add5b7485
Scopus: 85028950161
ORCID: /0000-0003-0404-453X/work/65014385
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13834
https://www.routledge.com/9781138827691
eng
© 2017 – selection and editorial matter, Julian Kiverstein; individual chapters, the authors. This work has been made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. This is the author created, accepted version manuscript and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at: https://www.routledge.com/9781138827691.
BF Psychology
Sharing and fairness in development
Book item
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/25552023-04-18T09:44:58Zcom_10023_184com_10023_39com_10023_301com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_185col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Claidiere, Nicolas
Bowler, Mark Timothy
Whiten, Andrew
2012-04-16T11:01:02Z
2012-04-16T11:01:02Z
2012-02-20
Claidiere , N , Bowler , M T & Whiten , A 2012 , ' Evidence for weak or linear conformity but not for hyper-conformity in an everyday social learning context ' , PLoS One , vol. 7 , no. 2 , e30970 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030970
1932-6203
PURE: 19317236
PURE UUID: a640cfff-45ac-469a-bd18-efa2225faa81
Scopus: 84857400769
ORCID: /0000-0003-2426-5890/work/65014003
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2555
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030970
094440/Z/10/Z
Conformity is thought to be an important force in cultural evolution because it has the potential to stabilize cooperation in large groups, potentiate group selection and thus explain uniquely human behaviors. However, the effects of such conformity on cultural and biological evolution will depend much on the way individuals are influenced by the frequency of alternative behavioral options witnessed. Theoretical modeling has suggested that only what we refer to as ‘hyper-conformity’, an exaggerated tendency to perform the most frequent behavior witnessed in other individuals, is able to increase within-group homogeneity and between-group diversity, for instance. Empirically however, few experiments have addressed how the frequency of behavior witnessed affects behavior. Accordingly we performed an experiment to test for the presence of conformity in a natural situation with humans. Visitors to a Zoo exhibit were invited to write or draw answers to questions on A5 cards and potentially win a small prize. We manipulated the proportion of existing writings versus drawings visible to visitors and measured the proportion of written cards submitted. We found a strong and significant effect of the proportion of text displayed on the proportion of text in the answers, thus demonstrating social learning. We show that this effect is approximately linear, with potentially a small, weak-conformist component but no hyper-conformist one. The present experiment therefore provides evidence for linear conformity in humans in a very natural context.
eng
© 2012 Claidière et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Cultural evolution
QL Zoology
Evidence for weak or linear conformity but not for hyper-conformity in an everyday social learning context
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/54432022-04-14T20:39:20Zcom_10023_184com_10023_39com_10023_301com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_185col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Hunter, David William
Tiddeman, Bernard Paul
Perrett, David Ian
2014-09-18T09:31:01Z
2014-09-18T09:31:01Z
2012-02
Hunter , D W , Tiddeman , B P & Perrett , D I 2012 , ' A genetic algorithm for face fitting ' , Paper presented at GRAPP - International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications , Rome, Italy , United Kingdom , 24/02/12 - 26/02/12 pp. 115-120 . https://doi.org/10.5220/0003816101150120
conference
PURE: 20248043
PURE UUID: 418b9dc7-0654-4967-9732-6a89ddc25867
Scopus: 84862218570
ORCID: /0000-0002-6025-0939/work/64360959
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5443
https://doi.org/10.5220/0003816101150120
Accurate estimation of the shape of human faces has many applications from computer-imaging to psychological research. One well known method is to fit a Three Dimensional Morphable Model to a target image. This method is attractive as the faces it constructs are already projected onto an orthogonal basis making further manipulation and analysis easier. So far its use in these fields has been limited the inaccuracy and inconvenience of current face-fitting methods. We present a method based on Genetic Algorithms that avoid the local minima and gradient image errors that current methods suffer from. It has the added advantage of requiring no manual interaction to initialise or guide the fitting process.
eng
©2012. SCITEPRESS Lda. This is the accepted manuscript of a Conference Paper originally submitted to the International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (GRAPP 2012) available from http://www.scitepress.org/DigitalLibrary/Link.aspx?doi=10.5220/0003816101150120
Genetic algorithm
Face recognition models
Three dimensional morphable models
QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
A genetic algorithm for face fitting
Conference paper
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/50382023-04-18T09:51:38Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Li, Wenchang
Wagner, Monica Anne
Porter, Nicola Jean
2014-07-17T14:31:01Z
2014-07-17T14:31:01Z
2014
Li , W , Wagner , M A & Porter , N J 2014 , ' Behavioral observation of xenopus tadpole swimming for neuroscience labs ' , Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education , vol. 12 , no. 2 , pp. A107-A113 .
1544-2896
PURE: 117053509
PURE UUID: 846beb56-9694-4263-9026-ebacca91953b
Scopus: 84896349372
ORCID: /0000-0002-1179-6636/work/64361126
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5038
http://www.funjournal.org/images/stories/downloads/2014_Volume_12_Issue_2/june-12-107.pdf
516002.K5880/ROG
Neuroscience labs benefit from reliable, easily - monitored neural responses mediated by well - studied neural pathways . Xenopus laevis tadpoles have been used as a simple vertebrate model preparation in motor control studies. Most of the neuronal pathways underlying different aspects of tadpole swimming behavior have been revealed. These include the skin mechanosensory touch and pineal eye light - sensing pathways whose activation can initiate swimming , and the cement gland pressure - sensing pathway responsible for stopping swimming. A simple transection in the hindbrain can cut off the pineal eye and cement gland pathways from the swimming circuit in the spinal cord, resulting in losses of corresponding functions. Additionally, some pharmacological experiments targeting neurotransmission can be designed to affect swimming and, fluorescence - conjugated α -bungarotoxin can be used to label nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions. These experiments can be readily adapted for undergraduate neuroscience teaching labs. Possible expansions of some experiments for more sophisticated pharmacological or neurophysiological labs are also discussed.
eng
© 2014 The Authors. This is an Open Access article published in the Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education Spring 2014, available online: http://www.funjournal.org/
Xenopus
Tadpole
Swimming
Neuromuscular junction behaviour
Pharmacology
Physiology
QP Physiology
Behavioral observation of xenopus tadpole swimming for neuroscience labs
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/124552022-04-20T15:50:31Zcom_10023_184com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_185col_10023_131col_10023_880
Hardus, Madeleine E.
Lameira, Adriano R.
Zulfa, Astri
Atmoko, S. Suci Utami
de Vries, Han
Wich, Serge A.
2018-01-10T16:30:06Z
2018-01-10T16:30:06Z
2012-04
Hardus , M E , Lameira , A R , Zulfa , A , Atmoko , S S U , de Vries , H & Wich , S A 2012 , ' Behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of meat-eating by Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo abelii ) ' , International Journal of Primatology , vol. 33 , no. 2 , pp. 287-304 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9574-z
0164-0291
PURE: 252020507
PURE UUID: 3c05008d-3ec3-4cb7-ad56-f38ed4844e90
Scopus: 84858792076
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12455
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9574-z
Meat-eating is an important aspect of human evolution, but how meat became a substantial component of the human diet is still poorly understood. Meat-eating in our closest relatives, the great apes, may provide insight into the emergence of this trait, but most existing data are for chimpanzees. We report 3 rare cases of meat-eating of slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang, by 1 Sumatran orangutan mother-infant dyad in Ketambe, Indonesia, to examine how orangutans find slow lorises and share meat. We combine these 3 cases with 2 previous ones to test the hypothesis that slow loris captures by orangutans are seasonal and dependent on fruit availability. We also provide the first (to our knowledge) quantitative data and high-definition video recordings of meat chewing rates by great apes, which we use to estimate the minimum time necessary for a female Australopithecus africanus to reach its daily energy requirements when feeding partially on raw meat. Captures seemed to be opportunistic but orangutans may have used olfactory cues to detect the prey. The mother often rejected meat sharing requests and only the infant initiated meat sharing. Slow loris captures occurred only during low ripe fruit availability, suggesting that meat may represent a filler fallback food for orangutans. Orangutans ate meat more than twice as slowly as chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), suggesting that group living may function as a meat intake accelerator in hominoids. Using orangutan data as a model, time spent chewing per day would not require an excessive amount of time for our social ancestors (australopithecines and hominids), as long as meat represented no more than a quarter of their diet.
eng
© The Author(s) 2011. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Chewing rates
Evolution
Meat-eating
Pongo abelii
Seasonality
QL Zoology
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Animal Science and Zoology
Behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of meat-eating by Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/53492022-04-12T11:30:28Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Zeiner, Katharina Maria
Spitschan, Manuel
Harris, Julie
2014-09-04T23:01:37Z
2014-09-04T23:01:37Z
2014-03-05
Zeiner , K M , Spitschan , M & Harris , J 2014 , ' Perceptual integration across natural monocular regions ' , Journal of Vision , vol. 14 , no. 3 , 5 . https://doi.org/10.1167/14.3.5
1534-7362
PURE: 97152271
PURE UUID: c7e49888-3ee8-4ac6-805f-58da17a4877d
Scopus: 84897078121
ORCID: /0000-0002-3497-4503/work/46085827
WOS: 000334344500005
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5349
https://doi.org/10.1167/14.3.5
RF-2011-019
EP/G038708/1
Natural scenes contain hidden regions, or occlusions, that differ in the two eyes, resulting in monocular regions that can only be seen by one eye. Such monocular regions appear to not be suppressed but seem to be integrated into the scene percept. Here we explore how the two eyes' views are combined to represent a scene that contains monocular regions, partially hidden behind a foreground occluding “fence.” We measured performance in a density/numerosity discrimination task for scenes containing differing amounts of binocular and monocular information. We find that information from a number of separate monocular regions can be integrated into our overall percept of dot density/numerosity, although different observers use different strategies. If, however, both monocular and binocular information is present, observers appear to ignore the purely monocular regions, relying solely on the binocular information when making density/numerosity judgments. Our work suggests that binocular regions are favored over monocular regions, such that information from monocular regions is effectively ignored when binocular regions are present in a scene.
eng
Copyright 2014, ARVO. This is open access article.
Binocular vision
Half-occlusion
Occlusion
Monocular
Representation
BF Psychology
Perceptual integration across natural monocular regions
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/93512024-02-17T00:41:30Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Brown, Laura J E
Adlam, Tim
Hwang, Faustina
Khadra, Hassan
Maclean, Linda M
Rudd, Bridey
Smith, Tom
Timon, Claire
Williams, Elizabeth A
Astell, Arlene J
2016-08-22T11:30:33Z
2016-08-22T11:30:33Z
2016-02-10
Brown , L J E , Adlam , T , Hwang , F , Khadra , H , Maclean , L M , Rudd , B , Smith , T , Timon , C , Williams , E A & Astell , A J 2016 , ' Computerized self-administered measures of mood and appetite for older adults : the Novel Assessment of Nutrition and Ageing toolkit ' , Journal of Applied Gerontology . https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464816630636
0733-4648
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/9351
10.1177/0733464816630636
RES-354-25-0003
The "Novel Assessment of Nutrition and Ageing" (NANA) toolkit is a computerized system for collecting longitudinal information about older adults' health and behavior. Here, we describe the validation of six items for measuring older adults' self-reported mood and appetite as part of the NANA system. In Study 1, 48 community-living older adults (aged 65-89 years) completed NANA measures of their current mood and appetite alongside standard paper measures, on three occasions, in a laboratory setting. In Study 2, 40 community-living older adults (aged 64-88 years) completed daily NANA measures of momentary mood and appetite in their own homes, unsupervised, alongside additional measures of health and behavior, over three 7-day periods. The NANA measures were significantly correlated with standard measures of mood and appetite, and showed stability over time. They show utility for tracking mood and appetite longitudinally, and for better understanding links with other aspects of health and behavior.
eng
Affect
Self-assessment
Longitudinal assessment
Validation studies
Computer systems
Health
Well-being
R Medicine (General)
NDAS
Computerized self-administered measures of mood and appetite for older adults : the Novel Assessment of Nutrition and Ageing toolkit
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/27492022-07-08T10:30:03Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Harris, Julie
Chopin, Adrien
Zeiner, Katharina Maria
Hibbard, Paul Barry
2012-06-12T14:31:02Z
2012-06-12T14:31:02Z
2012
Harris , J , Chopin , A , Zeiner , K M & Hibbard , P B 2012 , ' Perception of relative depth interval : Systematic biases in perceived depth ' , The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol. 65 , no. 1 , pp. 73-91 . https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.589520
1747-0218
PURE: 16281292
PURE UUID: ed53dba8-f578-4775-865a-ae13f283ad34
Scopus: 84859336897
ORCID: /0000-0002-3497-4503/work/46085840
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2749
https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.589520
RF-2011-019
EP/G038708/1
Given an estimate of the binocular disparity between a pair of points and an estimate of the viewing distance, or knowledge of eye position, it should be possible to obtain an estimate of their depth separation. Here we show that, when points are arranged in different vertical geometric configurations across two intervals, many observers find this task difficult. Those who can do the task tend to perceive the depth interval in one configuration as very different from depth in the other configuration. We explore two plausible explanations for this effect. The first is the tilt of the empirical vertical horopter: Points perceived along an apparently vertical line correspond to a physical line of points tilted backwards in space. Second, the eyes can rotate in response to a particular stimulus. Without compensation for this rotation, biases in depth perception would result. We measured cyclovergence indirectly, using a standard psychophysical task, while observers viewed our depth configuration. Biases predicted from error due either to cyclovergence or to the tilted vertical horopter were not consistent with the depth configuration results. Our data suggest that, even for the simplest scenes, we do not have ready access to metric depth from binocular disparity.
eng
This is a preprint of an article whose final and definitive form has been published in The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology © 2012, copyright Taylor & Francis and The Experimental Psychology Society. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.589520
Binocular disparity
Depth
Depth interval
Metric depth
Cyclovergence
Vertical horopter
BF Psychology
Perception of relative depth interval : Systematic biases in perceived depth
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/36742023-04-18T09:47:54Zcom_10023_184com_10023_39com_10023_301com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_185col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Arnold, Kate
Zuberbuehler, Klaus
2013-06-12T15:01:01Z
2013-06-12T15:01:01Z
2013-06-05
Arnold , K & Zuberbuehler , K 2013 , ' Female putty-nosed monkeys use experimentally altered contextual information to disambiguate the cause of male alarm calls ' , PLoS ONE , vol. 8 , no. 6 , e65660 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065660
1932-6203
PURE: 51290969
PURE UUID: 7468cf02-ccde-4da8-bda4-6d9e58343e34
Scopus: 84878758053
ORCID: /0000-0001-8378-088X/work/64360641
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3674
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065660
Many animal vocal signals are given in a wide range of contexts which can sometimes have little in common. Yet, to respond adaptively, listeners must find ways to identify the cause of a signal, or at least rule out alternatives. Here, we investigate the nature of this process in putty-nosed monkeys, a forest primate. In this species, adult males have a very restricted repertoire of vocalizations which are given in response to a wide variety of events occurring under conditions of limited visibility. We carried out a series of field playback experiments on females (N = 6) in a habituated group in Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria, in which male alarm/loud calls were presented either alone, or following acoustic information that simulated the occurrence of natural disturbances. We demonstrate that listeners appear to integrate contextual information in order to distinguish among possible causes of calls. We conclude that, in many cases, pragmatic aspects of communication play a crucial role in call interpretation and place a premium on listeners' abilities to integrate information from different sources.
eng
© 2013 Arnold and Zuberbühler. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
QL Zoology
Female putty-nosed monkeys use experimentally altered contextual information to disambiguate the cause of male alarm calls
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/50662023-04-19T00:38:43Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
MacKenzie, Andrew Kerr
Harris, Julie
2014-07-23T11:31:01Z
2014-07-23T11:31:01Z
2014-03-26
MacKenzie , A K & Harris , J 2014 , Characterizing Visual Attention during Driving and Non-driving Hazard Perception Tasks . in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications . ACM siggraph , pp. 127-130 . https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578171
9781450327510
PURE: 107268222
PURE UUID: 952c6430-4fbd-40d6-adae-dde8f58c53a4
Scopus: 84899674104
ORCID: /0000-0002-3497-4503/work/46085835
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5066
https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578171
Research into driving skill, particularly of hazard perception, often involves studies where participants either view pictures of driving scenarios or use movie viewing paradigms. However oculomotor strategies tend to change between active and passive tasks and attentional limitations are introduced during real driving. Here we present a study using eye tracking methods, to contrast oculomotor behaviour differences across a passive video based hazard perception task and an active hazard perception simulated driving task. The differences presented highlight a requirement to study driving skill under more active conditions, where the participant is engaged with a driving task. Our results suggest that more standard, passive tests, may have limited utility when developing visual models of driving behaviour. The results presented here have implications for driver safety measures and provide further insights into how vision and action interact during natural activity.
eng
© 2014. ACM. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published in the ETRA '14 Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research, available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578171
Eye movements and cognition
Visual search behaviour
Scanning strategies
Natural scene perception
BF Psychology
Characterizing Visual Attention during Driving and Non-driving Hazard Perception Tasks
Conference item
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/33802023-04-18T09:40:17Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Campbell, Martin
Martin, M
2013-03-07T17:01:04Z
2013-03-07T17:01:04Z
2010-03
Campbell , M & Martin , M 2010 , ' Reducing health inequalities in Scotland : the involvement of people with learning disabilities as national health service reviewers ' , British Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol. 38 , no. 1 , pp. 49-58 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00562.x
1354-4187
PURE: 450399
PURE UUID: ce931d2f-702b-43c8-9356-e987508ef854
standrews_research_output: 30544
Scopus: 77949884822
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3380
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00562.x
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77949884822&partnerID=8YFLogxK
Reducing health inequalities is a key priority for the Scottish Government. Health authorities are expected to meet quality targets. The involvement of people with learning disabilities in health service review teams has been one of the initiatives used in by NHS Quality Improvement Scotland to empower patients and improve health services. This paper describes this initiative, how it was planned, and an evaluation by health staff, carers and people with learning disabilities. Recommendations are made to ensure the future success of this type of initiative in Scotland and elsewhere. This initiative was evaluated positively and tested traditional assumptions, challenging the power imbalance in patient-provider relationships. The theory and the practice of including people with learning disabilities as “expert patient” reviewers are discussed.
eng
This is the preprint version of the following article: Campbell, M. and Martin, M. (2010), Reducing health inequalities in Scotland: the involvement of people with learning disabilities as national health service reviewers. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38: 49–58. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, which has been published in final form at doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00562.x
Expert patient
Health inequalities
Learning disabilities
Scotland
HV Social pathology. Social and public welfare
Reducing health inequalities in Scotland : the involvement of people with learning disabilities as national health service reviewers
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/30772022-04-26T08:30:04Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Harding, Glen
Harris, Julie
Bloj, Marina
2012-09-19T11:31:05Z
2012-09-19T11:31:05Z
2012-04-30
Harding , G , Harris , J & Bloj , M 2012 , ' Learning to use illumination gradients as an unambiguous cue to three dimensional shape ' , PLoS One , vol. 7 , no. 4 , e35950 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035950
1932-6203
PURE: 20133413
PURE UUID: 864e4987-54d2-4cb6-a3c9-80ecffdae202
Scopus: 84860456844
ORCID: /0000-0002-3497-4503/work/46085826
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3077
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035950
EP/G038708/1
The luminance and colour gradients across an image are the result of complex interactions between object shape, material and illumination. Using such variations to infer object shape or surface colour is therefore a difficult problem for the visual system. We know that changes to the shape of an object can affect its perceived colour, and that shading gradients confer a sense of shape. Here we investigate if the visual system is able to effectively utilise these gradients as a cue to shape perception, even when additional cues are not available. We tested shape perception of a folded card object that contained illumination gradients in the form of shading and more subtle effects such as inter-reflections. Our results suggest that observers are able to use the gradients to make consistent shape judgements. In order to do this, observers must be given the opportunity to learn suitable assumptions about the lighting and scene. Using a variety of different training conditions, we demonstrate that learning can occur quickly and requires only coarse information. We also establish that learning does not deliver a trivial mapping between gradient and shape; rather learning leads to the acquisition of assumptions about lighting and scene parameters that subsequently allow for gradients to be used as a shape cue. The perceived shape is shown to be consistent for convex and concave versions of the object that exhibit very different shading, and also similar to that delivered by outline, a largely unrelated cue to shape. Overall our results indicate that, although gradients are less reliable than some other cues, the relationship between gradients and shape can be quickly assessed and the gradients therefore used effectively as a visual shape cue.
eng
© 2012 Harding et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
RC0321 Neuroscience. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Learning to use illumination gradients as an unambiguous cue to three dimensional shape
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/9432020-11-23T15:46:48Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32col_10023_131
Byrne, RW
2010-06-28T11:22:41Z
2010-06-28T11:22:41Z
2004
Byrne, R. W. (2004). The manual skills and cognition that lie behind hominid tool use. In A. E. Russon, & D. R. Begun (Eds.), The evolution of thought: Evolutionary origins of great ape intelligence (pp. 31-44). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542299.005
9780521783354
9780521039925
StAndrews.ResExp.Output.OutputID.3372
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542299.005
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/943
Tool use is an important aspect of being human that has assumed a central place in accounts of the evolutionary origins of human intelligence. This has inevitably focused a spotlight on any signs of tool use or manufacture in great apes and other non-human animals, to the relative neglect of skills that do not involve tools. The aim of this chapter is to explore whether this emphasis is appropriate. Could it be that we may learn as much about the origin of human intelligence from skilled manual behaviour in general? Suppose we take this broader view, accepting evidence from all manifestations of manual skill, what can we learn of the mental capacities of the great apes and ourselves? My own ultimate purpose is to use comparative evidence from living species to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the many cognitive traits that came together to make human psychology. The cognition of great apes is the obvious starting point, to trace the more primitive (i.e. ancient) cognitive aptitudes that are still important to us today. In this chapter, I focus on great ape cognition as it is expressed in manual skills, based on cognitive aspects of tool use and manufacture considered significant in the human evolutionary lineage.
en
Copyright of Cambridge University Press. The definitive version in 'The evolution of thought' is available from https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542299.005
Tool use
Hominid intelligence
Development
Evolution
Great ape
Cognition
The manual skills and cognition that lie behind hominid tool use
Book item
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/47892023-04-18T09:48:23Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Müller, Hans-Peter
Grön, Georg
Sprengelmeyer, Reiner
Kassubek, Jan
Ludolph, Albert C.
Hobbs, Nicola
Cole, James
Roos, Raymund A.C.
Duerr, Alexandra
Tabrizi, Sarah J.
Landwehrmeyer, G. Bernhard
Süssmuth, Sigurd D.
2014-05-14T12:31:00Z
2014-05-14T12:31:00Z
2013
Müller , H-P , Grön , G , Sprengelmeyer , R , Kassubek , J , Ludolph , A C , Hobbs , N , Cole , J , Roos , R A C , Duerr , A , Tabrizi , S J , Landwehrmeyer , G B & Süssmuth , S D 2013 , ' Evaluating multicenter DTI data in Huntington's disease on site specific effects : an ex post facto approach ' , Neuroimage: Clinical , vol. 2 , pp. 161-167 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2012.12.005
PURE: 61428302
PURE UUID: 55da85a5-7157-42f6-a271-9bdac888ab0b
RIS: urn:09F109A635C85407EF2521A5F662EB51
Scopus: 84872740490
ORCID: /0000-0002-3083-5995/work/64697279
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4789
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2012.12.005
Purpose: Assessment of the feasibility to average diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of MRI data acquired in the course of a multicenter study. Materials and methods: Sixty-one early stage Huntington's disease patients and forty healthy controls were studied using four different MR scanners at four European sites with acquisition protocols as close as possible to a given standard protocol. The potential and feasibility of averaging data acquired at different sites was evaluated quantitatively by region-of-interest (ROI) based statistical comparisons of coefficients of variation (CV) across centers, as well as by testing for significant group-by-center differences on averaged fractional anisotropy (FA) values between patients and controls. In addition, a whole-brain based statistical between-group comparison was performed using FA maps. Results: The ex post facto statistical evaluation of CV and FA-values in a priori defined ROIs showed no differences between sites above chance indicating that data were not systematically biased by center specific factors. Conclusion: Averaging FA-maps from DTI data acquired at different study sites and different MR scanner types does not appear to be systematically biased. A suitable recipe for testing on the possibility to pool multicenter DTI data is provided to permit averaging of DTI-derived metrics to differentiate patients from healthy controls at a larger scale.
eng
© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Multicenter study
Diffusion tensor imaging
Fractional anisotropy
Huntington's disease
R Medicine (General)
Evaluating multicenter DTI data in Huntington's disease on site specific effects : an ex post facto approach
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/9642019-04-01T10:37:45Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32col_10023_131
Byrne, RW
2010-07-20T09:10:50Z
2010-07-20T09:10:50Z
2005
Stone Knapping : the necessary conditions for a uniquely hominid behaviour McDonald Institute monograph series 159-169 2005
978-1-902937-34-2
1-902937-34-1
StAndrews.ResExp.Output.OutputID.10090
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/964
Tool-use by chimpanzees has attracted disproportionate attention among primatologists, because of an understandable wish to understand the evolutionary origins of hominin tool use. In archaeology and paleoanthropology, a focus on made-objects is inevitable: there is nothing else to study. However, it is evidently object-directed manual skills, enabling the objects to be made, that are critical in understanding the evolutionary origins of stone-tool manufacture. In this chapter I review object-directed manual skills in living great apes, making comparison where possible with hominin abilities that can be inferred from the archaeological record. To this end, ‘translations’ of terminology between the research traditions are offered. Much of the evidence comes from observation of apes gathering plants that present physical problems for handling and consumption, in addition to the more patchy data from tool use in captivity and the field. The living great apes, like ourselves, build up novel hierarchical structures involving regular sequences of elementary actions, showing co-ordinated manual role differentiation, in modular organizations with the option of iterating subroutines. Further, great apes appear able to use imitation of skilled practitioners as one source of information for this process, implying some ability to ‘see’ below the surface level of action and understand the motor planning of other individual; however, that process does not necessarily involve understanding cause-and-effect or the intentions of other individuals. Finally I consider whether a living non-human ape could effectively knap stone, and if not, what competence is lacking.
en
Chapter deposited by permission of the publisher, Mcdonald Institute. For availability see http://www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk/publications/monographs/conference-volumes/
tool use
apes
primatology
cognition
imitation
mind
plan
formation
intention
The maker not the tool: The cognitive significance of great ape manual skills
Book item
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/38612022-04-26T08:30:12Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Clery, Stephane
Bloj, Marina
Harris, Julie
2013-07-23T12:01:01Z
2013-07-23T12:01:01Z
2013-04-18
Clery , S , Bloj , M & Harris , J 2013 , ' Interactions between luminance and colour signals : effects on shape ' , Journal of Vision , vol. 13 , no. 5 , 16 . https://doi.org/10.1167/13.5.16
1534-7362
PURE: 48195193
PURE UUID: 0dbcd78f-c58c-40bb-a616-020e28479466
Scopus: 84878356283
ORCID: /0000-0002-3497-4503/work/46085844
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3861
https://doi.org/10.1167/13.5.16
http://www.journalofvision.org/content/13/5/16.full
EP/G038708/1
Although luminance and color are thought to be processed independently at early stages of visual processing, there is evidence that they interact at later stages. For example, chromatic information has been shown to enhance or suppress depth from luminance depending on whether chromatic edges are aligned or orthogonal with luminance edges. Here we explored more generally how chromatic information interacts with luminance information that specifies shape from shading. Using a depth-matching task, we measured perceived depth in sinusoidal and square-wave gratings (specifying close-to sinusoidal and triangle-wave depth profiles, respectively) in three conditions. In the first, as we varied luminance contrast in the presence of an orthogonal chromatic grating, perceived depth increased (consistent with classical shape from shading). When we held the luminance at a fixed contrast and varied the chromatic grating in the other two conditions (orthogonal or aligned), we found large and inconsistent individual differences. Some participants exhibited the expected pattern of enhancement and suppression, but most did not, either for the sinusoidal or square-wave stimuli. Our results cast doubt on the idea that the interaction demonstrates a single high-level heuristic linked to depth perception. Instead, we speculate that interactions are more likely due to early cross-channel masking
eng
Copyright © 2013 by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. This article was made open access through BIS OA funding.
Colour-luminance interaction
Colour contrast
Luminance contrast
Q Science
Interactions between luminance and colour signals : effects on shape
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/130222024-02-17T00:42:21Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Reddy, Rachna B.
Krupenye, Christopher
MacLean, Evan L.
Hare, Brian
2018-03-27T08:30:16Z
2018-03-27T08:30:16Z
2016-09-01
Reddy , R B , Krupenye , C , MacLean , E L & Hare , B 2016 , ' No evidence for contagious yawning in lemurs ' , Animal Cognition , vol. 19 , no. 5 , pp. 889-898 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-0986-1
1435-9448
ORCID: /0000-0003-2029-1872/work/42954193
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/13022
10.1007/s10071-016-0986-1
Among some haplorhine primates, including humans, relaxed yawns spread contagiously. Such contagious yawning has been linked to social bonds and empathy in some species. However, no studies have investigated contagious yawning in strepsirhines. We conducted an experimental study of contagious yawning in strepsirhines, testing ring-tailed and ruffed lemurs (n = 24) in a paradigm similar to one that has induced contagious yawning in haplorhines. First, in a control experiment, we investigated whether lemurs responded to projected video content in general (experiment 1). We showed them two videos to which we expected differential responses: one featured a terrestrial predator and the other a caretaker holding food. Next, to test for yawn contagion, we showed individual lemurs life-size video projections of groupmates and conspecific strangers yawning, and control footage of the same individuals at rest (experiment 2). Then, to examine whether a group context might enhance or allow for contagion, we exposed subjects to the same videos in a group setting (experiment 3). Lemurs produced alarm vocalizations and moved upward while viewing the predator, but not the caretaker, demonstrating that they do perceive video content meaningfully. However, lemurs did not yawn in response to yawning stimuli when tested alone, or with their groupmates. This study provides preliminary evidence that lemurs do not respond to yawning stimuli similarly to haplorhines, and suggests that this behavior may have evolved or become more exaggerated in haplorhines after the two major primate lineages split.
eng
Contagious yawning
Emotional contagion
Lemurs
Strepsirhine
QL Zoology
BF Psychology
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
NDAS
No evidence for contagious yawning in lemurs
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/29912023-04-19T00:37:17Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Endres, D
Foldiak, Peter
2012-07-17T12:01:01Z
2012-07-17T12:01:01Z
2009
Endres , D & Foldiak , P 2009 , Interpreting the neural code with formal concept analysis . in D Koller (ed.) , Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 21 . Neural Information Processing Systems Annual Conference , Curran Associates, Inc. , Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , pp. 428 - 435 , 22nd annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems , Vancouver , Canada , 8/12/08 .
conference
9781605609492
PURE: 457274
PURE UUID: cd3a2e2d-b100-42fa-9bfb-9a22e0ab65bb
standrews_research_output: 31253
Scopus: 70349777030
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2991
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=70349777030&partnerID=8YFLogxK
http://www.proceedings.com/05012.html
http://books.nips.cc/papers/files/nips21/NIPS2008_0117.pdf
We propose a novel application of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to neural decoding: instead of just trying to figure out which stimulus was presented, we demonstrate how to explore the semantic relationships in the neural representation of large sets of stimuli. FCA provides a way of displaying and interpreting such relationships via concept lattices. We explore the effects of neural code sparsity on the lattice. We then analyze neurophysiological data from high-level visual cortical area STSa, using an exact Bayesian approach to construct the formal context needed by FCA. Prominent features of the resulting concept lattices are discussed, including hierarchical face representation and indications for a product-of-experts code in real neurons.
eng
This is an author version of a paper published in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 21
Interpreting the neural code with formal concept analysis
Conference item
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/6602019-04-01T10:37:56Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32col_10023_131
Scerif, Gaia
Gómez, Juan Carlos
Byrne, RW
2009-04-14T11:58:23Z
2009-04-14T11:58:23Z
2004
Animal Behaviour 68(6): 1239-1247 December 2004
00033472
StAndrews.ResExp.Output.OutputID.9990
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.01.011
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/660
Converging experimental and observational evidence suggests that some non-human primates are able to co-orient with shifts in visual attention, both of conspecifics and humans. However, the underlying cognitive mechanisms involved are unclear. To investigate attention-following in Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana diana), we used photographs of familiar conspecifics orienting towards one of two locations. A subject monkey was shown a photograph, and shortly afterwards a toy appeared at one location or the other. The toy’s position therefore either matched the location signalled by the head and body orientation of the photographed monkey (compatible), or was opposite to that location (incompatible). Overall, monkeys’ first inspections, total duration of looking, and number of looks were more likely to be directed to the compatible location, i.e. towards the direction of attention shown in the photograph. Furthermore, when a photograph of an adult monkey signalled attention to one location, but the toy appeared at the opposite (incompatible) location, subjects re-inspected the monkey photographs more often than when the toy appeared at the compatible location, suggesting a violation of expectancy. This effect was not the case if the photograph was of an immature animal. Our results show that attention-following was not limited to simple reflexive orienting by the monkeys, and that monkeys perceived a relationship existing between agent and object of attention.
en
primatology
visual attention following
focus
monkey
What do Diana monkeys know about the focus of attention of a conspecific?
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/170642023-04-25T23:55:47Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Ogunbode, Charles Adedayo
Boehm, Gisela
Capstick, Stuart
Demski, Carolina
Spence, Alexa
Tausch, Nicole
2019-02-14T11:30:04Z
2019-02-14T11:30:04Z
2018-12-24
Ogunbode , C A , Boehm , G , Capstick , S , Demski , C , Spence , A & Tausch , N 2018 , ' The resilience paradox : flooding experience, coping and climate change mitigation intentions ' , Climate Policy , vol. Latest Articles . https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1560242
1469-3062
PURE: 257022189
PURE UUID: 3f66b534-6699-4a3b-99e5-0ea8782be4ad
ORCID: /0000-0002-9471-0673/work/52572469
Scopus: 85059080671
WOS: 000468501800004
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/17064
https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1560242
Climate change is projected to increase the frequency, intensity and unpredictability of extreme weather events across the globe and these events are likely to have significant mental health implications. The mental health literature broadly characterises negative emotional reactions to extreme weather experiences as undesirable impacts on wellbeing. Yet, other research in psychology suggests that negative emotional responses to extreme weather are an important motivation for personal action on climate change. This article addresses the intersection of mental health and functional perspectives on negative emotions, with a specific focus on the potential that reduced negative emotional responses to extreme weather may also translate to diminished motivation to undertake climate change mitigation actions – which we term the ‘resilience paradox’. Using survey data gathered in the aftermath of severe flooding across the UK in winter 2013/2014, we present new evidence indicating that self-appraised coping ability moderates the link between flooding experience and negative emotions and thereby attenuates the indirect link between flooding experience and climate change mitigation intentions. We conclude that support for flood victims should extend beyond addressing emotional, physical and financial stresses to include acknowledgement of the involvement of climate change and communication of the need for action to combat future climate risks.
eng
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Climate change
Extreme weather
Flooding risk
Resilience
GE Environmental Sciences
DAS
SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
SDG 13 - Climate Action
The resilience paradox : flooding experience, coping and climate change mitigation intentions
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/82562024-03-21T00:41:46Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Titlow, Joshua S.
Johnson, Bruce R.
Pulver, Stefan R.
2016-02-18T11:10:05Z
2016-02-18T11:10:05Z
2015-07-07
Titlow , J S , Johnson , B R & Pulver , S R 2015 , ' Light activated escape circuits : a behavior and neurophysiology lab module using Drosophila optogenetics ' , Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education , vol. 13 , no. 3 , pp. A166–A173 .
1544-2896
ORCID: /0000-0001-5170-7522/work/69463447
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/8256
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521734/
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bz3zc5KT9B4HRTU3RXRXTkZ3Wm8&authuser=1
http://www.funjournal.org/605-2/
The neural networks that control escape from predators often show very clear relationships between defined sensory inputs and stereotyped motor outputs. This feature provides unique opportunities for researchers, but it also provides novel opportunities for neuroscience educators. Here we introduce new teaching modules using adult Drosophila that have been engineered to express csChrimson, a red-light sensitive channelrhodopsin, in specific sets of neurons and muscles mediating visually guided escape behaviors. This lab module consists of both behavior and electrophysiology experiments that explore the neural basis of flight escape. Three preparations are described that demonstrate photo-activation of the giant fiber circuit and how to quantify these behaviors. One of the preparations is then used to acquire intracellular electrophysiology recordings from different flight muscles. The diversity of action potential waveforms and firing frequencies observed in the flight muscles make this a rich preparation to study the ionic basic of cellular excitability. By activating different cells within the giant fiber pathway we also demonstrate principles of synaptic transmission and neural circuits. Beyond conveying core neurobiological concepts it is also expected that using these cutting edge techniques will enhance student motivation and attitudes towards biological research. Data collected from students and educators who have been involved in development of the module are presented to support this notion.
eng
Optogenetics
Drosophila
Giant fiber escape
Flight muscle
Electrophysiology
Neuroethology
QC Physics
LB2300 Higher Education
NDAS
Light activated escape circuits : a behavior and neurophysiology lab module using Drosophila optogenetics
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/41672022-04-07T15:30:22Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Wittig, Roman Martin
Boesch, Christophe
2013-11-05T13:01:01Z
2013-11-05T13:01:01Z
2010-11-15
Wittig , R M & Boesch , C 2010 , ' Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents ' , PLoS One , vol. 5 , no. 11 , e13995 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013995
1932-6203
PURE: 4531995
PURE UUID: 95346aa2-7532-4b4e-9658-2b636aa113a5
Scopus: 78649549129
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4167
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013995
The adaptive function of bystander initiated post-conflict affiliation (also: consolation & appeasement) has been debated for 30 years. Three influential hypotheses compete for the most likely explanation but have not previously been tested with a single data set. The consolation hypothesis argues that bystander affiliation calms the victim and reduces their stress levels. The self-protection hypothesis proposes that a bystander offers affiliation to either opponent to protect himself from redirected aggression by this individual. The relationship-repair hypothesis suggests a bystander can substitute for a friend to reconcile the friend with the friend’s former opponent. Here, we contrast all three hypotheses and tested their predictions with data on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Taı¨ National Park, Coˆ te d’Ivoire. We examined the first and second post-conflict interactions with respect to both the dyadic and triadic relationships between the bystander and the two opponents. Results showed that female bystanders offered affiliation to their aggressor friends and the victims of their friends, while male bystanders offered affiliation to their victim friends and the aggressors of their friends. For both sexes, bystander affiliation resulted in a subsequent interaction pattern that is expected for direct reconciliation. Bystander affiliation offered to the opponent’s friend was more likely to lead to affiliation among opponents in their subsequent interaction. Also, tolerance levels among former opponents were reset to normal levels. In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence for the relationship-repair hypothesis, moderate evidence for the consolation hypothesis and no evidence for the self-protection hypothesis. Furthermore, that bystanders can repair a relationship on behalf of their friend indicates that recipient chimpanzees are aware of the relationships between others, even when they are not kin. This presents a mechanism through which chimpanzees may gain benefits from social knowledge.
eng
© 2010 Wittig, Boesch. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Chimpanzees
Aggression
Post-conflict affiliation
Bystander affiliation
Self-protection hypothesis
Relationship-repair hypothesis
Social knowledge
Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/33792023-04-25T23:35:42Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Campbell, Martin
McCue, Michael
2013-03-07T16:01:06Z
2013-03-07T16:01:06Z
2012
Campbell , M & McCue , M 2012 , ' Assessment of interpersonal risk (AIR) in adults with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour – piloting a new risk assessment tool ' , British Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol. Early View . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2012.00735.x
1354-4187
PURE: 17118198
PURE UUID: d5e49422-8c38-4656-9462-c0c894fd467b
Scopus: 84877920431
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3379
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2012.00735.x
http://www.ktponline.org.uk/
A new risk assessment tool, Assessment of Interpersonal Risk (AIR), was piloted and evaluated to measure risk factors and compatibility between individuals living in an assessment and treatment unit in one NHS area. The adults with learning disabilities in this unit had severe and enduring mental health problems and/or behaviour that is severely challenging. The aims of this small-scale research project were to estimate the reciprocal risk to and from each individual across five main risk domains and to enhance professional judgement to make defensible decisions about interpersonal risk. Data were recorded on incidents involving five individuals over a period of 6 months. Individual Rating Profiles were incorporated into existing Individual Risk Management Plans, together with interpersonal profiles, recording risk evaluations between named individuals across the five risk domains. Results showed that the AIR tool may be a useful addition to existing effective risk management, to inform assessments and future discharge planning.
eng
This is the preprint version of the following article: Campbell, M. and McCue, M. (2012), Assessment of interpersonal risk (AIR) in adults with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour – piloting a new risk assessment tool. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, which has been published in final form at doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2012.00735.x
Risk assessment
Intellectual disabilities
Challenging behaviour
HV Social pathology. Social and public welfare
SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
Assessment of interpersonal risk (AIR) in adults with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour – piloting a new risk assessment tool
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/156102024-02-22T00:42:30Zcom_10023_184com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_185col_10023_131col_10023_880
Davis, Sarah J.
Schapiro, Steven J.
Lambeth, Susan P.
Wood, Lara A.
Whiten, Andrew
2018-07-20T11:30:09Z
2018-07-20T11:30:09Z
2018-07-19
Davis , S J , Schapiro , S J , Lambeth , S P , Wood , L A & Whiten , A 2018 , ' Behavioral conservatism is linked to complexity of behavior in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) : implications for cognition and cumulative culture ' , Journal of Comparative Psychology , vol. Advance Online . https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000123
0735-7036
ORCID: /0000-0003-2426-5890/work/65013957
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/15610
10.1037/com0000123
40128
40128
Cumulative culture is rare, if not altogether absent in non-human species. At the foundation of cumulative learning is the ability to modify, relinquish or build upon prior behaviors flexibly to make them more productive or efficient. Within the primate literature, a failure to optimize solutions in this way is often proposed to derive from low-fidelity copying of witnessed behaviors, sub-optimal social learning heuristics, or a lack of relevant socio-cognitive adaptations. However, humans can also be markedly inflexible in their behaviors, perseverating with, or becoming fixated on outdated or inappropriate responses. Humans show differential patterns of flexibility as a function of cognitive load, exhibiting difficulties with inhibiting sub-optimal behaviors when there are high demands on working memory. We present a series of studies on captive chimpanzees which indicate that behavioral conservatism in apes may be underlain by similar constraints: chimpanzees showed relatively little conservatism when behavioral optimization involved the inhibition of a well-established but simple solution, or the addition of a simple modification to a well-established but complex solution. In contrast, when behavioral optimization involved the inhibition of a well-established but complex solution, chimpanzees showed evidence of conservatism. We propose that conservatism is linked to behavioral complexity, potentially mediated by cognitive resource availability, and may be an important factor in the evolution of cumulative culture.
eng
Behavioral flexibility
Cumulative culture
Chimpanzee
Executive functions
Learning
Decision-making
BF Psychology
DAS
Behavioral conservatism is linked to complexity of behavior in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) : implications for cognition and cumulative culture
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/30662023-04-19T00:37:25Zcom_10023_58com_10023_19com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_59col_10023_131col_10023_880
Hunter, David William
Tiddeman, Bernard Paul
2012-09-10T14:31:01Z
2012-09-10T14:31:01Z
2009-02
Hunter , D W & Tiddeman , B P 2009 , Visual ageing of human faces in three dimensions using morphable models and projection to latent structures . in VISAPP 2009 : Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications . vol. 2 , INSTICC Press , Lisboa, Portugal , pp. 340-345 , 4th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications , Lisbon , Portugal , 5/02/09 .
conference
978-989-8111-69-2
978-989-8111-69-2
PURE: 4434742
PURE UUID: 5bb65780-1a40-4ef0-a321-c7a24804e0d2
Scopus: 70349381931
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3066
http://www.visapp.visigrapp.org/VISAPP2009/
We present an approach to synthesising the effects of ageing on human face images using three-dimensional modelling. We extract a set of three dimensional face models from a set of two-dimensional face images by fitting a Morphable Model. We propose a method to age these face models using Partial Least Squares to extract from the data-set those factors most related to ageing. These ageing related factors are used to train an individually weighted linear model. We show that this is an effective means of producing an aged face image and compare this method to two other linear ageing methods for ageing face models. This is demonstrated both quantitatively and with perceptual evaluation using human raters.
eng
Conference proceedings are copyright (c) SciTePress 2009
Computer Vision
Image Analysis
Visual Ageing
3D Modelling
QA76 Computer software
Visual ageing of human faces in three dimensions using morphable models and projection to latent structures
Conference item
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/98612024-03-02T00:39:41Zcom_10023_175com_10023_39com_10023_126com_10023_31com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_176col_10023_128col_10023_131col_10023_880
Murawski, Caroline
Morton, Andrew
Samuel, Ifor David William
Pulver, Stefan
Gather, Malte Christian
2016-11-22T09:30:12Z
2016-11-22T09:30:12Z
2016-11-14
Murawski , C , Morton , A , Samuel , I D W , Pulver , S & Gather , M C 2016 , Organic light-emitting diodes for optogenetic stimulation of Drosophila larvae . in Proceedings, Light, Energy and the Environment . , JW4A.9 , Fourier Transform Spectroscopy , Optical Society of American (OSA) , OSA Light, Energy and the Environment Congress , Leipzig , Germany , 14/11/16 . https://doi.org/10.1364/FTS.2016.JW4A.9
conference
9780960038046
ORCID: /0000-0002-4857-5562/work/47136417
ORCID: /0000-0001-5170-7522/work/69463441
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/9861
10.1364/FTS.2016.JW4A.9
RGY0074/2013
EP/J01771X/1
703387
Optogenetics is an emerging method in biology that enables controlling neurons with light. We use organic light-emitting diodes to stimulate neurons in Drosophila larvae and investigate subsequent behavioral changes at different light intensities.
eng
Medical optics and biotechnology – lllumination design
Thin film devices and applications
Organic materials
QB Astronomy
QC Physics
T Technology
NDAS
Organic light-emitting diodes for optogenetic stimulation of Drosophila larvae
Conference item
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/33932023-04-18T09:45:34Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Sheikh, Sana
Botindari, Lucia
White, Emma
2013-03-15T10:31:02Z
2013-03-15T10:31:02Z
2013-05
Sheikh , S , Botindari , L & White , E 2013 , ' Embodied metaphors and emotions in the moralization of restrained eating practices ' , Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol. 49 , no. 3 , pp. 509-513 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.016
0022-1031
PURE: 22153682
PURE UUID: bdbf0016-940d-4b55-b070-98fe2aee8243
Scopus: 84874482090
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3393
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.016
Moralization is the process whereby preferences are converted to values (Rozin, 1999). Two studies used an embodied metaphor approach, in which moral metaphors are grounded in one’s sense of physical cleanliness, to investigate whether restrained eating practices are moralized among women. Specifically, we predicted that the regulation of food intake by women is embodied in their feelings of physical cleanliness. Study 1 found that failures of restrained eating (i.e., overeating) increased accessibility of physical cleanliness-related words for women, but not men. Study 2 found that increased negative moral emotions fully mediated the effect of overeating on a desire for physical cleanliness. Overall, the studies argue for the importance of morality in restrained eating and in the central role of emotions in the embodiment of cognitive metaphors.
eng
This is the author's version of this paper. The published version (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. is available from http://www.sciencedirect.com
Morality
Emotion
Restrained eating
Embodied metaphor
BF Psychology
Embodied metaphors and emotions in the moralization of restrained eating practices
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/160922024-02-20T00:42:24Zcom_10023_184com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_185col_10023_131col_10023_880
Broihanne, M. -H.
Romain, A.
Call, Josep
Thierry, B.
Wascher, C. A. F.
De Marco, A.
Verrier, D.
Dufour, V.
2018-09-27T15:30:10Z
2018-09-27T15:30:10Z
2018-12-27
Broihanne , M -H , Romain , A , Call , J , Thierry , B , Wascher , C A F , De Marco , A , Verrier , D & Dufour , V 2018 , ' Monkeys ( Sapajus apella and Macaca tonkeana ) and great apes ( Gorilla gorilla , Pongo pygmaeus , Pongo abelii, Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes ) play for the highest bid ' , Journal of Comparative Psychology , vol. Online First . https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000153
0735-7036
ORCID: /0000-0002-8597-8336/work/53214532
https://hdl.handle.net/10023/16092
10.1037/com0000153
Many studies investigate the decisions made by animals by focussing on their individual attitudes towards risk, i.e., risk seeking, risk neutrality or risk aversion. However, little attention has been paid to how far individuals understand the different odds of outcomes. In a previous gambling task involving up to 18 different lotteries (Pelé et al., 2014), non-human primates used probabilities of gains and losses to make their decision. Although the use of complex mathematical calculation for decision-making seemed unlikely, we applied a gradual decrease in the chances to win throughout the experiment. This probably facilitated the extraction of information about odds. Here, we investigated whether individuals would still make efficient decisions if this facilitating factor was removed. To do so, we randomized the order of presentation of the 18 lotteries. Individuals from four ape and two monkey species were tested. Only capuchin monkeys differed in their gambling behaviour, playing even when there was nothing to win. Randomising the lottery presentation order leads all species to predominantly use a maximax heuristic in which individuals gamble as soon as there is at least one chance to win more than they already possess, whatever the risk. Most species also gambled more as the frequency of larger rewards increased. These results suggest the occurrence of optimistic behaviour. The maximax heuristic is sometimes observed in human managerial and financial decision-making, where risk is ignored for potential gains, however low they may be. Our results suggest a shared and strong propensity in primates to rely on heuristics whenever complexity in evaluation of outcome odds arises.
eng
Risk preferences
Heuristics
Decision making
Gambling
Primates
BF Psychology
QL Zoology
NDAS
Monkeys (Sapajus apella and Macaca tonkeana) and great apes (Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Pongo abelii, Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes) play for the highest bid
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/27462023-04-18T09:43:04Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Nefs, Harold
Harris, Julie
2012-06-12T14:01:01Z
2012-06-12T14:01:01Z
2010
Nefs , H & Harris , J 2010 , ' What visual information is used for stereoscopic depth displacement discrimination? ' , Perception , vol. 39 , no. 6 , pp. 727-744 . https://doi.org/10.1068/p6284
0301-0066
PURE: 5286037
PURE UUID: c6e45681-764b-4c4a-b574-24dd651681fa
Scopus: 77954811759
ORCID: /0000-0002-3497-4503/work/46085843
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2746
https://doi.org/10.1068/p6284
EP/D002281/1
There are two ways to detect a displacement in stereoscopic depth, namely by monitoring the change in disparity over time (CDOT) or by monitoring the inter-ocular velocity difference (IOVD). Though previous studies have attempted to understand which cue is most significant for the visual system, none have designed stimuli that provide a comparison in terms of relative efficiency between them. Here we used two-frame motion and random dot noise to deliver equivalent strengths of CDOT and IOVD information to the visual system. Using three kinds of random dot stimuli, we were able to isolate CDOT or IOVD or deliver both simultaneously. The proportion of dots delivering CDOT or IOVD signals could be varied, and we defined discrimination threshold as the proportion needed to detect the direction of displacement (towards or away)1. Thresholds were similar for stimuli containing CDOT only, and containing both CDOT and IOVD, but only one participant was able to consistently perceive the displacement for stimuli containing only IOVD. We also investigated the effect of disparity pedestals on discrimination. Performance was best when the displacement crossed the reference plane, but was not significantly different for stimuli containing CDOT only, or containing both CDOT and IOVD. When stimuli are specifically designed to provide equivalent two-frame motion or disparity-change, few participants can reliably detect displacement when IOVD is the only cue. This challenges the notion that IOVD is involved in the discrimination of direction of displacement in two-frame motion displays.
eng
The definitive, peer-reviewed and edited version of this article is published in Perception 39(6) 727-744. doi:10.1068/p6284 Copyright (c) Pion, 2010.
BF Psychology
What visual information is used for stereoscopic depth displacement discrimination?
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/72342023-04-18T10:02:01Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Acton, David
Miles, Gareth B.
2015-08-14T14:40:01Z
2015-08-14T14:40:01Z
2015-08-07
Acton , D & Miles , G B 2015 , ' Stimulation of glia reveals modulation of mammalian spinal motor networks by adenosine ' , PLoS One , vol. 10 , no. 8 , e0134488 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134488
1932-6203
PURE: 209627040
PURE UUID: 2f87c0dc-a3c7-4b88-861f-817893132474
RIS: urn:61276D036968375E034A220001F744CA
Scopus: 84941922403
ORCID: /0000-0002-8624-4625/work/42734891
WOS: 000359121100060
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7234
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134488
097831/z/11/z
Despite considerable evidence that glia can release modulators to influence the excitability of neighbouring neurons, the importance of gliotransmission for the operation of neural networks and in shaping behaviour remains controversial. Here we characterise the contribution of glia to the modulation of the mammalian spinal central pattern generator for locomotion, the output of which is directly relatable to a defined behaviour. Glia were stimulated by specific activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), an endogenous G-protein coupled receptor preferentially expressed by spinal glia during ongoing activity of the spinal central pattern generator for locomotion. Selective activation of PAR1 by the agonist TFLLR resulted in a reversible reduction in the frequency of locomotor-related bursting recorded from ventral roots of spinal cord preparations isolated from neonatal mice. In the presence of the gliotoxins methionine sulfoximine or fluoroacetate, TFLLR had no effect, confirming the specificity of PAR1 activation to glia. The modulation of burst frequency upon PAR1 activation was blocked by the non-selective adenosine-receptor antagonist theophylline and by the A1-receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, but not by the A2A-receptor antagonist SCH5826, indicating production of extracellular adenosine upon glial stimulation, followed by A1-receptor mediated inhibition of neuronal activity. Modulation of network output following glial stimulation was also blocked by the ectonucleotidase inhibitor ARL67156, indicating glial release of ATP and its subsequent degradation to adenosine rather than direct release of adenosine. Glial stimulation had no effect on rhythmic activity recorded following blockade of inhibitory transmission, suggesting that glial cell-derived adenosine acts via inhibitory circuit components to modulate locomotor-related output. Finally, the modulation of network output by endogenous adenosine was found to scale with the frequency of network activity, implying activity-dependent release of adenosine. Together, these data indicate that glia play an active role in the modulation of mammalian locomotor networks, providing negative feedback control that may stabilise network activity.
eng
Copyright: © 2015 Acton, Miles. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
BF Psychology
NDAS
BDC
Stimulation of glia reveals modulation of mammalian spinal motor networks by adenosine
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/33782023-04-18T09:44:06Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Campbell, Martin
Chamberlin, Dionne
2013-03-07T16:01:01Z
2013-03-07T16:01:01Z
2012-08-06
Campbell , M & Chamberlin , D 2012 , ' A pilot project : evaluating community nurses' knowledge and understanding of the Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007 ' , The Journal of Adult Protection , vol. 14 , no. 4 , pp. 188-196 . https://doi.org/10.1108/14668201211256654
1466-8203
PURE: 15046873
PURE UUID: 0edf5036-758f-4ea4-97d8-34a3f0a8fab7
Scopus: 84865487607
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3378
https://doi.org/10.1108/14668201211256654
http://www.pierprofessional.com/japflyer/
Purpose: To evaluate understanding and knowledge of the Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007 in a sample of community nurses working in learning disability services in Scotland. Design: Ten community nurses who worked in learning disability services in one NHS area were tested at two time points, four months apart using a questionnaire designed for this study by researchers and practitioners. Level of previous national training in the Adult Support and Protection Act, and length of time working with people with learning disabilities were recorded. Three domains of adult protection were included in the questionnaire: Principles of the Act and definitions; Adults at Risk of Harm; Protection, Assessment, Removal and Banning Orders. Findings: Questionnaire scores varied widely overall and across the three domains. There was no correlation between individual scores and training or length of work experience. The level of knowledge was below what might have been expected for this group, given the level of training and experience. Carefully designed verification of the impact of nationally approved Adult Support and Protection training is needed. Originality/Value: There is an absence of research in evaluating the impact of the approved Scottish Government training materials on staff knowledge and understanding of the 2007 Act, with staff attendance being taken as the main measure of training compliance. This was a small scale, pilot study and recommendations are made for the scope and methods of evaluation.
eng
(c) 2012 Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Adults at risk
Intellectual disabilities
Adult support and protection
RT Nursing
HV Social pathology. Social and public welfare
A pilot project : evaluating community nurses' knowledge and understanding of the Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/4942019-04-01T10:39:23Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32col_10023_303col_10023_131
Foldiak, P
Endres, D M
2008-05-28T08:15:13Z
2008-05-28T08:15:13Z
2008
Scholarpedia 3(1): 2984 January 2008
StAndrews.ResExp.Output.OutputID.17616
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/494
http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Sparse_coding
Mammalian brains consist of billions of neurons, each capable of independent electrical activity. Information in the brain is represented by the pattern of activation of this large neural population, forming a neural code. The neural code defines what pattern of neural activity corresponds to each represented information item. In the sensory system, such items may indicate the presence of a stimulus object or the value of some stimulus parameter, assuming that each time this item is represented the neural activity pattern will be the same or at least similar. One important and relatively simple property of this code is the fraction of neurons that are strongly active at any one time. For a set of N binary neurons (which can either be 'active' or 'inactive'), the average (i.e., expected value) of this fraction across all information items is the sparseness of the code. This average fraction can vary from close to 0 to about 1/2. Average fractions above 1/2 can always be decreased below 1/2 without loss of information by replacing each active neuron with an inactive one, and vice versa. Sparse coding is the representation of items by the strong activation of a relatively small set of neurons. For each stimulus, this is a different subset of all available neurons.
en
sparse coding
computational neuroscience
neurons
neural code
Sparse coding
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/45722023-04-18T09:51:18Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Blackwood, Leda Moore
Livingstone, Andrew
Leach, Colin
2014-04-18T09:31:01Z
2014-04-18T09:31:01Z
2013-12
Blackwood , L M , Livingstone , A & Leach , C 2013 , ' Regarding societal change ' , Journal of Social and Political Psychology , vol. 1 , no. 1 , pp. 105-111 . https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.282
2195-3325
PURE: 111383588
PURE UUID: 595d7299-c0e2-435f-90d5-4a23f7e96a0b
Scopus: 84971555902
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4572
https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.282
In this paper we introduce our special thematic section on societal change.We begin by providing an overview of the aims of the section, and how these aims grew out of a need to address conceptual and empirical challenges in the study of societal change. In response to these challenges, the section was intended to provide a forum for theoretical and empirical work from a range of disciplinary perspectives on how societies change, and how such change can be understood. Together, the contributions argue for (1) the need to contextualize the study of societal change, (2) the value of considering factors and processes other than collective action in transforming societies, (3) the importance of ideology and its operation through social institutions such as news media, and (4) an imperative to ensure that our research is fully engaged with society in terms of its grounding in social issues, its sensitivity to our own social context as researchers, and in its practices and outcomes.
eng
Copyright 2013, the Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Societal change
Protest
Collective action
Social movements
Inequality
Resistance
Regarding societal change
Journal item
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/79242016-07-11T14:11:34Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32col_10023_131
Henderson, Audrey J.
Holzleitner, Iris J.
Talamas, Sean N.
Perrett, David I.
2015-12-22T16:11:48Z
2015-12-22T16:11:48Z
2015-12
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7924
en
Data underpinning: Perception of Health from Facial Cues
Dataset
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/42432023-04-25T23:35:07Zcom_10023_301com_10023_39com_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_303col_10023_131col_10023_880
Coetzee, Vinet
Barrett, L.
Greeff, J.M.
Henzi, S.P.
Perrett, David Ian
Wadee, A.A.
2013-12-03T10:01:06Z
2013-12-03T10:01:06Z
2007-07
Coetzee , V , Barrett , L , Greeff , J M , Henzi , S P , Perrett , D I & Wadee , A A 2007 , ' Common HLA alleles associated with health, but not with facial attractiveness ' , PLoS ONE , vol. 2 , no. 7 , e640 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000640
1932-6203
PURE: 5516269
PURE UUID: 6a3c5edb-afc8-4d4f-a8f5-d96a332cd79e
Scopus: 39849093592
ORCID: /0000-0002-6025-0939/work/64360916
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4243
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000640
Three adaptive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the link between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes, health measures and facial attractiveness: inbreeding avoidance, heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection. This paper reports findings that support a new hypothesis relating HLA to health. We suggest a new method to quantify the level of heterozygosity. HLA heterozygosity did not significantly predict health measures in women, but allele frequency did. Women with more common HLA alleles reported fewer cold and flu bouts per year, fewer illnesses in the previous year and rated themselves healthier than women with rare alleles. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show a positive correlation between HLA allele frequency and general health measures. We propose that certain common HLA alleles confer resistance to prevalent pathogens. Nevertheless, neither HLA heterozygosity nor allele frequency significantly predicted how healthy or attractive men rated the female volunteers. Three non-mutually exclusive explanations are put forward to explain this finding.
eng
© 2007 Coetzee et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes
Health measures
Facial attractiveness
Inbreeding avoidance
Heterozygote advantage
Frequency-dependent selection
SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
Common HLA alleles associated with health, but not with facial attractiveness
Journal article
oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/61832023-04-18T09:57:48Zcom_10023_130com_10023_32com_10023_879com_10023_878col_10023_131col_10023_880
Gerson, Sarah
Woodward, Amanda
2015-03-05T15:01:02Z
2015-03-05T15:01:02Z
2013-04
Gerson , S & Woodward , A 2013 , ' The goal trumps the means : highlighting goals is more beneficial than highlighting means in means-end training ' , Infancy , vol. 18 , no. 2 , pp. 289-302 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00112.x
1525-0008
PURE: 172715577
PURE UUID: 4a227ace-901b-4f3f-bf10-b3eccd7f34d0
Scopus: 84873476289
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6183
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00112.x
Means-end actions are an early-emerging form of problem solving. These actions require initiating initial behaviors with a goal in mind. In this study, we explored the origins of 8-month-old infants’ means-end action production using a cloth-pulling training paradigm. We examined whether highlighting the goal (toy) or the means (cloth) was more valuable for learning to perform a well-organized means-end action. Infants were given the opportunity to both practice cloth-pulling and view modeling of the action performed by an adult throughout the session. Infants saw either the same toy or the same cloth in successive trials, so that the goal or means were highlighted prior to modeling of the action. All infants improved throughout the session regardless of which aspect of the event was highlighted. Beyond this general improvement, repetition of goals supported more rapid learning and more sustained learning than did repetition of means. These findings provide novel evidence that, at the origins of means-end action production, emphasizing the goal that structures an action facilitates the learning of new means-end actions.
eng
Copyright © International Society on Infant Studies (ISIS). This is the accepted version of the following article: Gerson, S. A. and Woodward, A. L. (2013), The Goal Trumps the Means: Highlighting Goals is More Beneficial than Highlighting Means in Means-End Training. Infancy, 18: 289–302, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00112.x/abstract
Means-end actions
Infant cognition
Goals
Problem-solving
Cognitive development
BF Psychology
The goal trumps the means : highlighting goals is more beneficial than highlighting means in means-end training
Journal article